Campbellton is a city in Restigouche County , New Brunswick , Canada.
105-465: Tide Head is a community in Campbellton , New Brunswick , Canada. It held village status prior to 2023. The first settlers of the area were Scottish. Early area farms were owned by Moffats , Gerrards, Duncans , Adams , Duffs , Barclays , Christophers , and Ayletts . Most of these early settlers, such as James Aylett , a British subject in the 20th regiment of his Majesty's Army; Thomas Barclay,
210-705: A "moderate livelihood fishery" with a ceremony at the Saulnierville wharf, the first lobster fishery regulated by Mi'kmaq in Nova Scotia. On September 18, the Assembly of Nova Scotia Mi'kmaw Chiefs declared a province-wide state of emergency in response to threats by commercial and non-indigenous fishers, including some that had cut the Mi'kmaw lobster traps. On September 25, the Sipekne'katik fishery released its proposed regulations allowing
315-541: A Scotsman; and Robert Adams are buried in the Athol House Cemetery near Frasers Mill. Graves in the cemetery date from as early as 1791. The Athol House Cemetery is the oldest British Cemetery in Restigouche County. The railway that passes through Tide Head was started in 1875 and the first train went west in 1878. The train passes through a tunnel in the hillside of Morrisey Rock, the only active tunnel on
420-479: A celebration at Battery Provincial Park that coincided with Mi'kmaq Treaty Day. The management plan behind this fishery had been in development for three months, prompted by the seizure of lobster traps by DFO officials. Community licenses issued through this fishery will entitle fishers to 70 tags, and boats will be allowed to carry up to 200 lobster traps each. At the time of the launch of the Potlotek fishery, Membertou
525-472: A cold, wet and snowy humid continental climate ( Dfb ) with vast seasonal temperature differences, although summers are somewhat moderated by its proximity to the cold waters of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . Moderation is nearly non-existent in winter, as prevailing wind from the interior cause temperatures to often plummet below −20 °C (−4 °F). The city has an RCMP station on Arran Street, which serves as
630-461: A compensation to Marshall of a lifetime pension of $ 1.5 million. Marshall used the financial compensation to finance the lengthy and costly Supreme Court case. When Marshall won, 34 Mi'kmaq and Maliseet First Nations bands were affected in the provinces of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and the Gaspé region of Quebec. The West Nova Fishermen's Coalition submitted an appeal asking for
735-410: A disastrous fire sparked by a sawmill on the waterfront destroyed a large portion of the town. The fire was spread throughout the town by flaming shingles. Prior to the fire its population was approaching 4,000 citizens and help came from near and far to provide food and supplies in order to come to their aid. Most of the people had to live in tents while plans to rebuild were being prepared. Campbellton
840-492: A greeting. The French initially referred to the Mi'kmaq as Souriquois and later as Gaspesiens . Adopting a term from the English, they referred to them as Mickmakis . The British originally referred to the people as Tarrantines , which appears to have a French basis. Various explanations exist for the rise of the term Mi'kmaq . The Mi'kmaw Resource Guide says that "Mi'kmaq" means "the family". The Anishinaabe refer to
945-467: A land area of 18.57 km (7.17 sq mi), it had a population density of 379.5/km (982.9/sq mi) in 2021. The Restigouche Caledonian Society has been in Campbellton since 1898, the society was formed for the purpose of offering relief and assistance to distressed Scotsmen. The First President of the society was also The First Mayor of Campbellton John McAlister . To display the history of
1050-497: A land area of 19.34 km (7.47 sq mi), it had a population density of 49.2/km (127.4/sq mi) in 2021. Population trend Mother tongue (2016) Campbellton, New Brunswick Situated on the south bank of the Restigouche River opposite Pointe-à-la-Croix , Quebec , Campbellton was officially incorporated in 1889 and achieved city status in 1958. Forestry and tourism are major industries in
1155-619: A negotiator for the DFO had offered Nova Scotia First Nations nearly $ 87 million for boats, gear, and training, with the condition that the First Nations would not practice their treaty right to earn a moderate livelihood fishing (ie out of the DFO season) for a period of 10 years. The proposal did not define "moderate livelihood", and was rejected. On November 9, 2020, a group of Mi'kmaq First Nations and Premium Brands Holdings Corporation announced their $ 1 billion purchase of Clearwater Seafoods, which
SECTION 10
#17328594623331260-528: A partner set up a fur and salted salmon business on the site that would become Campbellton. The business was sold to London merchant John Shoolbred, who in 1773 established the first British settlement on the Restigouche. His agent, William Smith, brought over eight Scottish fishermen from Aberdeen, Scotland, to work for him. Two of these fishermen were John Duncan and Robert Adams, who brought their families with them as well. These two fishermen devoted themselves to
1365-520: A series of treaties known as the Covenant Chain of Peace and Friendship Treaties with the British Crown throughout the eighteenth century; the first was signed in 1725, and the last in 1779. The Mi'kmaq maintain that they did not cede or give up their land title or other rights through these Peace and Friendship Treaties. The landmark 1999 Supreme Court of Canada decision in R v Marshall upheld
1470-522: A steady rate: 3,817 in 1911, 5,570 in 1921, 6,505 in 1931, 6,714 in 1941, 9,257 in 1949. In 1951, Campbellton opened its new arena, the Memorial Gardens, with an exhibition game featuring the Montreal Canadiens . In 1958, Campbellton was incorporated as a City and its population was approaching 13,000. At this time the construction of the J.C. Van Horne Interprovincial bridge commenced which
1575-522: A suspicious fire. On the evening of October 13, several hundred non-Indigenous fishers and their supporters raided two storage facilities in New Edinburgh and Middle West Pubnico that were being used by Mi'kmaw fishers to store lobsters. During the raids, a van was set aflame, another vehicle was defaced and damaged, lobsters being stored in the facilities were destroyed, and the New Edinburgh facility
1680-533: A tourist destination. The Restigouche River Experience Center has been constructed with a Restigouche River Museum and an 86 site RV Park which will help Campbellton in becoming the hub for regional experiential tourism. In 2016, the newly elected mayor, Stephanie Anglehart-Paulin and Council have decided to move towards developing the Atlantic Culinary Institute in conjunction with the CCNB. The history of
1785-703: A trading post based upon fishing and fur trading with the Mi'gmaq. More settlers arrived here when Ile St. Jean was lost to the French as the result of the capitulation of Louisbourg in 1758. The area has had numerous names over the centuries: originally called Wisiamkik (muddy spot) by the Mi'kmaq who inhabited the region, it was then named Pointe-des-Sauvages by the French in 1700 and subsequently Pointe-Rochelle, Cavenik's Point, Kavanagh's Point, Quiton's Point and Martin's Point, before settling in 1833 with its current name in honour of Lieutenant-Governor Sir Archibald Campbell . It
1890-587: A tricultural permanent exhibition highlighting the cultural strength of the region bringing to the forefront Campbellton's diverse roots through its heritage Mi'gmaqs , Scottish and the French & Acadians heritage. The city hosts multiple annual special events which include Sno-Fest in February, Salmon Fest which runs from late June to early July, the Bluegrass Festival which takes place in September, and
1995-504: A week. Major bus services include Maritime Bus in Campbellton, and Orléans Express across the river in Pointe-à-la-Croix . There is also a summertime tour bus which makes its way downtown. Multiple taxi companies provide the city and outskirts with taxi service 24 hours a day. The J. C. Van Horne Bridge connects Campbellton to the province of Quebec . Route 11 provides a major highway connection to other major centres in
2100-582: Is a ghost ship from the Battle of the Restigouche whereas others believe it is merely caused by heat waves, reflections or hallucinations. Campbellton is 20 km (12 mi) upstream (west) from the mouth of the Bay des Chaleurs Dalhousie and approximately 100 km (62 mi) northwest of Bathurst . The city is approximately 160 km (99 mi) northeast of St. Leonard in the St. John River valley and approximately
2205-440: Is also a local retail and service centre. On 1 January 2023, Campbellton amalgamated with the villages of Atholville and Tide Head , the local service district (LSD) of Glencoe and parts of four other LSDs; its new population was estimated at 12,000 using 2021 census data. The names of the annexed communities remain in official use. The area around the site of the present city was settled by French people circa 1700 with
SECTION 20
#17328594623332310-555: Is not served by any scheduled commercial flights. The city is also located within just over an hour's drive of Bathurst Airport , which offers Air Canada flights to Montreal . The city is serviced by 2 health care facilities, Campbellton Regional Hospital and the Restigouche Hospital Centre, which houses a psychiatric care facility. Campbellton benefits from the 100 bed Campbellton Nursing Home Inc. and many special care homes and personal care centers. Campbellton has
2415-510: Is often not counted) are Epekwitk aq Piktuk (Epegwitg aq Pigtug), Eskikewa'kik (Esge'gewa'gi), Kespek (Gespe'gewa'gi) , Kespukwitk (Gespugwitg), Siknikt (Signigtewa'gi), Sipekni'katik (Sugapune'gati), Ktaqmkuk (Gtaqamg) , and Unama'kik (Unama'gi) . The orthography between parentheses is the Listuguj orthography used in the Gespe'gewa'gi area. In 1997, the Mi'kmaq–Nova Scotia–Canada Tripartite Forum
2520-788: Is still in use, the Mi'kmaq consider the spelling "Micmac" to be "tainted" by colonialism. The "q" ending is used in the plural form of the noun, and Mi'kmaw is used as singular of Mi'kmaq . It is also used as an adjective, for example, "the Miꞌkmaw nation". The Mi'kmaq prefer to use one of the three current Miꞌkmaq orthographies when writing the language. Spellings used by Mi'kmaq people include Mi'kmaq (singular Mi'kmaw ) in Prince Edward Island ( Epekw'itk ), Nova Scotia ( Mi'kma'ki-Unama'ki ), and Newfoundland ( K'taqamkuk ); Miigmaq ( Miigmao ) in New Brunswick ( Sipekni'katik ); Mi'gmaq by
2625-518: Is the first such collaborative agreement in Canadian history including all the First Nations within an entire province. On September 17, 1999, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld the treaty rights of Mi'kmaw Donald Marshall Jr. its landmark R v Marshall ruling, which "affirmed a treaty right to hunt, fish and gather in pursuit of a 'moderate livelihood'." The Supreme Court also cited Section 35 of
2730-616: Is traditionally divided into seven districts. Prior to the imposition of the Indian Act , each district had its own independent government and boundaries. The independent governments had a district chief and a council. The council members were band chiefs, elders, and other worthy community leaders. The district council was charged with performing all the duties of any independent and free government by enacting laws, justice, apportioning fishing and hunting grounds, making war and suing for peace. The eight Mi'kmaw districts (including Ktaqmkuk which
2835-448: The Bay of Chaleur developed their own self-regulated lobster fisheries management plan and opened their own lobster fishery in the fall of 2020. Under the existing Fish Buyers' Licensing Regulations the self-regulated Listuguj fisheries can harvest, but can only use the lobster for "food, social and ceremonial purposes". According to Chief Terry Paul of Membertou First Nation , early in 2020,
2940-768: The Campbellton Tigers . The complex is equipped to accommodate sporting events, entertainment, commercial functions and trade shows on a local, regional or national basis. Campbellton has an 18-hole golf course, the Restigouche Golf Club which was founded in 1923 and overlooks the Restigouche River . From 1967–68 to 1989–90, the Hardy Cup was awarded to the Intermediate "A" and later Senior "AA" champion of Canada. The Tigers won more championships than any other team with three titles, in 1972, 1977 and 1988. In fact, only
3045-696: The Charlottetown Islanders won the cup more than once with two titles. The Tigers won the Col. J. Bourque Trophy as Eastern Canada Champions a record 4 times. The Eastern Canada champions faced the Western Canada champions for the Hardy Cup for the title of Champions of Canada. The 1972 and 1977 teams were inducted into the New Brunswick Sports Hall of Fame as part of the Campbellton hockey dynasty of
3150-516: The District scolaire francophone Nord-Est (Francophone Nord-Est School District). The New Brunswick Community College CCNB has a campus in Campbellton which provides instruction in various trades, including woodworking, office administration, social services and health sciences. The Campbellton station is served by Via-Rail's train "The Ocean" which travels the Montreal - Halifax route three times
3255-495: The Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site , petroglyphs of "life-ways of the Mi'kmaq", include written hieroglyphics, human figures, Mi'kmaq houses and lodges, decorations including crosses, sailing vessels, and animals, etched into slate rocks. These are attributed to the Mi'kmaq, who have continuously inhabited the area since prehistoric times. The petroglyphs date from the late prehistoric period through
Tide Head, New Brunswick - Misplaced Pages Continue
3360-500: The Lord's Prayer , in his German Christian catechism published in 1866. David L. Schmidt and Murdena Marshall published some of the prayers, narratives, and liturgies represented in hieroglyphs—pictographic symbols in a 1995 book. As noted, the pre-contact Mi'kmaq utilized some form of writing, but Le Clerq indicated that the hieroglyphs were "formed" by him. French Jesuit missionaries adopted their use to teach Catholic prayers and religion to
3465-572: The Mi'kmaq–Nova Scotia–Canada Tripartite Forum . This collaborative agreement, which includes all the First Nations within the province of Nova Scotia, was the first in Canadian history. Historically, the Santé Mawiómi , or Grand Council, which was made up of chiefs of the district councils of Mi'kma'ki , was the traditional senior level of government for the Mi'kmaw people. The 1876 Indian Act disrupted that authority, by requiring First Nations to establish representative elected governments along
3570-522: The Northeastern Woodlands , native to the areas of Canada's Atlantic Provinces , primarily Nova Scotia , New Brunswick , Prince Edward Island , and Newfoundland , and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec as well as Native Americans in the northeastern region of Maine . The traditional national territory of the Mi'kmaq is named Mi'kma'ki (or Mi'gma'gi). There are 66,748 Mi'kmaq people in
3675-470: The "same season as non-native fishermen" and could not therefore, fish in the fall. It recommended that "native bands be issued licences, which they would distribute to native fishermen." On the tenth anniversary of the benchmark decision, CBC News reported that "Maritime waters" were "calm a decade after Marshall decision." However, by 2020, the Fish Buyers' Licensing and Enforcement Regulations , under
3780-399: The 1752 Peace and Friendship Treaty "which promised Indigenous Peoples the right to hunt and fish their lands and establish trade." The Mi'kmaw Grand Council is the official authority that engages in consultation with the Canadian federal government and the provincial government of Nova Scotia, as established by the historic August 30, 2010, agreement with the Mi'kmaq Nation, resulting from
3885-570: The 1970s. Gerry Ouellette , former member of the Boston Bruins , coached all three championship teams and the fourth team in 1978 which lost in the finals. Ouellette was a player-coach for the first title in 1972. 1971–1972 The 1972 Campbellton Tigers defeated the Rosetown Red Wings 3 games to 2 in the best of five finals which were held in Rosetown, Saskatchewan . The team was inducted into
3990-546: The 1982 Constitution Act in their 1999 ruling that resulted in Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and Peskotomuhkati people the "right to hunt, fish and gather in pursuit of a 'moderate livelihood' from the resources of the land and waters." The legal precedent had previously been established in the Treaty of 1752 , one in a series of treaties known as the Peace and Friendship Treaties, but was not being respected prior to R v Marshall . This resulted in
4095-461: The 1993 charges laid against Marshall Jr. for "fishing eels out of season, fishing without a licence, and fishing with an illegal net". In the 2018 publication, Truth and conviction: Donald Marshall Jr. and the Mi'kmaq quest for justice , Marshall was quoted as saying, "I don't need a licence. I have the 1752 Treaty." The 1989 Royal Commission on the Donald Marshall Jr. Prosecution resulted in
4200-521: The 1996 N.S. Fisheries and Coastal Resources Act , remains in effect—as it does in other Atlantic provinces. These regulations do not mention the Mi'kmaq or the Marshall decision. These regulations prevent Mi'kmaq lobster fishers from selling their lobster to non-Mi'kmaq. Mi'kmaq fishers say that this does not align with the Marshall decision. In 2019, the government of the Listuguj First Nation in
4305-522: The 2002 National Film Board feature-length documentary Is the Crown at war with us? by Alanis Obomsawin . The documentary also described how Ocean and Fisheries department officials seemed to "wage a war" on the Mi'kmaq fishermen of Burnt Church, New Brunswick with "helicopters, patrol boats, guns, with observation by airplanes and dozens of RCMP officers". The documentary asks why the fishers were being harassed for "exercising rights that had been affirmed by
Tide Head, New Brunswick - Misplaced Pages Continue
4410-521: The Bay of Fundy Inshore Fishermen's Association, all condemned the violence. Nova Scotia Premier Stephen McNeil maintained his position that this issue must be solved federally when asked about it at a press conference. Several months later, in January 2021, the manager of the Middle West Pubnico facility, James Muise, made a public post in a Facebook group for commercial fishers, claiming that he gave
4515-490: The Canadian model, and attempting to limit the Council's role to spiritual guidance. On August 30, 2010, the Mi'kmaw Nation and the Nova Scotia provincial government reached an historic agreement, affirming that the Mi'kmaw Grand Council was the official consultative authority that engages with the Canadian federal government and the provincial government of Nova Scotia. The Mi'kmaq–Nova Scotia–Canada Tripartite Forum preceded
4620-741: The Chapel Island Mission boats would stop if he was crossing." Traditionally, the Grand Council met on a small island, Mniku , on the Bras d'Or Lake in Cape Breton. In the early 21st century, this site is now within the reserve known as Chapel Island or Potlotek . The Grand Council continues to meet at Mniku to discuss current issues within the Miꞌkmaq Nation. Taqamkuk (Newfoundland) was historically defined as part of Unama'kik territory. (Later
4725-546: The City displaying the names of local soldiers who died in battle during World War I and World War II. The Restigouche Gallery is local gallery and functions as a centre in the cultural program of the region. It has been host to major exhibitions from the N.B. Museum on a travelling basis in hopes that the gallery will eventually join the Atlantic Provinces Art Circuit as a participatory member. The gallery displays
4830-401: The City of Campbellton is not complete without mentioning the infamous Phantom Ship known as " Fireship of Baie des Chaleurs ". Stories of its appearance include seeing a burning sailing vessel, sometimes a vessel with all its sails set scudding along the water or sometimes a ball of fire or burning vessel on the water's surface or fading out of sight. This is not frequently seen. Some believe it
4935-480: The Council's role to that of spiritual guidance. In addition to the district councils, the M'ikmaq have been traditionally governed by a Grand Council or Santé Mawiómi . The Grand Council was composed of Keptinaq ("captains" in English), who were the district chiefs. There were also elders, the putús ( wampum belt readers and historians, who also dealt with the treaties with the non-natives and other Native tribes),
5040-401: The DFO issued a temporary license to Burnt Church Mi'kmaq fishers while negotiations for a more permanent agreement were underway. The DFO license had restrictions that some Burnt Church fishers refused: the fishers could not sell their lobsters, they could only use them for food, social, and ceremonial (FSC) purposes. The "Aboriginal right to fish for food, social and ceremonial purposes (FSC)"
5145-411: The French, were amenable to limited French settlement in their midst. Gabriel Sylliboy (1874–1964), a respected Mi'kmaq religious leader and traditional Grand Chief of the Council, was elected as the Council's Grand Chief in 1918. Repeatedly re-elected, he held this position for the rest of his life. In 1927, Grand Chief Sylliboy was charged by Nova Scotia with hunting muskrat pelts out of season. He
5250-483: The Harvest Festival in the fall. Other efforts to increase tourism include an 8.5 metres (28 feet) salmon statue made of stainless steel. Restigouche Sam, as the statue was christened, was donated to the city to honour Campbellton's historical connection with the "salmon-rich" Restigouche River. Several murals have also been created to beautify the city. In 2017, Campbellton celebrated the 50th Anniversaries for both
5355-532: The Listuguj Council in Quebec ( Kespek ); and Mìgmaq ( Mìgmaw ) in some native literature. Lnu (the adjectival and singular noun, previously spelled "L'nu"; the plural is Lnúk , Lnu'k , Lnu'g , or Lnùg ) is the term the Mi'kmaq use for themselves, their autonym , meaning "human being" or "the people". Members of the Mi'kmaq historically referred to themselves as Lnu , but used the term níkmaq (my kin) as
SECTION 50
#17328594623335460-541: The Marshall decision to be set aside. In November 17, 1999, released a new ruling (Marshall 2) to clarify that the DFO had the power to regulate the fishery for conservation purposes if it "consulted with the First Nation and could justify the regulations". Soon after the September 17 decision, Miramichi Bay —"one of Canada's most lucrative lobster fisheries"— became the site of a violent conflict between Mi'kmaq fishers and non-Mi'kmaq commercial fishers. Immediately after
5565-469: The Marshall decision, as the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) granted access to Mi'kmaq fishers to the "commercial fishery through communal licences operated by the bands". Macdonald-Laurier Institute 's Ken Coates said that the commercial fishing industry had not suffered because of this. Others disagreed, saying that Canada had never fully implemented the Marshall decision, and that, over
5670-619: The Mi'kmaq and non-Indigenous lobster fishers mainly in Digby County and Yarmouth County , Nova Scotia . After Mi'kmaq chiefs declared a state of emergency in October 2020, the federal government appointed Allister Surette as Federal Special Representative to investigate. In the March 2021 report's backgrounder, Surette cited Macdonald-Laurier Institute 's Ken Coates who said that Mik'maq communities had benefitted from improvements resulting from
5775-455: The Mi'kmaq as Miijimaa(g) , meaning "The Brother(s)/Ally(ies)", with the use of the nX prefix m- , opposed to the use of n1 prefix n- (i.e. Niijimaa(g) , "my brother(s)/comrade(s)") or the n3 prefix w- (i.e., Wiijimaa(g) , "brother(s)/compatriot(s)/comrade(s)"). Charles Aubert de La Chesnaye was documented as the first European to record the term "Mi'kmaq" for the people, using it in his 1676 memoir. Marion Robertson stated this in
5880-515: The Mi'kmaq children were memorizing prayers utilizing the counting of marks, but did not claim to have incorporated any of this system into the hieroglyphs he created. It is likely that this pre-Le Clerq writing system was part of a writing tradition by the Mi'kmaq similar to that observed in 1651 amongst the Eastern Abenaki of Maine. Today, it is written mainly using letters of the Latin alphabet . At
5985-444: The Mi'kmaq right to fish and trade." By that point, vehicles and property belonging to members of the Sipekne'katik First Nation had already been damaged and stolen, including boats being burned. There were already planned protests by non-Indigenous fishers to block the Mi'kmaq fishers' access to several wharves. One such protest took place on September 15 at Saulnierville and Weymouth wharves. On September 17, Sipekne'katik launched
6090-510: The Mi'kmaq. Schmidt and Marshall showed that these hieroglyphics served as a fully functional writing system. They assert it is the oldest writing system for an indigenous language in North America north of Mexico. By the 1980s, the spelling of the ethnonym Mi'kmaq , which is preferred by the Mi'kmaq people, was widely adopted by scholarly publications and the media. It replaced the previous spelling Micmac . Although this older spelling
6195-542: The New Brunswick Sports Hall of Fame in 1998, and included Gord Gallant and Peter Maher . 1976–1977 The 1977 Campbellton Tigers defeated the Warroad Lakers of Warroad, Minnesota 3 games to 1 in the best of five finals which were held in Campbellton, New Brunswick. The Tigers had a record of 49 wins, 5 losses and 1 tie during the regular season and a record of 24 wins and 1 loss in the playoffs. The team
6300-529: The Richardsville area became part of the city. In 2009, Mayor Bruce MacIntosh and Council made significant progress towards restoring the tourism industry in the area and in improving the city's waterfront. They announced that the long-awaited "Esplanade Restigouche" development would finally move forward. This is a three phased project, that began in 2011, that will significantly upgrade the already picturesque waterfront and further cement Campbellton's place as
6405-651: The Salmon Festival as well as its Centennial Library. The Memorial Civic Centre is the most important sporting infrastructure in the city. The Memorial Civic Centre opened in downtown Campbellton on the bank of the Restigouche River in 1992, following a fire to the 1950s era Memorial Arena located on Arran Street. Its 3,500 seat multi-purpose arena with Olympic size ice surface is home to the Maritime Junior Hockey League 's Junior A ice hockey team,
SECTION 60
#17328594623336510-647: The advent of the Intercolonial Railway , and a permanent railway station in 1876, had a strong impact on Campbellton. Its population increased rapidly, reaching 1,800 in 1891, and development of the settlement shifted westward. In 1889, Campbellton was incorporated as a town , and in the late 1880s, an Hôtel Dieu was founded by the Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph , an order that established hospitals and schools in many towns in Canada. On 11 July 1910,
6615-544: The agreement. The August 2010 agreement is the first such collaborative agreement in Canadian history; it includes representation for all the First Nations within the entire province of Nova Scotia. Historically the Santé Mawiómi , or Grand Council, which was made up of chiefs of the district councils of Mi'kma'ki , was the traditional senior level of government for the Mi'kmaw people. The 1876 Indian Act disrupted that authority, by requiring First Nations to establish representative elected governments and attempting to limit
6720-473: The book Red Earth: Tales of the Mi'kmaq (1960s), published by the Nova Scotia Museum, Robertson cites Professor Ganong, who suggested that "Mi'kmaq" was derived from the Mi'kmaq word megamingo (earth). Marc Lescarbot had also suggested this. The Mi'kmaq may have identified as "the Red Earth People, or the People of the Red Earth". Megumaagee , the name the Mi'kmaq used to describe their land, and Megumawaach , what they called themselves, were linked to
6825-441: The city and the battle of the Restigouche, Riverside Park is home to two cannons used in the battle; one with three fleurs-de-lys on the barrel and the other with what appears to be stylized anchors. These are French naval guns from a five gun battery erected during the battle at Battery Point on the Quebec side of the river. When the Busteed family received a land grant at Battery Point, circa 1790, they found at least three cannons at
6930-676: The county: There are numerous law firms, lawyers and attorneys in the city offering a fair amount of professional services to clients. There are also two Chartered Professional Accounting offices in the city meeting the needs of the business community. 48°00′18″N 66°40′23″W / 48.00500°N 66.67306°W / 48.00500; -66.67306 ( Campbellton, New Brunswick ) Mi%27kmaq The Mi'kmaq (also Mi'gmaq , Lnu , Mi'kmaw or Mi'gmaw ; English: / ˈ m ɪ ɡ m ɑː / MIG -mah ; Miꞌkmaq : [miːɡmaɣ] , and formerly Micmac ) are an Indigenous group of people of
7035-509: The decades, various levels of government and authorities mishandled and neglected local concerns related to the implementation of the Marshall decision. In September 2020, the Sipekne'katik First Nation developed a fishing plan based on their right to fish in pursuit of a moderate livelihood. They issued seven lobster licenses to band members; each license has 50 tags, representing a combined total of 350 tags. One commercial lobster license represents 350 tags. The lobster fishery they initiated
7140-459: The highest court in the land." Following lengthy negotiations with the Mi'kmaq, the DFO developed the $ 160 million Marshall Response Initiative, which operated until 2007, through which the DFO offered to purchase over 1,000 commercial fishing licences, including boats and gear, to support the expansion of the Mi'kmaq lobster fishery. By mid-2000, about 1,400 commercial fishermen stated their intention to retire over 5,000 licences. On August 20, 2001,
7245-503: The large island was organized as a separate district in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador .) According to the 2021 census, 9,245 people identified as speakers of the Mi'kmaq language. 4,910 of which said it was their mother tongue , and 2,595 reported it to be their most often spoken language at home. The Mi'kmaq language was written using Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing using a hieroglyphic system created in 1677 by French Catholic missionary Chrestien Le Clerq. Le Clerq noted that
7350-487: The largest merchant and exporter of fish in Restigouche. Until the 1840s, he shipped between 1,200 and 1,400 barrels of salted salmon per year. He became the most important landowner in the region. He also operated a flour mill and a sawmill and exported hewn wood. He even constructed his own boats in the village that now bears the name of Atholville . In 1812, he built an impressive residence there that he named Athol House in memory of his native region of Scotland . In 1875,
7455-418: The leading commercial center in the North Shore and had three banks, five churches, two schools, 6 hotels and a hospital by the 1920s. At this time Campbellton was seeing upwards of 16 trains a day at the Central Station. In 1928, a pulp mill was built in nearby Atholville which continued to propel the population growth already being experienced. Campbellton was experiencing strong growth as the population grew at
7560-520: The legal sale of seafood harvested under the fishery to Indigenous and non-Indigenous consumers and wholesalers. However, at the time of the announcement, Nova Scotia's Fisheries and Coastal Resources Act prohibited anyone in Nova Scotia from purchasing fish from "a person who does not hold a valid commercial fishing license issued by Fisheries and Oceans Canada," which would include the fishery. On October 1, Potlotek First Nation and Eskasoni First Nation launched their own moderate livelihood fishery in
7665-486: The lobsters taken in the raids were removed as they represented "bad fishing practices" on the part of the Mi'kmaq, but Sipekne'katik Chief Mike Sack and a worker at the Middle West Pubnico facility claimed the lobsters that were stored there were caught by the commercial fishers, not Mi'kmaw. Assembly of First Nations national chief Perry Bellegarde , federal Fisheries minister Bernadette Jordan , and Colin Sproul, president of
7770-432: The moderate livelihood fishery. On September 11, Sipekne'katik First Nation Chief Michael Sack sent a letter to Premier Stephen McNeil, DFO Minister Bernadette Jordan and Nova Scotia RCMP Commanding Officer Lee Bergerman, calling for them "to uphold the rule of law amid ongoing violence, threats, human rights discrimination and ongoing failure to uphold the 1999 Supreme Court of Canada decision in R. v. Marshall, recognizing
7875-516: The nineteenth century. Jerry Lonecloud (1854 – 1930, Mi'kmaq) is considered the "ethnographer of the Mi'kmaq nation". In 1912, he transcribed some of the Kejimkujik petroglyphs, and donated his works to the Nova Scotia Museum . He is credited with the first Mi'kmaq memoir, which was recorded from his oral history in the 1920s. In the late 1670s, French missionary Chrestien Le Clercq , who
7980-572: The northern part of the province such as Bathurst and Miramichi , as well as providing a link to Moncton , and the Trans-Canada Highway . Travelling west, this highway becomes Route 17 at the Tide Head - Matapédia exit, which is the only highway which connects the North Shore to the northwestern part of the province. Campbellton is about 20 minutes away by car from Charlo Airport , which
8085-479: The old battery site. One cannon was built into the fireplace of their home, called Bordeaux House, and two others were given to relatives across the river at Athol House in Atholville. For many years the two cannons outside Athol House were fired on ceremonial occasions. After Athol House burned, the guns lay on the riverbank until donated to the City of Campbellton in 1898. The park also features two monuments donated to
8190-399: The people involved in the raids permission to enter the facility and take the lobsters. Muise offered to work with people charged with offenses connected to the raids and try to get those charges dropped. Chief Mike Sack was sucker punched while trying to give a press conference on October 14. Also during the violence, an elder had sage knocked out of her hand while smudging , and a woman
8295-569: The posthumous pardon in 2017. Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, John James Grant, McNeil, and the Justice Minister Diana Whalen , pardoned Sylliboy and issued a formal apology: it was the "second posthumous pardon in Nova Scotia's history". His grandson, Andrew Denny, now the Grand Keptin of the Council, said that his grandfather had "commanded respect. Young people who were about to get married would go and ask for his blessing. At
8400-533: The province and the Campbellton court possesses a satellite location in St-Quentin . Court of Queen's Bench sittings for the Judicial District of Campbellton are held in this court. The Restigouche Regional Service Commission , which is located at 68A Water Street, is governed by a board of 12 (largely ex-officio) directors, and provides the following services to all municipalities and rural Communities within
8505-591: The railway system in the Maritimes . Tide Head was incorporated into a village in 1966. The first mayor of the incorporated village was Jim Adams. The most recent mayor of Tide Head is Randy Hunter. On 1 January 2023, Tide Head amalgamated with the city of Campbellton . The community's name remains in official use. Tide Head bills itself as the Fiddlehead Capital of the World and is predominantly English. Located on
8610-457: The region as of 2023 (including 25,182 members in the more recently formed Qalipu First Nation in Newfoundland ). According to the Canadian 2021 census, 9,245 people claim to speak Mi'kmaq , an Eastern Algonquian language. Once written in Mi'kmaw hieroglyphic writing , it is now written using most letters of the Latin alphabet . The Mi'kmaq, Maliseet , and Pasamaquoddy nations signed
8715-465: The regional economy, while a pulp mill in the Campbellton community of Atholville is the largest single employer in the area. As part of the tourism "industry", wealthy sportfishermen seeking Atlantic salmon flock to the scenic Restigouche Valley every summer. The region sees extensive annual snowfall. Alpine and Nordic ski facilities at Sugarloaf Provincial Park provide winter recreation opportunities for both visitors and local residents. Campbellton
8820-484: The regional headquarters of District 9 comprising Restigouche County and the Western part of Gloucester County . The Campbellton Fire Station is located at 33 Roseberry Street. The department is composed of a fire chief, 7 full-time firefighters, and 29 paid on-call firefighters. Campbellton is home to a New Brunswick Provincial Court located downtown on Water Street. All judges of this court have jurisdiction throughout
8925-464: The ruling, Mi'kmaq fishers began to lay lobster traps out of season. Incidents such as the Burnt Church Crisis were widely covered by the media from 1999 and 2002. On October 3, 1999, non-Indigenous commercial fishers in 150 boats destroyed hundreds of Mi'kmaq lobster traps, then returned to shore and vandalized fishing equipment, as well as three fish plants. This was captured and documented in
9030-514: The salmon fishing industry at Old Church Point, today Atholville. In 1794, a Scotsman from Perth named Alexander Ferguson settled in Martin's Point (Campbellton), where his brother Robert joined him two years later. Considered the founder of Restigouche County, Robert Ferguson established his control over the development of northern New Brunswick during the first half of the 19th century. In 1803, Ferguson inherited his brother's business and quickly became
9135-528: The same distance from Mont-Joli , Quebec in the Saint Lawrence River valley. Campbellton was settled by the Scottish including surrounding area like Balmoral, Glencoe, and Glenlevit. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Campbellton had a population of 7,047 living in 3,254 of its 3,531 total private dwellings, a change of 2.4% from its 2016 population of 6,883 . With
9240-436: The south bank of the Restigouche River , 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Downtown Campbellton , the village is situated where the tides on the Restigouche River cease to become visible – the reason for its name. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Tide Head had a population of 951 living in 419 of its 433 total private dwellings, a change of 1.4% from its 2016 population of 938 . With
9345-483: The southern tip of Nova Scotia up to Digby in the Bay of Fundy." It is also "one of the most lucrative fishing areas in Canada". DFO reported that as of December 2019, there were 979 commercial lobster licenses in LFA 34. The Sipekneꞌkatik fishing plan "became a flash point" resulting in violent highly-charged conflict pitting non-Miꞌkmaw lobster fishers in the adjacent coastal communities and Mi'kmaw fishers those carrying out
9450-511: The women's council, and the grand chief. The grand chief was a title given to one of the district chiefs, who was usually from the Mi'kmaw district of Unamáki or Cape Breton Island . This title was hereditary within a clan and usually passed on to the grand chief's eldest son. On June 24, 1610, Grand Chief Membertou converted to Catholicism and was baptised. He concluded an alliance with the French Jesuits . The Mi'kmaq, as trading allies of
9555-484: The words megwaak , which refers to the colour red, and magumegek , "on the earth". Rand translated megakumegek as "red on the earth", "red ground", or "red earth". Other suggestions from Robertson include its origin in nigumaach , which means "my brother" or "my friend", or a term of endearment. Stansbury Hagar suggested in Mi'kmaq Magic and Medicine that the word megumawaach is from megumoowesoo , in reference to magic. Mi'kmaw Country, known as Mi'kma'ki ,
9660-453: Was also planning on launching their own fishery, following a similar plan. After the launch of this fishery, DFO officers continued to seize Mi'kmaq traps. Harassment around the Sipekne'katik fishery continued through October. On October 5, Sipekne'katik fisher Robert Syliboy, a holder of one of the moderate livelihood fishery's licenses, found his boat at the Comeauville wharf destroyed in
9765-631: Was confirmed in the landmark 1990 R. v. Sparrow Supreme Court case which cited section 35 of the Constitution Act , 1982. In May 2003, the House of Commons' Standing Committee On Fisheries And Oceans chaired by MP Tom Wappel , submitted its report on fisheries issues, which "recommended that all charges stemming from the [confrontation over the lobster fisheries]" be dropped and that the fishers should be compensated by federal government for "their lost traps and boats." The report said that Mi'kmaq fishers have
9870-465: Was damaged, while a Mi'kmaw fisher was forced to barricade himself inside the facility in Middle West Pubnico. Indigenous leaders called the raids racist hate crimes and called on the RCMP to intervene, citing their slow response on the evening and lack of arrests even a day after the police claimed they "witnessed criminal activity". Social media posts from the commercial fishers and their supporters claimed that
9975-429: Was designed to facilitate travel between Quebec and Northern New Brunswick . The bridge was completed in 1961 and allowed the cross-river town of Pointe-à-la-Croix to fully integrate itself commercially with the City of Campbellton. The Salmon Festival was inaugurated in 1967 and has been a popular annual week-long event which is enjoyed by tourists and residents alike. Campbellton's city limits were expanded in 1979 when
10080-477: Was established. On August 31, 2010, the governments of Canada and Nova Scotia signed a historic agreement with the Mi'kmaw Nation, establishing a process whereby the federal government must consult with the Miꞌkmaw Grand Council before engaging in any activities or projects that affect the Mi'kmaq in Nova Scotia. This covers most, if not all, actions these governments might take within that jurisdiction. This
10185-556: Was finalised on January 25, 2021. The group of First Nations includes Sipekne'katik, We'koqma'q, Potlotek, Pictou Landing, and Paqtnkek First Nations, and is led by Membertou and Miapukek First Nations. The purchase represents the "largest investment in the seafood industry by a Canadian Indigenous group". The harvest of non-Indigenous fishermen in the region will now be purchased by Clearwater Seafoods' Mi'kmaq part owners. Since September 2020, there has been an ongoing lobster fishing dispute between Sipekne'katik First Nation members of
10290-508: Was grabbed by the neck. On October 15, the Mi'kmaq Warrior Peacekeepers arrived at the Saulnierville wharf with the intention of providing protection to Miꞌkmaq who were continuing to fish amid the violence. On Friday, October 16, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said that his government was "extremely active" in trying to de-escalate the situation. He also stated that he expected the police to be keeping people safe, and acknowledged concerns that
10395-552: Was here that the Battle of the Restigouche , the final naval battle between the English and French for the possession of North America during the Seven Years' War , was waged in 1760. It marked a turning point for the settlement. Robert Ferguson and the development of Campbellton and Atholville owed their development to the enterprising immigrants from Scotland. In 1769, only nine years after the Battle of Restigouche, Scotsman Hugh Baillie and
10500-456: Was inducted into the New Brunswick Sports Hall of Fame in 2002. Campbellton is home to two high schools: one catering to the francophone community ( Polyvalente Roland-Pépin ) and the other to the English community ( Sugarloaf Senior High School ). The other grade schools are Lord Beaverbrook School and Campbellton Middle School for English students, however they will soon be replaced with a new Regional Anglophone School, upon which construction
10605-548: Was located "outside of the regulated commercial season in Lobster Fishing Area 34 in St. Marys Bay, Nova Scotia —the Kespukwitk (also spelled Gespogoitnag ) district of Mi'kma'ki . The inshore fishery is the last small-scale fishery in Nova Scotia. St. Marys Bay is part of Lobster Fishing Area (LFA) 34, making it the "largest lobster fishing area in Canada with more than 900 licensed commercial fishermen harvesting from
10710-414: Was subsequently rebuilt. In the months and years following the fire, many of the new (now historic) buildings were constructed of brick as Water Street had been designated a "Fire District" where all new buildings had to be built with fireproof exterior walls. Following the fire, the railway station was moved to Roseberry St. and helped to define Campbellton in its early years. The town was bidding to become
10815-524: Was supposed to commence in 2019, but was delayed by at least one year by the provincial government in December 2018. A new francophone K-8 School, Le Galion des Appalaches , was completed and opened in early 2018, combining the students who had previously gone to older schools in Atholville and Campbellton. English schools are served by Anglophone North School District , while francophone schools are part of
10920-422: Was the first to use the rights defined in the Treaty of 1752 in his court defence. He lost his case. In 1985, the Supreme Court of Canada finally recognized the 1752 treaty rights for indigenous hunting and fishing in their ruling on R. v. Simon . On the 50th anniversary of Sylliboy's death, the Grand Council asked the Nova Scotia government for a pardon for the late Grand Chief. Premier Stephen McNeil granted
11025-523: Was working in the Gaspé Peninsula , was inspired by marks made by a young Mi'kmaq using charcoal on birchbark. Leclercq created what is now known as Mi'kmaq hieroglyphs to teach Catholic prayers and hymns to the people in their own form of language. Christian Kauder was a missionary in Mi'kma'ki from 1856 to 1871. He included samples of Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing, such as the Holy Mary Rosary prayer and
#332667