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51-483: A torch is a stick with combustible material at one end which can be used as a light source or to set something on fire . Torches have been used throughout history, and are still used in processions , symbolic and religious events, and in juggling entertainment. In some countries, notably the United Kingdom and Australia , "torch" in modern usage is also the term for a battery-operated portable light . From

102-468: A blast wave. A piece of paper (made from wood ) catches on fire quite easily. A heavy oak desk is much harder to ignite, even though the wood fibre is the same in all three materials. Common sense (and indeed scientific consensus until the mid-1700s) would seem to suggest that material "disappears" when burned, as only the ash is left. Further scientific research has found that conservation of mass holds for chemical reactions. Antoine Lavoisier , one of

153-508: A building is subject to the local fire code, which is ordinarily enforced by the local fire prevention officer. For an Authority Having Jurisdiction , combustibility is defined by the local code. In the National Building Code of Canada , it is defined as follows: BS 476-4:1970 defines a test for combustibility in which a technician heats three specimens of a material in a furnace. Combustibile materials are those for which any of

204-535: A burning match, and spread flame rapidly. The technical definitions vary between countries so the United Nations created the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals , which defines the flash point temperature of flammable liquids as between 0 and 140 °F (60 °C) and combustible liquids between 140 °F (60 °C) and 200 °F (93 °C). Flammability

255-791: A comprehensive set of rules on combustible dust. When suspended in air (or any oxidizing environment), the fine particles of combustible dust present a potential for explosions. Accumulated dust , even when not suspended in air, remains a fire hazard. The National Fire Protection Association (U.S.) specifically addresses the prevention of fires and dust explosions in agricultural and food products facilities in NFPA Code section 61, and other industries in NFPA Code sections 651–664. Collectors designed to reduce airborne dust account for more than 40 percent of all dust explosions. Other important processes are grinding and pulverizing , transporting powders, filing silos and containers (which produces powder), and

306-459: A flash of fire when ignited by an external source. A lower flash point indicates higher flammability. Materials with flash points below 100  °F (38  °C ) are regulated in the United States by OSHA as potential workplace hazards . The flame point of a material is a temperature value at which sustained flame can be supported on the material once ignited by an external source. Once

357-481: A large market, manufacturers meet TB 117 in products that they distribute across the United States. The proliferation of flame retardants, and especially halogenated organic flame retardants, in furniture across the United States is strongly linked to TB 117. When it became apparent that the risk-benefit ratio of this approach was unfavorable and industry had used falsified documentation (i.e. see David Heimbach ) for

408-445: A liquid, which varies with its temperature, is a measure of how much the vapor of the liquid tends to concentrate in the surrounding atmosphere as the liquid evaporates. Vapor pressure is a major determinant of the flash point and flame point, with higher vapor pressures leading to lower flash points and higher flammability ratings. The International Code Council (ICC) developed fire code requirements to provide adequate protection to

459-495: A material which was soaked in a flammable substance. In the United States, black bear bones may have been used. Modern procession torches are made from coarse hessian rolled into a tube and soaked in wax. A wooden handle is usually used, and a cardboard collar is attached to deflect any wax droplets. They are an easy, safe and relatively cheap way to hold a flame aloft in a parade or to provide illumination in any after-dark celebration. Modern torches suitable for juggling are made of

510-539: A range of concentrations. In addition to wood, combustible dusts include metals , especially magnesium, titanium and aluminum, as well as other carbon-based dusts . There are at least 140 known substances that produce combustible dust. While the particles in a combustible dusts may be of any size, normally they have a diameter of less than 420  μm . As of 2012 , the United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration has yet to adopt

561-420: A sacred flame burnt inside of the temple of Hera, kept in custody by her priestess. Juggling torches are often used as a prop in toss juggling : they can be flipped into the air in an end-over-end motion while being juggled, in the same manner as juggling clubs or juggling knives , but because of their sound and 'trail of flame', they can appear much more impressive to audiences. To a skilled juggler, there

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612-479: A singer laments an unrequited love. Combustibility and flammability The degree of flammability in air depends largely upon the volatility of the material - this is related to its composition-specific vapour pressure , which is temperature dependent. The quantity of vapour produced can be enhanced by increasing the surface area of the material forming a mist or dust. Take wood as an example. Finely divided wood dust can undergo explosive flames and produce

663-402: A torch (for someone) means to love or to be romantically infatuated with someone, especially when such feelings are not reciprocated . It is often used to characterize a situation in which a romantic relationship has ended, but where one partner still loves the other. It is considered by some to be dated, but still in wide usage. A torch song is typically a sentimental love song in which

714-629: A torch held up symbolizes life, truth and the regenerative power of flame. The torch is also a symbol used by political parties, for instance by both Labour (from 1918 to 1980) and the Conservatives (from 1983 to 2006) in the UK, and by the Malta Labour Party . In the seals of schools in the Philippines , the torch symbolizes the vision of education to provide enlightenment to all the students. The torch

765-564: A wooden-and-metal or metal-only stave with one end wrapped in a Kevlar wick. This wick is soaked in a flammable liquid, usually paraffin ( kerosene ). The torch is a common emblem of both enlightenment and hope , thus the Statue of Liberty , formally named Liberty Enlightening the World , lifts her torch. Crossed reversed torches were signs of mourning that appear on Greek and Roman funerary monuments—a torch pointed downwards symbolizes death , while

816-691: Is also associated with the Greek goddess of witchcraft known as Hecate in some works of art. The torch carried in relay by runners is used to light the Olympic flame which burns without interruption until the end of the Games. These torches and the relay tradition were introduced in the 1936 Summer Olympics by Carl Diem , the chairman of the event because during the duration of the Ancient Olympic Games in Olympia ,

867-481: Is also important in processes that produce combustible substances as a by-product . Special precautions are usually required for substances that are easily combustible. These measures may include installation of fire sprinklers or storage remote from possible sources of ignition. Substances with low combustibility may be selected for construction where the fire risk must be reduced, such as apartment buildings, houses, or offices. If combustible resources are used there

918-400: Is doomed to extinction by an alleged 'rising tide of color' purportedly controlled and manipulated by Jews". ) The Nazi slogan " Blood and Soil " was also used. The group was primarily composed of white men, many of them wielding tiki torches . In Estonia Conservative People's Party of Estonia The party's affiliated nationalist youth movement Blue Awakening is the main organizer of

969-510: Is greater chance of fire accidents and deaths. Fire resistant substances are preferred for building materials and furnishings. A non-combustible material is a substance that does not ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flammable vapors when subject to fire or heat, in the form in which it is used and under conditions anticipated. Any solid substance complying with either of two sets of passing criteria listed in Section 8 of ASTM E 136 when

1020-499: Is now the accepted standard in American English and British English. Antonyms of "flammable" or "inflammable" include: non-flammable , non-inflammable , incombustible , non-combustible , not flammable , and fireproof . Flammable applies to combustible materials that ignite easily and thus are more dangerous and more highly regulated. Less easily ignited less-vigorously burning materials are combustible . For example, in

1071-520: Is of concern as cigarettes and candle accidents can trigger domestic fires. In 1975, California began implementing Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117), which required that materials such as polyurethane foam used to fill furniture be able to withstand a small open flame, equivalent to a candle, for at least 12 seconds. In polyurethane foam, furniture manufacturers typically meet TB 117 with additive halogenated organic flame retardants . No other U.S. states had similar standards, but because California has such

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1122-582: Is only a slight chance of being burned, but they are still dangerous. In former times, liturgical torches were carried in Eucharistic processions simply to give light. The Church eventually adopted their use for Solemn High Masses. According to Adrian Fortescue, the more correct form of liturgical torches are non-freestanding (i.e. cannot stand up on their own). However, today, even in the Vatican, freestanding, tall candles in ornate candle-stick holders have replaced

1173-425: Is the ease with which a combustible substance can be ignited, causing fire or combustion or even an explosion. The degree of difficulty required to cause the combustion of a substance is quantified through fire testing . Internationally, a variety of test protocols exist to quantify flammability. The ratings achieved are used in building codes , insurance requirements, fire codes and other regulations governing

1224-418: Is the most flammable synthetic fiber. A fire test can be conducted to determine the degree of flammability. Test standards used to make this determination but are not limited to the following: Combustibility is a measure of how easily a substance bursts into flame, through fire or combustion . This is an important property to consider when a substance is used for construction or is being stored. It

1275-463: The Imperial Sugar Company's plant at Port Wentworth, Georgia , resulting in thirteen deaths. A material's flash point is a metric of how easy it is to ignite the vapor of the material as it evaporates into the atmosphere . It is defined as the lowest material temperature required for fuel oils in the materials to begin to give off flammable vapors in the quantity high enough to support

1326-476: The Old French " torche " meaning "twisted thing", hence "torch formed of twisted tow dipped in wax", probably from Vulgar Latin * torca , alteration of Late Latin torqua , variant of classical Latin torques "collar of twisted metal", from torquere "to twist". Torch construction has varied through history depending on the torch's purpose. Torches were usually constructed of a wooden stave with one end wrapped in

1377-650: The Republican Party in New York City in 1860 and in Galesburg, Illinois in 1884. Processions of skiers holding torches or flares while skiing down a slope at night has been a scheduled event of winter festivals since at least 1903. The Far-right and Nationalist groups have had a long history of torchlight marches. During the 1930s Nazi Germany in some of its Nuremberg rallies used torchlight marches. On 1 January 2014, Stepan Bandera 's 105th birthday

1428-458: The occupancies as originally intended. In other words, if a portion of a building were designed as an apartment , one could not suddenly load it with flammable liquids and turn it into a gas storage facility, because the fire load and smoke development in that one apartment would be so immense as to overtax the active fire protection as well as the passive fire protection means for the building. The handling and use of flammable substances inside

1479-416: The 1950s and 1960s as a means of underwater illumination. Magnesium burns with a bright white light, and burns underwater also. The association of a torch with love may date to the Greek and Roman tradition of a wedding torch, lit in the bride's hearth on her wedding night, then used to light the hearth in her new home. Such a torch is associated with the Greek god of marriage Hymen . The idiom to carry

1530-505: The Latin inflammāre = "to set fire to", where the Latin preposition "in-" means "in" as in "indoctrinate", rather than "not" as in "invisible" and "ineligible". The word "inflammable" may be erroneously thought to mean "non-flammable". The erroneous usage of the word "inflammable" is a significant safety hazard . Therefore, since the 1950s, efforts to put forward the use of "flammable" in place of "inflammable" were accepted by linguists, and it

1581-437: The United States flammable liquids , by definition, have a flash point below 100 °F (38 °C)—where combustible liquids have a flash point above 100 °F (38 °C). Flammable solids are solids that are readily combustible, or may cause or contribute to fire through friction. Readily combustible solids are powdered , granular, or pasty substances that easily ignite by brief contact with an ignition source, such as

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1632-544: The annual torchlight march through Tallinn on 24 February, Independence Day of Estonia. The first Independence Day torchlight march was held in 2014. According to Blue Awakening, the torchlight march is meant to honor those who have fallen for the nation of Estonia and to signify that Estonian youth have not abandoned the nationalist principles. The event has been harshly criticized by the Simon Wiesenthal Center that described it as "Nuremberg-esque" and likened

1683-500: The building and occupants. These codes specify the combustibility rating for materials, the entrance and exit requirements, as well as active fire protection requirements, along with numerous other things. In the U.S. other agencies have also developed building codes that specify combustibility ratings such as state and/or county governing bodies. Following the requirements of these fire codes are crucial for higher occupancy buildings. For existing buildings, fire codes focus on maintaining

1734-455: The change into account. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals uses a four category system to classify flammable liquids using flash point and boiling point temperature. This system is used internationally to evaluate and sort substances in industrial applications, workplaces and products distributed to consumers. Prior to 2012, OSHA's classification of flammable and combustible liquids in regulation 1910.106,

1785-522: The city) march through the University of Virginia's campus. They marched towards the university's Lawn chanting Nazi and white supremacist slogans, including "White lives matter"; " You will not replace us "; and "Jews will not replace us". (The phrase "You will not replace us" has been reported by the Anti-Defamation League to "reflect the white supremacist world view that ... the white race

1836-795: The degree of flammability and combustibility in accordance with the German DIN 4102. DIN 4102, as well as its British cousin BS 476 include for testing of passive fire protection systems , as well as some of its constituent materials. The following are the categories in order of degree of combustibility and flammability: A more recent industrial standard is the European EN 13501-1 - Fire classification of construction products and building elements—which roughly replaces A2 with A2/B, B1 with C, B2 with D/E and B3 with F. B3 or F rated materials may not be used in building unless combined with another material that reduces

1887-649: The first full moon; and the daily procession of pilgrims to the grotto of Lourdes . Torchlight processions were known already in Ancient Greece where it was connected with Ancient Greek religion . Until today they are part modern adaptations of Dionysia festival in Greece and elsewhere. Before the American Civil War in the U.S., illuminated processions were held to promote political parties. That includes mass torch light processions in 1858 at Hartford Connecticut,

1938-507: The flame point of a material is reached, it produces enough fuel vapors or oils to support continuous burning. The lower flammability limit or lower explosive limit (LFL/LEL) represents the lowest air to fuel vapor concentration required for combustion to take place when ignited by an external source, for any particular chemical. Any concentration lower than this could not produce a flame or result in combustion. The upper flammability limit or upper explosive limit (UFL/UEL) represents

1989-412: The flame products (ash, water, carbon dioxide, and other gases). Lavoisier used the experimental fact that some metals gained mass when they burned to support his ideas (because those chemical reactions capture oxygen atoms into solid compounds rather than gaseous water). Historically, flammable , inflammable and combustible meant capable of burning . The word "inflammable" came through French from

2040-597: The flammability of those materials. Illuminated procession An illuminated procession is a procession held after dark so that lights carried by the participants form a spectacle. The lights will commonly be of the same type, so making a candlelight procession , lantern parade or torchlight march . Examples include the Christmas festival of Ndocciata in Italy; the Chinese Lantern Festival to celebrate

2091-591: The former type. The torches are carried by torchbearers, who enter at the Sanctus and leave after Communion. Anglicans of the High Church and some Lutherans use torches in some of their liturgical celebrations as well. Torchlight march is a type of illuminated procession which is held after dark so that torches carried by the participants form a spectacle (other types of an illuminated procession involve candles, lanterns etc). Magnesium torches were used commonly in

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2142-475: The hazard posed by a substance during an emergency, such as a spill. In addition to GHS, flammability classifications are incorporated into various systems designed for communicating physical and health hazards in workplaces; such as American Coatings Association's Hazardous Materials Identification System (HMIS) and Lab Safety Supply's Hazardous Material Identification Guide (HMIG). Flammable substances include, but are not limited to: Flammability of furniture

2193-431: The highest air to fuel vapor concentration at which combustion can take place when ignited by an external source. Any fuel-air mixture higher than this would be too concentrated to result in combustion. The values existing between these two limits represent the flammable or explosive range. Within this threshold, give an external ignition source, combustion of the particular fuel would likely happen. The vapor pressure of

2244-539: The mixing and blending of powders. Investigation of 200 dust explosions and fires, between 1980 and 2005, indicated approximately 100 fatalities and 600 injuries. In January 2003, a polyethylene powder explosion and fire at the West Pharmaceutical Services plant in Kinston, North Carolina resulted in the deaths of six workers and injuries to 38 others. In February 2008 an explosion of sugar dust rocked

2295-406: The pioneers in these early insights, stated: "Nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed." The burning of a solid material may appear to lose weight if the mass of combustion gases (such as carbon dioxide and water vapor ) are not taken into account. The original mass of flammable material and the mass of the oxygen consumed (typically from the surrounding air) equals the mass of

2346-536: The substance is tested in accordance with the procedure specified in ASTM E 136 is considered to be non-combustible. A number of industrial processes produce combustible dust as a by-product. The most common being wood dust . Combustible dust has been defined as: a solid material composed of distinct particles or pieces, regardless of size, shape, or chemical composition, which presents a fire or deflagration hazard when suspended in air or some other oxidizing medium over

2397-676: The three specimens either: Otherwise, the material is classified as non-combustible. Various countries have tests for determining non-combustibility of materials. Most involve the heating of a specified quantity of the test specimen for a set duration. Usually, the material must not support combustion and must not lose more than a certain amount of mass. As a general rule of thumb, concrete, steel, and ceramics - in other words inorganic substances - pass these tests, so building codes list them as suitable and sometimes even mandate their use in certain applications. In Canada , for instance, firewalls must be made of concrete . Materials can be tested for

2448-403: The use of building materials as well as the storage and handling of highly flammable substances inside and outside of structures and in surface and air transportation. For instance, changing an occupancy by altering the flammability of the contents requires the owner of a building to apply for a building permit to make sure that the overall fire protection design basis of the facility can take

2499-479: The use of flame retardants, California modified TB 117 to require that fabric covering upholstered furniture meet a smolder test replacing the open flame test . Gov. Jerry Brown signed the modified TB117-2013, which became effective in 2014. Lightweight textiles with porous surfaces are the most flammable fabrics. Wool is less flammable than cotton, linen, silk, or viscose ( rayon ). Polyester and nylon resist ignition, and melt rather than catch fire. Acrylic

2550-704: Was celebrated by a torchlight procession of 15,000 people in the centre of Kyiv and thousands more rallied near his statue in Lviv. The march was supported by the far-right Svoboda party and some members of the center-right Batkivshchyna . In 2017, During the Unite the Right rally that took place in Charlottesville, Virginia. a group of white nationalists – variously numbered from "dozens" to "about 250"  – gathered for an unannounced (and unsanctioned by

2601-536: Was nearly identical to the National Fire Protective Association (NFPA) Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code , NFPA 30. While no longer used for occupational regulations, NFPA 30's definitions are still commonly used in fire codes and NFPA codes and standards. Other systems for classifications of flammable liquids exist for more specialist applications, such as NFPA 704 , which uses five categories, intended for emergency workers to understand

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