51-740: Torghar District ( Pashto : تور غر ولسوالۍ , Urdu : ضلع تورغر ) formerly known as Kala Dhaka ( Hindko : کالا ڈهاکہ , English : Black Mountain) is a district in the Hazara Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan . It was officially separated from Mansehra District in 2011 under Article 246 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . Primarily, Pashtuns dominate this area. The main Pashtun tribe of Torghar
102-453: A royal decree of Zahir Shah formally granted Pashto the status of an official language, with full rights to use in all aspects of government and education – despite the fact that the ethnically Pashtun royal family and bureaucrats mostly spoke Persian. Thus Pashto became a national language , a symbol for Pashtun nationalism . The constitutional assembly reaffirmed the status of Pashto as an official language in 1964 when Afghan Persian
153-530: A device). Post-7th century borrowings came primarily from Persian and Hindi-Urdu , with Arabic words being borrowed through Persian, but sometimes directly. Modern speech borrows words from English, French , and German . However, a remarkably large number of words are unique to Pashto. Here is an exemplary list of Pure Pashto and borrowings: naṛә́i jahān dunyā tod/táwda garm aṛtyā́ ḍarurah híla umid də...pə aṛá bāra bolә́la qasidah Agror The valley of Agror
204-523: A hostile attitude towards us, and that it was in their interest, as it was our wish, that they should henceforth be on amicable terms with us. British and Indian Army forces who took part in these expeditions received the India General Service Medal with the clasps Hazara 1888 and Hazara 1891 respectively. Torghar was severely affected by the Kashmir earthquake in 2005. According to a report in
255-645: A promoter of the wealth and antiquity of Afghanistan's Pashto culture." From the 16th century, Pashto poetry become very popular among the Pashtuns. Some of those who wrote in Pashto are Bayazid Pir Roshan (a major inventor of the Pashto alphabet ), Khushal Khan Khattak , Rahman Baba , Nazo Tokhi , and Ahmad Shah Durrani , founder of the modern state of Afghanistan or the Durrani Empire . The Pashtun literary tradition grew in
306-680: A response, the Hazara Field Force was assembled and began its march on 4 October 1888, after an ultimatum had not been satisfied by the tribes by October 2, 1888. The first phase of the campaign ended with the Hassanzai and Akazai tribes requesting an armistice on October 19, 1888. The second phase of the campaign targeted the Swati tribe that lived north of the Black Mountain such as the Allaiwals ,
357-651: A series of campaigns that stretched from 1852 through to the 1920s. The Hazara Expedition of 1888 , also known as the Black Mountain Expedition or the First Hazara Expedition, was a military campaign by the British against the tribes of Tor Ghar. On 18 June 1888, two British officers and four Gurkha soldiers were killed in an altercation between the British reconnaissance patrols and the local tribes. As
408-452: A time, but in 1870 reinstated in his chieftainship after making slavish representations to the British government. His son and successor, Ali Gauhar, was removed from the valley in 1888 in consequence of his instigating and abetting raids into British territory, and in 1888 as per the orders of government, the Agror jagir was suspended pending a final decision. In order to maintain the peace of
459-522: A variety very similar to it, while others have attempted to place it closer to Bactrian . However, neither position is universally agreed upon. What scholars do agree on is the fact that Pashto is an Eastern Iranian language sharing characteristics with Eastern Middle Iranian languages such as Bactrian, Khwarezmian and Sogdian . Compare with other Eastern Iranian Languages and Old Avestan : Zə tā winə́m /ɐz dɐ wənən/ Az bū tū dzunim Strabo , who lived between 64 BC and 24 CE, explains that
510-514: Is Yusufzai , which constitutes more than half of the district population. By 1849, the British had successfully established their control over the entire region of Hazara. Despite this dominance, the local tribes exhibited occasional rebellious tendencies, with notable instances involving the Swatis and the Tor Ghar tribes. The British responded by launching numerous expeditions to quell these uprisings,
561-421: Is "one of the primary markers of ethnic identity" amongst Pashtuns. A national language of Afghanistan , Pashto is primarily spoken in the east, south, and southwest, but also in some northern and western parts of the country. The exact number of speakers is unavailable, but different estimates show that Pashto is the mother tongue of 45–60% of the total population of Afghanistan . In Pakistan , Pashto
SECTION 10
#1732851287142612-567: Is an Eastern Iranian language in the Indo-European language family , natively spoken in northwestern Pakistan and southern and eastern Afghanistan . It has official status in Afghanistan and the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . It is known in historical Persian literature as Afghani ( افغانی , Afghāni ). Spoken as a native language mostly by ethnic Pashtuns , it is one of
663-523: Is located in the Hazara region of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of northern Pakistan . Its territory makes up Oghi Tehsil , an administrative unit of Mansehra District . Khans of Agror belonging to Begal subsection of Mitravi Swatis are ruling this area since 1703 conquest of Pakhli. Agror is the Pashto speaking area where Swatis speak pashto as their mother tongue. Wajhi Uz Zaman Khan Swati
714-541: Is spoken by 15% of its population, mainly in the northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern districts of Balochistan province. It is also spoken in parts of Mianwali and Attock districts of the Punjab province , areas of Gilgit-Baltistan and in Islamabad . Pashto speakers are found in other major cities of Pakistan, most notably Karachi , Sindh, which may have the largest Pashtun population of any city in
765-555: Is taught poorly in schools in Pakistan. Moreover, in government schools material is not provided for in the Pashto dialect of that locality, Pashto being a dialectically rich language. Further, researchers have observed that Pashtun students are unable to fully comprehend educational material in Urdu. Professor Tariq Rahman states: "The government of Pakistan, faced with irredentist claims from Afghanistan on its territory, also discouraged
816-400: Is the current hereditary "Khan of Agror". The valley consists of three mountain glens, 10 miles (16 km) in length and 6 miles (9.7 km) in breadth, located between 34°29′N 72°58′E / 34.483°N 72.967°E / 34.483; 72.967 and 34°35′N 75°9′E / 34.583°N 75.150°E / 34.583; 75.150 . The lower portions of
867-517: The Indus River is Shangla District , mainly the area belonging to Tehsil Martung . Torghar district covers an area of 497 km (25,8125 acres) and is divided into 16 Union Councils , grouped in two Tehsils . As of the 2023 census , Torghar district has 29,410 households and a population of 200,445. The district has a sex ratio of 103.95 males to 100 females and a literacy rate of 29.74%: 46.58% for males and 12.46% for females. 67,474 (33.66% of
918-592: The Time magazine: "Entire villages were devastated; in an instant, stone houses turned into burial mounds. The Indus river, flowing at the bottom of the valleys, recalls one tribal elder, Mohammed Said, "looked like water boiling inside a tea kettle". Machai Sar or Machai Peak is the highest peak of Torghar mountain at an altitude of 9,755 feet from the Mean sea level. Machai Sar Meadows is located northwest of Oghi Town of Mansehra District , near Machai Dhanda or Danda. The conference
969-469: The 1888 campaign led to a further two-month expedition by a Hazara Field Force in 1891. General Roberts observed that the Black Mountain tribes, [having been] quite unsubdued by the fruitless expedition of 1888, had given trouble almost immediately afterwards. [The second expedition] was completely successful in political results as in its military conduct. The columns were not withdrawn until the tribesmen had become convinced that they were powerless to sustain
1020-593: The 1930s, a movement began to take hold to promote Pashto as a language of government, administration, and art with the establishment of a Pashto Society Pashto Anjuman in 1931 and the inauguration of the Kabul University in 1932 as well as the formation of the Pashto Academy (Pashto Tolana) in 1937. Muhammad Na'im Khan, the minister of education between 1938 and 1946, inaugurated the formal policy of promoting Pashto as Afghanistan's national language, leading to
1071-755: The 8th century, and they use the writings found in Pata Khazana . Pə́ṭa Xazāná ( پټه خزانه ) is a Pashto manuscript claimed to be written by Mohammad Hotak under the patronage of the Pashtun emperor Hussain Hotak in Kandahar ; containing an anthology of Pashto poets. However, its authenticity is disputed by scholars such as David Neil MacKenzie and Lucia Serena Loi. Nile Green comments in this regard: "In 1944, Habibi claimed to have discovered an eighteenth-century manuscript anthology containing much older biographies and verses of Pashto poets that stretched back as far as
SECTION 20
#17328512871421122-474: The Agror valley are heavily cultivated and contain many villages and hamlets. The valley area has few strictly level spaces, but consist of terraced flats, water is abundant year round. The main tribe are Swatis , Tanolis , Gujars , Yousafzais , Syeds, Azizwani, Akhoon Khels , and Awan Agror is the ancient Atyugrapura of the Rajatarangini and the 'Ιθάγονρος town in Ούαρσα mentioned by Ptolemy . From
1173-737: The Parari Sayyids and the Tikariwals . The campaign ended when the Allaiwal village of Pokal was occupied and destroyed by the British on November 2 and 3, 1888. The then Commander in Chief of India General Sir Frederick Roberts viewed the Black Mountain Expedition as: a success from a military point of view, but … the determination of the Punjab Government to limit the sphere of action of
1224-517: The Pashto Movement and eventually allowed its use in peripheral domains only after the Pakhtun elite had been co-opted by the ruling elite...Thus, even though there is still an active desire among some Pakhtun activists to use Pashto in the domains of power, it is more of a symbol of Pakhtun identity than one of nationalism." Robert Nicols states: "In the end, national language policy, especially in
1275-662: The Pathan community in the city of Kolkata , often nicknamed the Kabuliwala ("people of Kabul "). Pashtun diaspora communities in other countries around the world speak Pashto, especially the sizable communities in the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia . Pashto is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan, along with Dari Persian . Since the early 18th century, the monarchs of Afghanistan have been ethnic Pashtuns (except for Habibullāh Kalakāni in 1929). Persian,
1326-653: The Society's annual meeting in 1927. In 1955, Pashtun intellectuals including Abdul Qadir formed the Pashto Academy Peshawar on the model of Pashto Tolana formed in Afghanistan. In 1974, the Department of Pashto was established in the University of Balochistan for the promotion of Pashto. In Pakistan, Pashto is the first language around of 15% of its population (per the 1998 census). However, Urdu and English are
1377-707: The Swati khans of Shamdhara and one half to an upstart Mullah from the tribe, Akhund Sad-ud-din Khan Swati, who died in 1783, rising to the position of self-proclaimed Khan of Agror, by dint of his cunning machinations. Painda Khan, a renowned chief of the Tanoli tribe took over the valley in 1834, but in 1841 it was restored by the Sikhs to Ata Muhammad, a descendant of the Mullah or Akhund Sad-ud-din. At annexation in 1849 Ata Muhammad Khan Swati
1428-501: The backdrop to weakening Pashtun power following Mughal rule: Khushal Khan Khattak used Pashto poetry to rally for Pashtun unity and Pir Bayazid as an expedient means to spread his message to the Pashtun masses. For instance Khushal Khattak laments in : "The Afghans (Pashtuns) are far superior to the Mughals at the sword, Were but the Afghans, in intellect, a little discreet. If
1479-509: The border, expeditions were dispatched against the Black Mountain tribes in 1888, 1891, and 1892. The Agror Valley Regulation (1891) later formally declared the rights of the Khan of Agror to be forfeit to Government. The land reforms of the valley was assessed by the Sikhs at Rs. 1,515. This demand was continued on annexation and raised to Rs. 3,315 in 1853 and Rs. 4,000 at the regular settlement, in which
1530-695: The commission and publication of Pashto textbooks. The Pashto Tolana was later incorporated into the Academy of Sciences Afghanistan in line with Soviet model following the Saur Revolution in 1978. Although officially supporting the use of Pashto, the Afghan elite regarded Persian as a "sophisticated language and a symbol of cultured upbringing". King Zahir Shah (reigning 1933–1973) thus followed suit after his father Nadir Khan had decreed in 1933 that officials were to study and utilize both Persian and Pashto. In 1936
1581-410: The different tribes would but support each other, Kings would have to bow down in prostration before them" Pashto is a subject–object–verb (SOV) language with split ergativity . In Pashto, this means that the verb agrees with the subject in transitive and intransitive sentences in non-past, non-completed clauses, but when a completed action is reported in any of the past tenses, the verb agrees with
Torghar District - Misplaced Pages Continue
1632-443: The eighth century. It was an extraordinary claim, implying as it did that the history of Pashto literature reached back further in time than Persian, thus supplanting the hold of Persian over the medieval Afghan past. Although it was later convincingly discredited through formal linguistic analysis, Habibi's publication of the text under the title Pata Khazana ('Hidden Treasure') would (in Afghanistan at least) establish his reputation as
1683-447: The field of education in the NWFP, had constructed a type of three tiered language hierarchy. Pashto lagged far behind Urdu and English in prestige or development in almost every domain of political or economic power..." Although Pashto used as a medium of instruction in schools for Pashtun students results in better understanding and comprehension for students when compared to using Urdu, still
1734-504: The following constituency: The MPA between 2013 and 2018 was Zareen Gul . He is a famous political and influential leader of district Torghar active in politics since 1985. He is elected 6 times as MPA and senior most politician in KPK Assembly. Pashto language Pashto ( / ˈ p ʌ ʃ t oʊ / PUH -shto , / ˈ p æ ʃ t oʊ / PASH -toe ; پښتو , Pəx̌tó , [pəʂˈto, pʊxˈto, pəʃˈto, pəçˈto] )
1785-399: The government of Pakistan has only introduced Pashto at the primary levels in state-run schools. Taimur Khan remarks: "the dominant Urdu language squeezes and denies any space for Pashto language in the official and formal capacity. In this contact zone, Pashto language exists but in a subordinate and unofficial capacity". Some linguists have argued that Pashto is descended from Avestan or
1836-595: The literary language of the royal court, was more widely used in government institutions, while the Pashtun tribes spoke Pashto as their native tongue . King Amanullah Khan began promoting Pashto during his reign (1926–1929) as a marker of ethnic identity and as a symbol of "official nationalism" leading Afghanistan to independence after the defeat of the British Empire in the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919. In
1887-476: The native elements of the lexicon are related to other Eastern Iranian languages . As noted by Josef Elfenbein, "Loanwords have been traced in Pashto as far back as the third century B.C., and include words from Greek and probably Old Persian". For instance, Georg Morgenstierne notes the Pashto word مېچن mečә́n i.e. a hand-mill as being derived from the Ancient Greek word μηχανή ( mēkhanḗ , i.e.
1938-465: The possessed in the genitive construction, and adjectives come before the nouns they modify. Unlike most other Indo-Iranian languages, Pashto uses all three types of adpositions —prepositions, postpositions, and circumpositions. *The retroflex rhotic or lateral, tends to be a lateral flap [ 𝼈 ] at the beginning of a syllable or other prosodic unit, and a regular flap [ ɽ ] or approximant [ ɻ ] elsewhere. In Pashto, most of
1989-444: The subject if it is intransitive, but with the object if it is transitive. Verbs are inflected for present, simple past, past progressive, present perfect, and past perfect tenses. There is also an inflection for the subjunctive mood . Nouns and adjectives are inflected for two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural), and four cases (direct, oblique, ablative, and vocative). The possessor precedes
2040-433: The surveyed population) are under 10 years of age. The entire population lives in rural areas. 287 (0.14%) people in the district are from religious minorities, nearly all Christians. Languages of Torghar District (2023) At the time of the 2023 census, 96.85% of the population spoke Pashto and 2.29% Hindko as their first language. The district is represented by one elected MPA in the provincial assembly who represent
2091-436: The time of Timur until the beginning of the eighteenth century the Agror valley was held by a family of Karlugh Turks . These were expelled in 1703 by a Saiyid named Jalal Baba, (who happened to be a son-in-Law of last Turk ruler of Hazara, Sultan Mehmud Khurd) with his bigoted Swati (tribe) lashker and the conquered country was divided among the Swati (tribe), Agror valley was divided between two Swati groups, one half to
Torghar District - Misplaced Pages Continue
2142-481: The tribes inhabiting the lands west of the Indus River were part of Ariana . This was around the time when the area inhabited by the Pashtuns was governed by the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom . From the 3rd century CE onward, they are mostly referred to by the name Afghan ( Abgan ). Abdul Hai Habibi believed that the earliest modern Pashto work dates back to Amir Kror Suri of the early Ghurid period in
2193-411: The troops, and to hurry out of the country, prevented our reaping any political advantage. We lost a grand opportunity for gaining control over this lawless and troublesome district; no survey was made, no roads opened out, the tribesmen were not made to feel our power, and, consequently, very soon another costly expedition had to be undertaken. The failure of the tribes to honour the agreements that ended
2244-418: The two official languages of Afghanistan alongside Dari , and it is the second-largest provincial language of Pakistan , spoken mainly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the northern districts of Balochistan . Likewise, it is the primary language of the Pashtun diaspora around the world. The total number of Pashto-speakers is at least 40 million, although some estimates place it as high as 60 million. Pashto
2295-411: The two official languages of Pakistan. Pashto has no official status at the federal level. On a provincial level, Pashto is the regional language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and north Balochistan . Yet, the primary medium of education in government schools in Pakistan is Urdu. The lack of importance given to Pashto and its neglect has caused growing resentment amongst Pashtuns. It is noted that Pashto
2346-478: The valley more directly under the administration of Government. This incensed the Khan of Agror, at whose instigation the newly built police station was burnt by a raid of The Black Mountain tribes , Akazais , trans-border Swatis such as the Tikariwals and Nandihar, Pariari Sayyids, Deshiwals, Hassanzais , Chagharzais etc. An expedition was dispatched, and Ata Muhammad Khan Swati was deported to Lahore for
2397-431: The west it is bounded by Buner , to the northeast it borders with Battagram . The range has a length of 40 kilometres (25 mi) to 48 kilometres (30 mi) from north to south and an elevation of 2,400 metres (8,000 ft) above sea level. This area has also been called Chagharzai, because of adjoining Chagharzai areas of Buner District. Opposite Kala Dhaka (officially 'Kala Dhaka' has been renamed 'Tor Ghar'), across
2448-633: The world. Other communities of Pashto speakers are found in India , Tajikistan , and northeastern Iran (primarily in South Khorasan Province to the east of Qaen , near the Afghan border). In India most ethnic Pashtun (Pathan) peoples speak the geographically native Hindi-Urdu language rather than Pashto, but there are small numbers of Pashto speakers, such as the Sheen Khalai in Rajasthan , and
2499-400: Was less popular because it was located in the remote area of Mansehra where guests or invited guests often visited. However, if you visit here you will be fascinated by the lush jungle, cold climate, and spectacular scenery, in addition to being easily accessible. It lies between 34°32' and 34°50' N, and 72°48' and 72°58' E. It is bounded on the east by Agror and on the south by Tanawal ; to
2550-565: Was officially renamed to Dari . The lyrics of the national anthem of Afghanistan are in Pashto. In British India , prior to the creation of Pakistan by the British government, the 1920s saw the blossoming of Pashto language in the then NWFP : Abdul Ghafar Khan in 1921 established the Anjuman-e- Islah al-Afaghina (Society for the Reformation of Afghans) to promote Pashto as an extension of Pashtun culture; around 80,000 people attended
2601-478: Was recognized as chief of Agror; but the arrangement did not work satisfactorily as Ata Muhammad khan conflicted with the British demands British . An expedition had to be sent in 1852 to avenge the murder of two officers of the Salt department; and in consequence of the unsatisfactory attitude of the chief and of repeated complaints by the cultivators, it was resolved in 1868 to place a police station in Agror and to bring
SECTION 50
#1732851287142#141858