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60-427: The city is formally known as Heroica Ciudad de Tlaxiaco ("heroic city of Tlaxiaco") in honour of a battle waged there during the 1862–67 French invasion . Tlaxiaco [t͡ɬa.ˈʃia.ko] is a Nahuatl name containing the elements tlachtli [t͡ɬˈat͡ʃt͡ɬi] ( ball game ), quiahuitl [kiˈawit͡ɬ] (rain), and -co [ko] (place marker). It thus approximates to "Place where it rains on

120-557: A French squadron bombarded the Mexican Pacific port of Acapulco and on 3 February, Forey finally set out for Puebla. González Ortega had meanwhile been building up the town's fortifications, and on 10 March he declared martial law. The French arrived on the 16 March and began the siege . On 8 May 1863 at Battle of San Lorenzo , Bazaine and Márquez defeated Ignacio Comonfort who intended to provide reinforcements to Puebla. Having run out of ammunition and food, González Ortega held

180-566: A branch of the Oto-Manguean language family of Mexico . They include the Trique (or Triqui) languages, spoken by about 24,500 people; Cuicatec , spoken by about 15,000 people; and the large expanse of Mixtec languages , spoken by about 511,000 people. The relationship between Trique, Cuicatec, and Mixtec, is an open question. Unpublished research by Terrence Kaufman in the 1980s supported grouping Cuicatec and Mixtec together. The urheimat of

240-501: A bullet-riddled carriage. The triumphant Vidaurri then headed towards the capital where he was made a councilor of Emperor Maximilian. By the end of the year the imperialists controlled Nuevo León and the greater part of Coahuila to the banks of the Rio Grande. On 28 October 1864, imperialist Generals Leonardo Márquez and Douay attacked the army of Republican General Arteaga in the ravine of Atenquique, routing them. A few days later,

300-722: A civil war, the Reform War , had just concluded, and the intervention allowed the Conservative opposition against the liberal social and economic reforms of President Juárez to take up their cause once again. The Mexican Catholic Church, Mexican conservatives , much of the upper-class and Mexican nobility , and some Native Mexican communities invited, welcomed and collaborated with the French empire's help to install Maximilian of Habsburg as Emperor of Mexico . The emperor himself however proved to be of liberal inclination and continued some of

360-433: A conference while requesting that the rest of the tripartite forces disembark from Veracruz. The proposal to disembark most of the troops was rejected, but negotiations then resulted in an agreement, ratified on 23 January, to move the forces inland and hold a conference at Orizaba. The agreement also officially recognized the government of Juárez along with Mexican sovereignty. On 9 April 1862, agreements at Orizaba between

420-402: A council of war, and it was agreed, with the republican situation hopeless, to surrender on 17 May, after destroying the remaining armaments. All of the officers were taken prisoner and were intended to be transported to France. González Ortega and Porfirio Díaz escaped before being sent out of the country as prisoners. Upon hearing of the fall of Puebla, President Juárez prepared to evacuate

480-548: A few years. Material aid from the United States, whose four-year civil war ended in 1865, invigorated the Republican fight against the regime of Maximilian, and the 1866 decision of Napoleon III to withdraw military support for Maximilian's regime accelerated the monarchy's collapse. Maximilian and two Mexican generals were executed by firing squad on 19 June 1867, ending this period of Mexican history. The intervention came as

540-476: A formidable hold. The Imperialists now focused on capturing the rest of the north, with troops under General Mejía campaigning along the northern Gulf Coast, supported by Charles Dupin 's anti-guerrilla corps at Tampico , and Aymard's brigade at San Luis Potosí . Castagny supported the rear, and the entire operation was headquartered at Querétaro . On the Pacific Coast, a naval squadron under de Kergrist

600-2235: A government-run indigenous community radio station , is based in Tlaxiaco. The city's Santa María Asunción church is notable for a number of colonial-era santos (statues of saints). As municipal seat, Tlaxiaco has governing jurisdiction over the following communities: Agua Zarca, Arboleda, Atayiki, Barranca Obscura, Barrio San Miguel, Barrio San Nicolás, Benito Juárez Cuquila, Cañada Alejandro, Cañada Candelaria, Cañada del Curtidor, Cañada María (Primera Sección), Cañada María (Segunda Sección), Cabayoco, Campo de Aviación, Capilla del Carrizal, Cerrito de la Virgen, Cerro Negro, Colonia Adolfo López Mateos, Cruz Llorada, Ejido Cañada Santa María, Ejido Ojo de Agua (El Vergelito), El Apartadero, El Boquerón, El Capulín 1, El Capulín 2, El Crucero, El Mogote, El Ojite, El Sabino, El Terrero (Venustiano Carranza), El Vergel, Guadalupe Hidalgo, Ignacio Manuel Altamirano, Joya Grande, Juan Escutia Cuquila, Kilómetro Doce, La Angostura, La Barranca del Tabaco, La Corona, La Cruz Verde, La Desviación (Tierra Colorada), La Lobera 1, La Lobera 2, La Peña Negra, La Providencia, La Purísima Concepción, La Séptima Poniente, La Unión, Las Huertas, Linda Vista 1, Linda Vista 2, Llano Castro, Llano de Guadalupe, Llano de Plaza, Llano del Guajolote (Los Sánchez), Loma Aplastado, Loma del Venado, Loma Saayii, Loma Snuviji, Los Ángeles, Los Blancos, Los Cortés, Mexicalcingo de los Granados, Mogote de San Cristóbal, Nuñuma, Nueva Reforma, Ojo de Agua 1, Ojo de Agua 2, Palo de Letra, Plan de Guadalupe, Ranchería Santos, Rancho Viejo, Rancho Viejo (Eskandaba), Rancho Yosondua, Río de Arena, Río de los Pinos, Río de Ocotepec (Yutecuiñi), Río Delgado, San Agustín Tlacotepec, San Bartolo, San Diego, San Felipe Tindaco, San Isidro, San Isidro Mirasol, San Juan de las Flores, San Miguel Progreso, San Pedro, San Pedro Llano Grande, −SAN PEDRO YOSOTATU—, San Sebastián, Santa Lucrecia, Santa María Cuquila, Santo Domingo Huendío, Snite, Tierra Azul, Tierra Blanca (San Nicolás), Tierra Colorada, Yosobee, Yosocahanu, Yososana, Yosostato, Yosostuvi, Yosotica, Yosotium, Yucahua, Yucuhillo, Yucutu, Yutendoo, and Yutenino Segunda Sección. The municipality reported

660-566: A major victory against the French at the Battle of Puebla while the latter were trying to ascend the hill towards the fortified positions of the city. The French retreated to Orizaba to await reinforcements. Mexico's victory was a pause in the French push to capture the capital of Mexico City, delaying the French for a year. In Mexican history, Cinco de Mayo is a day to commemorate Mexican nationalism. Conservative Mexican Generals Florentino López , Leonardo Márquez , and Juan Vicario sought to join

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720-471: A manifesto disavowing rumors that the allies had come to conquer or to impose a new government. It was emphasized that the three powers merely wanted to open negotiations regarding their claims of damages. On 14 January 1862, a bill of claims was presented to the government in Mexico City. Foreign Minister Manuel Doblado invited the commissioners to travel to Orizaba with two thousand of their own troops for

780-404: A multinational coalition of Spain, Great Britain, and France, sought to enforce debt collection on the republican government of Benito Juárez, following his suspension of payments on Mexican government bonds. On 14 December 1861, Spanish ships took possession of Mexico's main port, Veracruz . French and British forces arrived on 7 January 1862. On 10 January 1862 Spanish General Juan Prim issued

840-543: A population of 34,587 in the 2005 Census, of whom 9,399 spoke an indigenous language (predominantly Mixtecan and Triqui ). The land is essentially used for habitation and small-scale agriculture , which represents the main economic activity of the municipality's inhabitants. Second French intervention in Mexico 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 The second French intervention in Mexico ( Spanish : segunda intervención francesa en México ), also known as

900-530: Is fed by numerous small streams that rise in the hills near the municipal seat. The climate is subhumid temperate, with a rainy reason in the summer. The average annual temperature is 18°C, although in winter temperatures can drop to zero or below. Unlike other areas in the Mixteca region, the Tlaxiaco valley and its surrounding mountains still possess some conifer forests, inhabited by species including deers , armadillos , rabbits , and other small mammals. XETLA ,

960-580: The Oto-Manguean family may be the valley of Tehuacán in Puebla state. This site was one of the places of the domestication of maize . The thousand-year presence of Oto-Manguean-speaking groups in this region makes it probable that they were active in this domestication process, which favored the inhabitants of the Altiplano's transition to a sedentary lifestyle and thus influenced the development of Mesoamerican civilization. Campbell and Kaufman have proposed that

1020-573: The Second Franco-Mexican War (1861–1867), was a military invasion of the Republic of Mexico by the French Empire of Napoleon III , purportedly to force the collection of Mexican debts in conjunction with Great Britain and Spain. Mexican conservatives supported the invasion, since they had been defeated by the liberal government of Benito Juárez in a three-year civil war . Defeated on

1080-696: The United States due to the Monroe Doctrine , a concern that would be rendered null with the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861. Juárez's debt moratorium finally provided a pretext for intervention. Napoleon III would also claim that the military adventure was a foreign policy commitment to free trade and that the establishment of a European-derived monarchy in Mexico would ensure European access to Mexican resources, particularly French access to Mexican silver. However, Emperor Maximilian disagreed with

1140-577: The British that France's aim was to seize Mexico, the United Kingdom separately negotiated an agreement with Mexico to settle the debt issues and withdrew from the country. Spain subsequently left as well. The resulting French invasion established the Second Mexican Empire (1864–1867). France, Britain, Belgium, Austria, and Spain recognized the political legitimacy of the newly created monarchy, but

1200-454: The French emperor on Mexican resources going to anyone but Mexicans. More importantly, Napoleon III wanted to establish Mexico as a monarchist ally in the Americas in order to restrain the growing power of the United States. To realize his ambitions without interference from other European states, Napoleon III entered into a coalition with the United Kingdom and Spain. The Tripartite Expedition,

1260-832: The French invaders and republican Mexican defenders, the start of a protracted warfare. The French defeated a small Mexican force at Escamela, and then captured Orizaba. Mexican Generals Porfirio Díaz and Ignacio Zaragoza retreated to El Ingenio , and then headed towards Puebla. Almonte now attempted to consolidate the Mexican pro-French movement. The town of Orizaba joined him and so did the port of Veracruz and Isla del Carmen. Colonel Gonzáles, Manuel Castellanos, Desiderio Samaniego, Padre Miranda , Haro Tamariz , and General Taboada arrived in Orizaba to support Almonte. On 28 April 1862, French forces headed towards Puebla . On 5 May 1862, Mexican forces commanded by Ignacio Zaragoza and Porfirio Díaz won

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1320-483: The French since the beginning of the intervention. On 16 April 1862, the French issued a proclamation inviting Mexicans to join them in establishing a new government. On 17 April 1862, Mexican general Juan Almonte , who had been a foreign minister of the conservative government defeated in the Reform War , and who was brought back to Mexico by the French, issued his own manifesto, assuring the Mexican people of benevolent French intentions. Armed conflict broke out between

1380-548: The French, and Mexican republican forces suffered defeats at Barranca Seca and Cerro del Borrego in the vicinity of Orizaba. With the defeat of the small French force at Puebla in May 1862, in July Napoleon III sent reinforcements of 30,000 troops under the command of General Forey . The French Emperor gave Forey instructions laying out France's occupation policy, directing the French commander to work with Mexican supporters in

1440-620: The Imperialist commander Jesús María Visoso defeated Republican guerrillas at Puebla. Franco-Mexican forces under Leonardo Márquez and de Berthier entered Morelia , Michoacan unopposed on 30 November, after Republican forces had evacuated the city. After reinforcements arrived, the Republican forces led by José López Uraga attempted to recapture Morelia but were defeated by Márquez. General Mejía captured Querétaro on 17 November, while Republican forces there retreated further north to Guanajuato . Imperialist forces pursued them and Guanajuato

1500-641: The Imperialists. Santiago Vidaurri , the governor of Nuevo León and Coahuila , had broken with Juárez as early as March 1864 over the administration and finances of his state, and had even held a referendum on joining the Empire. Republican troops drove him into Texas, but troops loyal to Viduarri remained active in the region. As Republican forces in the north were diverted by Imperial advances, Vidaurrist troops captured Monterrey on 15 August 1864, with President Juárez barely escaping, and pursued as far as Parras in

1560-534: The Juárez government's most notable liberal measures. Some liberal generals defected to the Empire, including the powerful, northern governor Santiago Vidaurri , who had fought on the side of Juárez during the Reform War. The French army landed in 1861, aiming to rapidly take the capital of Mexico City, but Mexican republican forces defeated them in the Battle of Puebla on 5 May 1862, Cinco de Mayo , delaying their taking

1620-614: The Mexican Empire. Although Republican guerrilla forces in the countryside around the capital counted no victories against the French, they maintained a presence. Cuernavaca was captured by imperial forces on 29 July 1863. Republican guerrilla commanders Catarino Fragoso , León Ugalde , and others continued to wage warfare against towns occupied by the French. Franco-Mexican forces captured Pachuca and Tulancingo in July to serve as bases for expanding operations. Imperialist Juan Chávez under

1680-584: The Oto-Manguean languages began to diverge about 1500 BCE. The difficulty of establishing more general relationships between the eight subgroups of the family presents a difficulty for making more detailed inferences on the historical development of the languages. Proto-Oto-Manguean has been reconstructed by Robert E. Longacre and Calvin Rensch. The phonological system of the proto-language has nine consonants, four vowels, and four tones. The groups of consonants and

1740-514: The Republican guerrilla chiefs Simón Gutiérrez and Antonio Rojas , routing the former, and destroying two factories for arms and powder near Cocula . In March, Douay entered Colima. Republican General Ortega and several guerrilla bands were driven back into the Sierra Hermosa after Manuel Doblado was repulsed by Mejía in Doblado's attempted assault on Monterrey . Doblado fled the country for

1800-529: The Republicans, Simón Gutiérrez and Antonio Rojas were defeated near the U.S. border by the Imperialist Carlos Rivas , with French reinforcements. Márquez occupied Colima and by 18 November 1864, Márquez had captured the port of Manzanillo . On 12 November 1864, a French squadron under de Kergrist arrived at Mazatlán and demanded a surrender under the threat of bombardment. At the same time,

1860-607: The United States and died a year later. Mejía was subsequently granted the cross of the Legion of Honour by Napoleon III. The Emperor and Empress of Mexico arrived in Veracruz in the summer of 1864 and were later crowned in the Cathedral of Mexico City . Republican General Porfirio Díaz , with three thousand troops defeated the imperialists commander Marcos Toledo at the silver mining town of Taxco on 26 October 1864. Díaz then besieged

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1920-504: The United States refused to do so, since it was a violation of the Monroe Doctrine , prohibiting European powers' interference in the Americas. The French intervention in Mexico, initially supported by the United Kingdom and Spain, was a consequence of Mexican President Benito Juárez 's imposition of a two-year moratorium of loan-interest payments from July 1861 to French, British, and Spanish creditors. Napoleon III's France sought not just debt collection, but rather regime change. Through

1980-505: The administration of Mexican president Benito Juárez placed a moratorium on foreign debt payments in 1861, France, the United Kingdom, and Spain agreed to the Convention of London , a joint effort to ensure that debt repayments from Mexico would be forthcoming. On 8 December 1861, the three navies disembarked their troops at the port city of Veracruz , on the Gulf of Mexico. When it became clear to

2040-537: The aid of French emperor Napoleon III. With the United States embroiled in its Civil War (1861–65) against secessionist southern states, its focus was on domestic turmoil rather than exerting its power against the intervention of the French in violation of the Monroe Doctrine . A Mexican monarchy backed by France would, in Napoleon III's estimation, lead to the exertion of French power in Mexico and Latin America . After

2100-485: The allies broke down, as France made it increasingly clear that it intended to invade Mexico and interfere in its government in violation of previous treaties. The British informed the Mexican government that they now intended to exit the country, and an arrangement was made with the British government to settle its claims. Minister Doblado on 11 April made it known to the French government that its intentions would lead to war. Certain Mexican officers had been sympathetic to

2160-448: The ball court". Its name in the Mixtec language is Ndijiinu , which means "good view". On January 1, 2019, Tlaxiaco found itself in the international news, when newly elected mayor, Alejandro Aparicio ( MORENA ), was assassinated in the street shortly after taking his oath of office . The city of Tlaxiaco stands at 17°16’N, 97°41’W, at 2040 metres above sea level, some 100 kilometres to

2220-485: The battlefield, conservatives sought the aid of France to effect regime change and establish a monarchy in Mexico , a plan that meshed with Napoleon III's plans to re-establish the presence of the French Empire in the Americas. Although the French invasion displaced Juárez's Republican government from the Mexican capital and the monarchy of Archduke Maximilian was established, the Second Mexican Empire collapsed within

2280-450: The brigade of Juan Vicario in the town of Iguala until imperialist reinforcements forced him to abandon the siege. Díaz headed south to his home state of Oaxaca and increased his troops to eight thousand. The Imperialists now controlled the central Mexican states, containing its major cities, two thirds of the population, rich mines and agricultural lands, and the main centers of manufacturing and trade. The Republicans still controlled

2340-510: The capital and move the republican government to San Luis Potosí . Congress closed its session on 31 May after granting Juárez emergency powers. The French entered the capital on 10 June 1863. On 16 June the French government nominated 35 Mexican citizens to constitute a Junta Superior de Gobierno who were then tasked with electing a triumvirate that was to serve as the executive of the new government. The three elected were Juan Almonte , Archbishop Labastida , and José Mariano Salas . The Junta

2400-479: The capital for a year. The French and Mexican Imperial Army captured much of Mexican territory, including major cities, but guerrilla warfare by supporters of the republic remained a significant factor and Juárez himself never left the national territory. The intervention was increasingly using up troops and money at a time when the recent Prussian victory over Austria was inclining France to give greater military priority to European affairs. The liberals also never lost

2460-465: The command of Tómas Mejía defeated the Republican forces of Tomás O'Horán on the road to Guanajuato. O'Horan would then switch sides and join the imperialists. Imperialist colonel José Antonio Rodríguez then captured San Juan de los Llanos in Puebla . The Gulf Coast port of Tampico was captured by French vessels on 11 August 1863. French control of the country still centered on Veracruz and Mexico City but

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2520-475: The diphthongs formed from this limited repertory would have been the origin of the phonemes in the daughter proto-languages of the various subgroups of Proto-Oto-Manguean. Some of the most significant changes in the diversification of Proto-Oto-Manguean phonemes into Proto-Mixtecan phonemes are the following: Rensch revised the reconstruction work of Longacre. He revised the probable phonological inventory and described some of his proposals, based on comparisons of

2580-569: The imperialist Manuel Lozada besieged the town on land leading to a successful capture. The imperialist Juan Vicario was repulsed at Chilapa de Álvarez , while on the way to replace the French garrison in the southern Pacific port of Acapulco, and subsequently the port had to be evacuated and left to the Republicans in December. French vessels succeeded in recapturing Acapulco on 11 September 1864. The Imperialists however hoped to soon begin operations to dislodge Porfirio Díaz from his stronghold in

2640-402: The influence of the emperor's wife, Eugénie de Montijo , the emperor had come into contact with Mexican monarchist exiles, José María Gutiérrez de Estrada and José Manuel Hidalgo who exposed Napoleon to the decades long effort to import a European prince to ascend a Mexican throne. He was initially not interested in the project due to the inevitable opposition that the effort would invite from

2700-635: The mounting pressure both at home and abroad, the French army began to redeploy to Europe in 1866, and the Second Mexican Empire collapsed in 1867. Mexican monarchists long had hopes of restoring Mexico to a monarchical form of government, as it had been pre- independence and at its inception as an independent nation-state from the Spanish Empire in 1821, in the First Mexican Empire ruled by Emperor Agustín I . Mexican conservatives sought

2760-415: The northwest of state capital Oaxaca de Juárez . To the north the municipality borders with Santiago Nundiche ; to the south with San Antonio Sinicahua , San Miguel El Grande , San Esteban Atatlahuca , Santa Cruz Nundaco , Santo Tomás Ocotepec , and Putla Villa de Guerrero ; to the east with Santa María del Rosario , Santa Catarina Tayata , San Cristobal Amoltepec , and Magdalena Peñasco ; and to

2820-516: The official recognition of the United States of America in spite of their ongoing civil war, and following the defeat and surrender of the Confederate States of America in April 1865 the reunited country began providing materiel support to the republican forces. Invoking the Monroe Doctrine , the U.S. government asserted that it would not tolerate a lasting French presence on the continent. Facing

2880-482: The pursuit of both military and political goals. The aim was to establish a new government friendly to French interests, and the geopolitical aim of preventing the United States from becoming too powerful in the Americas was also emphasized. Forey reached Orizaba on 24 October 1862, and began planning another siege of Puebla, the defense of which had now passed on to Jesús González Ortega after General Zaragoza had died of typhoid fever on 8 September. On 10 January 1863,

2940-480: The siege of Oaxaca City in person and by the end of January 1865, the besieging forces numbered seven thousand men. The use of artillery began on 4 February, and an assault was ordered for February 9th. The massing of forces produced a panic in Díaz' men. Díaz was not willing to engage in a hopeless last stand and surrendered. Díaz was sent to Puebla and imprisoned, however he escaped seven months later and raised an army in

3000-587: The south, and began to survey the land and build roads. Towards the end of 1864, General Courtois d'Hurbal entered Oaxaca by way of Yanhuitlan and other columns followed from Orizaba and Mexico City . Díaz was based in Oaxaca City with three thousand regulars, three thousand troops in the mountains, and had converted the city into a fortified camp. Commander in Chief of the French Forces, Bazaine decided to lead

3060-483: The southern state of Chiapas . The nearby state capital of Tabasco , San Juan Bautista was recaptured by the Republicans on 27 February. The success inspired a republican incursion into Veracruz, succeeding in capturing Minatitlán on 28 March. On 19 March 1864, the western Mexican commander Manuel Lozada , at the head of indigenous troops of the Tepic district sided with the imperialists. Douay headed south, pursuing

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3120-510: The southern state of Guerrero . This prompted Élie Frédéric Forey , the former Commander of French forces in Mexico, to criticize Bazaine for not executing Díaz. The former Republican General José López Uraga sent a letter to Díaz hoping to win him over to the imperialist cause, arguing that guerrilla warfare was devastating the country and assuring Díaz that Mexican independence was secure under Maximilian. Díaz rejected this offer. Mixtecan language The Mixtecan languages constitute

3180-560: The sparsely populated frontier states of the north, where President Juárez still led his government-in-exile in the city of Monterrey . These northern states granted them the considerable revenue coming into the Pacific ports of Manzanillo , Mazatlán , and Guaymas . Arms also flowed in from the U.S. states California and Texas along with mercenaries. The Republicans also still held the southern states of Guerrero , Oaxaca , Tabasco , and Chiapas , where troops led by Porfirio Díaz maintained

3240-488: The vicinity but carried out no attacks. After French assaults led by General Abel Douay , González Ortega retreated towards Fresnillo , and Uraga westward. Mexican General Felipe Navarrete of Yucatán proclaimed his support of the Empire, and invaded the state capital of Mérida with the support of French forces, capturing it on 22 January 1864. Douay, with General Castagny headed north, succeeding in capturing Aguascalientes and Zacatecas by 7 February 1864. Castagny

3300-580: The west with San Juan Mixtepec . The municipality covers a total surface area of 343.2 km. Tlaxiaco is located in temperate valley, surrounded by two mountains belonging to the Sierra Mixteca : Cerro Negro and Cerro Yucuninu, the latter of which is the highest point in the municipality at 2875 metres above sea level. Like most of the Mixteca region, the Tlaxiaco valley is drained by the Río Balsas system, which

3360-567: Was also to choose 215 Mexican citizens who together with the Junta Superio r were to constitute an Assembly of Notables that was to decide upon the form of government. On 11 July, the Assembly published its resolutions, that Mexico was to be a constitutional monarchy and that Ferdinand Maximilian was to be invited to accept the Mexican throne. The executive was then officially changed into the Regency of

3420-525: Was gradually expanding. By October, advancing combined forces were spreading across the central regions of Mexico from Jalisco to San Luis Potosí to Oaxaca . In August 1863, Imperialist Mejía captured the town of Actopan, Hidalgo in the state of Mexico in September, and more Imperialist victories in that state followed. Imperialist commander Gavito, managed to disperse republican guerrillas in Cuayuca , and

3480-453: Was left in charge of Zacatecas, while Douay went to the relief of Colonel Garnier at Guadalajara. On 16 February, Castagny won a victory at Colotlán in which he took eighty prisoners and Republican General Luis Ghilardi was executed. Republican General and governor of Aguascalientes José María Chávez Alonso was also executed after being captured in Jerez . Imperialists struggled to hold on to

3540-548: Was ready to cooperate with Douay's troops in Jalisco and sweep north towards Sinaloa . They were aided by quarrels within the Republican military leadership that resulted in José López Uraga being demoted and subsequently joining the Imperialists. On 26 September 1864, the Imperialists captured the port of Bagdad and now controlled every major port in the Gulf. The commander of troops at Bagdad, Juan Cortina , then defected to

3600-466: Was taken on 9 December. On 22 December, the Republican government evacuated the city of San Luis Potosí and intended to relocate north to the state of Coahuila . Imperialist forces led by Mejía captured the city on 25 December, only to face an assault by Republican forces on the 27 December, which was ultimately defeated. French general Bazaine occupied the city of Guadalajara on 5 January 1864. The liberal generals Uraga and Ortega remained in

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