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107-608: Tiandong's population was 411,500(2010). 85.22% of the people belong to the Zhuang ethnic group, and speak Youjiang Zhuang ( Gangjdoj ). The rest include Han , Yao , Miao , and other ethnic groups. Currently, for administration Tiandong County is divided into 9 towns and 1 ethnic township: Apart from road access including the G80 Guangzhou–Kunming Expressway , the county also has rail access via Tiandong Railway Station and via Tiandong North Railway Station which

214-410: A Nong chieftain was given a banquet at a Song prefecture. The Viets reacted to this with anger and pillaged the area. In 1038, there was a disturbance at Rongzhou and Yizhou which took troops from three prefectures the loss of six high-ranking officials to suppress. The prefect of Yizhou blamed the unrest on bad administration and that the problem was the result of systematic neglect of the south on

321-788: A Tai -speaking ethnic group who mostly live in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in Southern China . Some also live in the Yunnan , Guangdong , Guizhou , and Hunan provinces. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China . With the Bouyei , Nùng , Tày , and other Northern Tai speakers, they are sometimes known as the Rau or Rao people. Their population, estimated at 18 million people, makes them

428-434: A province , Guangxi became an autonomous region in 1958. Its current capital is Nanning . Guangxi's location, in mountainous terrain in the far south of China, has placed it on the frontier of Chinese civilization throughout much of Chinese history . The current name "Guang" means "expanse" and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in 226 AD. It was given provincial level status during

535-618: A 133% increase from the Tang census of 742. Some of the increase can be attributed to including indigenous populations and improved recording methods, but the trend of increased Han Chinese settlement is clear. With the increase of Han Chinese population also came more northern-oriented cultural practices. Before the Tang, this county was settled by the Miao barbarian people. There were no traces of Han settlers. In 1053, The ‘Great Martial Leader’ Di (Qing) put down

642-686: A Song garrison in 1004 after it held a banquet for a Nong chieftain. In 1005, a woman known as A Nong was born to a notable warrior chieftain who accepted titles from both the Song dynasty and the Early Lê dynasty of Đại Cồ Việt. A Nong learned to spin and weave from her mother. At some point she was separated from the other girls and learned the ways of a shaman. She married Nong Quanfu and became his primary political adviser. Her brother, Nong Dangdao, inherited Wulezhou near Guangyuanzhou. She gave birth to Nong Zhigao in 1025. A Nong induced Quanfu to kill his brother,

749-525: A defeat against the Zhuang forces. Di Qing executed him and 31 officers. He then marched his forces under cover of night and blocked the Kunlun Pass east of Yongzhou. Zhigao attacked the Song forces in early 1054. The Zhuang wore bright crimson uniforms and fought in units of three armed with long shields that advanced "like fire." One man carried a shield while the other two hurled metal-tipped bamboo javelins. In

856-672: A great deal of action in the 1884 Sino-French War . Largely ineffective within Vietnam, it was still able to repulse the French from China itself at the Battle of Zhennan Pass (modern Friendship Pass ) on 23 March 1885. Following the Wuchang Uprising , Guangxi seceded from the Qing Empire on 6 November 1911. The Qing governor, Shen Bingdan , initially remained in place but was subsequently removed by

963-426: A long and short double-edged sword. They were also capable of using crossbows, poisoned arrows, and elephants. A three man Zhuang unit had one man carrying a large shield while the other two hurled javelins. Although they fought for the Song, they only obeyed the orders of their Zhuang chieftains. In 1178, the vice-prefect of Guilin , Zhou Qufei, said that they "live and die at the orders of their leaders." Although

1070-466: A mutiny commanded by General Lu Rongting . General Lu's Old Guangxi clique overran Hunan and Guangdong as well and helped lead the National Protection War against Yuan Shikai 's attempt to re-establish an imperial government. Zhuang's loyalty made his Self-Government Army cohesive but reluctant to move far beyond its own provinces. Subsequent feuding with Sun Yat-sen led to defeat in

1177-437: A prolonged siege. Despite cutting off Guangzhou from water, the city was well stocked with provisions, and the defenders fought back with crossbow defenses. The district magistrate Xiao Zhu foiled a waterborne attack on Guangzhou by setting fire to their ships. After 57 days, Zhigao was forced to retreat as more Song reinforcements arrived. He held out at Yongzhou, defeating five Song commanders sent against him. The Song called in

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1284-411: A specific signal banner to indicate their group's distinction. Groups of 30 men were organized into local governance units known as "tithings ( jia )", which were organized in groups of five under a troop commandant ( dutou ), groups of ten led by an aboriginal commander ( zhijunshi ), and in groups of 50 led by a commander-in-chief ( duzhijunshi ). It was perhaps this intensification of border defense that

1391-417: A tax that was usually more a customary and semi-voluntary exaction in practice, though this depended upon the power of the lord. Even when taxed, it was at a lower rate than that of regular prefectures. Many jimi prefectures did not pay taxes but "tribute." The Mo clan paid 100 ounces of silver as tribute annually. It is evident that the headmen entered into the tribute system with great enthusiasm. As part of

1498-513: A veteran of the Song–Xia wars , Di Qing , to assume command of the anti-rebel forces. He gathered 31,000 men and 32 generals, including Fanluo tribal cavalry from the northwest that "were able to ascend and descend mountains as though walking on level ground." Lý Thái Tông also offered to send 20,000 troops but the offer was refused out of fear that the troops would not leave afterwards. One general, Chen Shu, attacked early with 8,000 men and suffered

1605-705: Is 99.7% Zhuang. The autonomous region also has sizable populations of indigenous Yao , Miao , Kam , Mulam , Maonan , Hui , Gin , Yi , Sui and Gelao peoples. Other ethnic minorities in Guangxi include the Manchu , Mongol , Korean , Tibetan , Hlai , and Tujia people. Religion in Guangxi The predominant religions in Guangxi among the Han Chinese are Chinese folk religions , Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism . The large Zhuang population mostly practices

1712-483: Is caused by typhoons blowing from the South China Sea . Guangxi is divided into fourteen prefecture-level divisions : all prefecture-level cities : These 14 prefecture-level cities are in turn subdivided into 111 county-level divisions (41 districts , 10 county-level cities , 48 counties , and 12 autonomous counties ). At the year-end of 2021, the total population is 48.85 million. The Han Chinese are

1819-504: Is forested. Major cities in Guangxi include Nanning , Liuzhou , Guilin , and Beihai . Notable towns include Longmen  [ zh ] , Sanjiang , and Yangshuo . The Xi River system provides waterways which connect to the Pearl River Delta . Important seaports along Guangxi's short coastline on the Gulf of Tonkin include Beihai , Qinzhou , and Fangchenggang . Pinglu Canal

1926-520: Is part of the Nanning–Kunming high-speed railway network. The nearest air access in via Baise Bama Airport which is in the neighbouring Tianyang County . This Guangxi location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Zhuang people The Zhuang ( / ˈ dʒ w æ ŋ , ˈ dʒ w ɒ ŋ / ; Chinese : 壮族 ; pinyin : Zhuàngzú ; Zhuang : Bouxcuengh [poːu˦˨ ɕeŋ˧] ); Sawndip : 佈獞) are

2033-415: Is quite high in Guangxi, ranging from 1,080 millimetres (43 in) in drier zones to 1,730 millimetres (68 in) in wetter zones. The region also experiences monsoons, blowing from south-southwest from late April to the beginning of October. Most of the precipitation occurs between May and August. Microbursts can also occasionally occur in the extreme south of the region, from July to September. This

2140-473: The 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War , Guangxi communities were important to the Chinese war effort. They supplied logistical support to the People's Liberation Army , including food and housing. Militia members from Guangxi performed tasks including building roads, bridges, trenches, other logistical efforts, and caring for the wounded. Located in the southern part of the country, Guangxi is bordered by Yunnan to

2247-591: The Chang Qi Guo and styled himself the first king of Dali, Tu Dan Chao . The local prefect of Tianzhou requested assistance from Yongzhou to deal with the rebellion, but officials there appear to have feared involvement and refused to offer aid. In 1039, the emperor of the Lý dynasty , Lý Thái Tông , invaded the newly found kingdom, captured Quanfu and four other male members of the Nong clan, and executed them. A Nong escaped with

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2354-627: The Chinese Civil War , but joined the People's Republic in December 1949, two months after its founding. In 1952, a small section of Guangdong's coastline ( Qinzhou , Lianzhou (now Hepu County ), Fangchenggang and Beihai ) was given to Guangxi, giving it access to the sea. This was reversed in 1955, and then restored in 1965. The Guangxi Massacre , during the Cultural Revolution , involved

2461-640: The Dali Kingdom in 1253 and eliminated the Southern Song following the Battle of Yamen in 1279. Rather than ruling Lingnan as a subject territory or military district, the Mongolians then established Guangxi ("Western Expanse") as a proper province. The area nonetheless continued to be unruly, leading the Ming dynasty to employ the different local groups against one another. At the Battle of Big Rattan Gorge between

2568-604: The Huang Chao rebellion (874–884), the Zhuang took part in anti-rebel efforts as irregular units in the Ningyuan Army led by Pang Zhuzhao. After the collapse of the Tang dynasty in 907, the Southern Han recruited Zhuang archers to outfit its riverine forces. They took part in campaigns against Ma Chu . The Zhuang do not seem to have aspired to creating an empire after the collapse of the Tang and sought merely autonomy. In fact

2675-609: The Kingdom of Dali 大理). Đại Cồ Việt sent troops and captured him. He was held prisoner for a year before he was released with an honorary title and given control of Guangyuan, Leihuo, Ping'an, Pinpo, and Silang in return for a share of their natural resources, particularly gold. In 1048, Zhigao declared another state, the Kingdom of the Southern Heavens ( Nantian Guo ), and took a reign title, "Auspicious Circumstances" ( Jingrui ). He called

2782-703: The Qin River and the Nanliu River both flow into the Gulf of Tonkin, several tributary rivers flow into the larger Xiang River in neighbouring Hunan province, and the Xi River system flows southeast through the autonomous region into the South China Sea . Along the border with Vietnam there is the Ban Gioc–Detian waterfall (pinyin: Dé Tiān Pùbù ), which separates the two countries. About one-quarter of Guangxi's area

2889-635: The Song dynasty with river transportation during the Song conquest of Southern Han (970–971). Some 20,000 Zhuang also fought for Southern Han but they were defeated. Afterwards, the Mo clan of Nandan submitted to Song authority in 974 and the Meng clan of Yizhou rebelled in 1038 but was put down. In 980, the Zhuang participated in the Song–Đại Cồ Việt war as Song allies, however the expedition ended in defeat. In 1000,

2996-469: The Song dynasty , the Two Guangs were formally separated as Guǎngnán Xīlù ( 廣南西路 ; 广南西路 ; 'vast south west region') and Guǎngnán Dōnglù ( 廣南東路 ; 广南东路 ; 'vast south east region'), which became abbreviated as Guǎngxī Lù ( 廣西路 ; 广西路 ) and Guǎngdōng Lù ( 廣東路 ; 广东路 ). Guangxi was also previously spelled as Kwangsi in postal and Wade–Giles romanizations. The spelling of

3103-484: The Yao people , who were far less numerous. Zhuang leaders sought Song approval to legitimate their position. After being recognized, they also received a salary and their family was guaranteed hereditary succession to the post. Song authority was bestowed through seals, which theoretically went to the hereditary leader, but in practice usually went to the claimant put forward by the locals, often after military conflicts. When there

3210-506: The Yuan dynasty , but even into the 20th century, it was considered an open, wild territory. The abbreviation of the region is " 桂 " ( Hanyu pinyin : Guì ; Zhuang: Gvei ), which comes from the name of the city of Guilin , the provincial capital during both the Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty . Guangxi contains the largest population of China's ethnic minorities after Yunnan , in particular,

3317-895: The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau , the Jiuwan Mountains and the Fenghuang Mountains both run through the north, the Nanling Mountains form the region's north-east border, and the Yuecheng and Haiyang Mountains both branch from the Nanling Mountains. Also in the north are the Duyao Mountains . The Duyang Mountains run through the west of Guangxi. Near the center of the region are the Da Yao and Da Ming Mountains . On

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3424-545: The Zhuang folk religion centered around the worship of their ancestral god Buluotuo (布洛陀). According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 40.48% of the population believes and is involved in ancestor veneration , while 0.26% of the population identifies as Christian. The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; 59.26% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities , Buddhism, Confucianism , Taoism, folk religious sects . The Yao , another numerous ethnic group inhabiting

3531-823: The Zhuang people , who make up 34% of the population. Various regional languages and dialects such as Pinghua , Zhuang , Kam , Cantonese , Hakka , and Min are spoken alongside Mandarin Chinese . " Guǎng " ( simplified Chinese : 广 ; traditional Chinese : 廣 ) means 'expanse' or 'vast', and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD 226. Guangxi and neighboring Guangdong literally mean 'expanse west' and 'expanse east'. Together, Guangxi and Guangdong are called Liangguang ( Liangkwang ; traditional Chinese : 兩廣 ; simplified Chinese : 两广 ; pinyin : liǎng guǎng ; Cantonese Yale : léuhng gwóng ; lit. 'Two Expanses', Vietnamese : Lưỡng Quảng ). During

3638-576: The "Flying Army" and the "Army of Steel". After the death of Sun Yat-sen, Li also repulsed Tang Jiyao 's revolt and joined the Northern Expedition establishing control over other warlords by the Republic of China . His was one of the few Kuomintang units free from serious Chinese Communist Party (CCP) influence and was therefore employed by Chiang Kai-shek for the Shanghai massacre of 1927 . Within

3745-458: The "Nong Bandit" and his kin had strayed far from their frontier duties and might never be incorporated into the Song administration. However in 1062 when Zongdan requested his territory be incorporated into the Song empire, Renzong accepted his request. According to The Draft Documents Pertaining to Song Official Matters , Zongdan was regarded by the Song as the prefect of Leihuo prefecture, renamed "Pacified Prefecture" ( Shun'anzhou ), and possessed

3852-617: The 14-year old Zhigao into Song territory. In 1041, Nong Zhigao and his mother seized Dangyouzhou (modern Jingxi , Guangxi ) and the Leihuo grotto settlement (modern Daxin County ). A Nong married a wealthy merchant but Zhigao murdered this man. A Nong married a third time to Nong Xiaqing, expanding their territory further into Temo. In 1042, Zhigao declared the founding the Kingdom of the Great Succession ( Dali Guo 大歷國, not to be confused with

3959-558: The 1920 and 1921 Guangdong–Guangxi War . After a brief occupation by Chen Jiongming 's Cantonese forces, Guangxi fell into disunity and profound banditry for several years until Li Zongren 's Guangxi Pacification Army established the New Guangxi clique dominated by Li, Huang Shaohong , and Bai Chongxi . Successful action in Hunan against Wu Peifu led to the Zhuang GPA becoming known as

4066-517: The Guizhou prefect Lu Shen reported that a military delegation from Thăng Long had crossed the border seeking Nong Rixin (V. Nùng Nậht Tân), the son of Nong Zongdan. He also reported that the delegation showed interest in encroaching on Song territory, including Wenmen grotto ( Hurun , a village in Jingxi, Guangxi ). The Song court took no particular action but Lu was determined to expand Song military presence in

4173-705: The Hundred Yue" ( 和集百越 ) until its collapse in 111 BC during the southward expansion of the Han dynasty . The name "Guangxi" can be traced to the "Expansive" or "Wide" province ( 廣州 ) of the Eastern Wu , which controlled southeastern China during the Three Kingdoms period. Guilin formed one of its commanderies. Under the Tang dynasty , the Zhuang moved to support Piluoge 's kingdom of Nanzhao in Yunnan , which successfully repulsed imperial armies in 751 and 754. Guangxi

4280-600: The People's Republic of China, Guangxi is also noted for the Baise Uprising , a failed CCP revolt led by Chen Zhaoli and Deng Xiaoping in 1929. In 1937, the Guangxi Women's Battalion was founded as a response to Soong Mei-ling 's appeal for women to support the Sino-Japanese War . Reports on the size of the battalion vary from 130 students, to 500, to 800. Being in the far south, Guangxi did not fall during

4387-456: The Song bestowed titles on Nong Zhihui and acknowledged him as the sole leader of Quảng Nguyên. Guangxi Province Guangxi , officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China , located in South China and bordering Vietnam ( Hà Giang , Cao Bằng , Lạng Sơn , and Quảng Ninh Provinces ) and the Gulf of Tonkin . Formerly

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4494-544: The Song court's early attention to the frontier leaders was largely symbolic, by the time of Song Shenzong (r. 1065-85), "local militia" ( tuding ) were being actively organized among the aboriginal villages so as to provide the first line of defense for the Chinese empire. Wang Anshi would comment in an essay on the administration of the Yong frontier command that the aboriginal communities of the Left and Right rivers should be relied upon for

4601-555: The Song, who administered the area as the Guangnanxi ("West Southern Expanse") Circuit . Harassed by both Song and the Jiaozhi in modern Vietnam , the Zhuang leader Nong Zhigao led a revolt in 1052 for which he is still remembered by the Zhuang people. His independent kingdom was short-lived, however, and the tattooed Song general Di Qing returned Guangxi to China. The Yuan dynasty established control over Yunnan during its conquest of

4708-569: The Song. He was caught in 1045 and executed by vivisection. During the early Song period, the Huang clan was left in charge of the You and Zuo rivers. The Wei had settled on the Song-Viet boarder. However the power of the Nong clan increased and began to upset Huang supremacy. By the early Song, they ruled over an area known as Temo, which stretched from modern Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in

4815-723: The Song. They were executed. Zhigao failed to raise more troops in Dali. According to official accounts, Nong Zhigao was executed by the ruler of Dali and his head presented to Song authorities. However popular accounts claim he fled further south into modern northern Thailand , where his descendants thrive to this day. The Zhuang of Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture identify as survivors of Zhigao's rebel movement and other groups in Dali City , Xishuangbana , and northern Thailand claim to be descended from Zhigao. Many Zhuang songs refer to him as "King Nong." The Song took full control of

4922-567: The Tày and Nùng have been referred to as a combined Tày-Nùng minority. However these ethnonyms are a recent phenomenon and did not exist until the modern age. According to Keith Taylor, the Vietnamese terms were "categories of French colonial knowledge" used to differentiate highlanders from lowlanders. The ethnic Zhuang was a product of the "ethnic identification project" pursued in 1950s China. Although both Vietnamese and Chinese authorities labeled all of

5029-439: The Viet court felt threatened by, as it saw its own systems of local control eroded. Scholars also note that there was a sharp increase in the population of the Song dynasty's southwest frontier by the end of the 11th century. At the end of the 10th c., this region counted only 17,760 households while the same area had increased to 56,596 households in 1078-85. Guangnan West Circuit's population in 1080 stood at 287,723 households,

5136-404: The Viet court's actions criminal and that his territory would not be annexed by China. In the fall of 1049, Zhigao's forces pillaged Yongzhou. In 1050, Đại Cồ Việt launched an attack on Zhigao's stronghold and evicted him, sending him fleeing into Song territory. Nong Zhigao approached the Song at Yongzhou for assistance but was denied an audience until he staged a military demonstration beneath

5243-400: The Viet court. Instead he proposed that he stay outside Song territory as a loyal frontier militia leader. Wang feared that a resurgence of the Nong clan would spell trouble for the frontier. The Song court ignored his apprehensions and offered the Nong and other communities "Interior Dependency" status. By 1061, Emperor Renzong of Song (r. 1022-63) was regretting his decision and lamented that

5350-435: The Viet envoy Lý Kế Tiên prepared to depart Kaifeng , news arrived that Thàn Thiệu Tháị had attacked settlements in Guangnan West Circuit. A Guangnan official requested immediate retaliation against the southern intruders. However the Song court tried to distance Thiệu Tháị's actions from the Lý court. An envoy from Thăng Long arrived seeking forgiveness for the attack. Yingzong decided not to retaliate. On 18 November 1064,

5457-519: The Viet role in settling frontier matters. Meanwhile Lu proposed a special training and indoctrination program for a local chieftain each year that would see them enter the official bureaucracy after three years. In late 1065, Zongdan switched allegiance from the Song and proposed an alliance with Lý Thánh Tông (r. 1054-72) and Quảng Nguyên chieftain Liu Ji (V. Lưu Ký). Lu Shen reported this to court, but Yingzong did not take any action other than to reassign Zongdan's titles. To offset Zongdan's defection,

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5564-430: The Zhuang and the Yao in 1465, 20,000 deaths were reported. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, parts of Guangxi were ruled by the powerful Cen ( 岑 ) clan. The Cen were of Zhuang ethnicity and were recognized as tusi or local rulers by the Chinese emperors. The Qing dynasty left the region alone until the imposition of direct rule in 1726, but the 19th century was one of constant unrest. A Yao revolt in 1831

5671-430: The Zhuang attacked Yongzhou but the attack was quelled by Zhuang troops of the Song-allied Huang clan. In 1001, Zhuang calling themselves the Troops of Chen ( chenbing ) rebelled in Yizhou. Their leader, Su Chengzhun, titled himself King of the Pacified South ( nanping wang ). The rebels took a few towns but were hampered by floods and suffered several defeats until their leader was killed three months later. In 1004,

5778-681: The Zhuang ethnicity as a modern constructed ethnic identity. In the eyes of the ethnologists, the Zhuang culture was not sufficiently divergent from what the ethnologists considered "Han culture", to warrant recognition as a separate ethnic identity. The Zhuang had been interacting with the Han Chinese for over 2,200 years. As early as the Han dynasty (202 BC–220 AD), the Zhuang adopted Han cultural practices and technology such as settled agriculture, iron plows, triple cropping, and fertilization. They lived at lower elevations than other minority groups and competed more directly with Han farmers than slash-and-burn agriculturalists. As direct competitors,

5885-513: The Zhuang found it expedient to adopt Han dress and housing styles. After the defeat of the Zhuang leader, Nong Zhigao, in 1055, many Zhuang families and communities gave up their own language and names and completely assimilated into the Han majority. In one instance, a Zhuang student said that he had previously regarded himself as Han Chinese before being taught that he was Zhuang. The Zhuang did not perceive themselves as marginalized or in need of promotion. Zhuang peasants displayed resistance to

5992-438: The Zhuang, who started buttoning their clothing on the right, women wearing bodices, giving up trousers for skirts, and wearing their hair in the Chinese style. Many of the former rebels were enlisted in the Song army, which paid for more than 50,000 Zhuang troops known as Tuding ( tubing or zhuangding ) from 1064-1067. By 1108, more than a hundred thousand registered as soldiers from the region. The Zhuang warriors carried both

6099-404: The Zuo and You rivers, incorporating the regions into the Song bureaucracy. When Zhigao and his fellow rebel chieftains fled, they were replaced by Song-allied clans, primarily the Huang and Cen who were given hereditary posts. Chinese schools in Zhuang areas were set up and the sons of elite Zhuang who enrolled in them later took posts in the Song bureaucracy. Chinese style dress began to influence

6206-495: The antiviral oseltamivir . Guangxi is one of China's key production centers for nonferrous metals. The region holds approximately 1/3 of all tin and manganese deposits in China. Liuzhou is the main industrial center and a major motor vehicle manufacturing center. General Motors have a manufacturing base here in a joint venture as SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile . The city also has a large steel factory and several related industries. The local government of Guangxi hopes to expand

6313-405: The benefits of the "civilized" center in the post-Nong Zhigao period. Viet leadership on the other hand created "patron-client" relationships using marriage alliances and military expeditions to maintain "satellite" partners. Successive Viet courts saw the extraction of resources from frontier vassals as a measurement of their efficacy. However by the 11th century, both the Chinese and Viet courts saw

6420-434: The early 1060s, border conflicts began to occur along the Song-Viet frontier. In the spring of 1060, the chieftain of Lạng Châu and imperial in-law, Thàn Thiệu Tháị, crossed into Song territory to raid for cattle. Thiệu Tháị captured the Song commander Yang Baocai in the attack. In autumn of 1060, Song forces also crossed the border but were unsuccessful in recovering Yang. Fighting caused by the natives led by Thiệu Tháị claimed

6527-433: The frontier as a source of available troops famed for their ferocity. By 1065, around 44,500 militia had been recruited from these communities by the Song. Frontier unrest began anew in 1057 when Nong Zongdan (V. Nùng Tông Ðán), a kinsman of Nong Zhigao, entered Song territory. The frontier administrator Wang Han visited Zongdan's camp at Leihuo to discourage him from seeking inclusion in the Song dynasty since it would upset

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6634-446: The golden pocket with purple trimming" ( jinzi guanglu daifu ) on Minfu. These titles were passed onto Minfu's son, Nong Quanfu ( Zhuang : Nungz Cienzfuk , Vietnamese : Nùng Tồn Phúc ). He was also granted additional authority of Dangyouzhou (modern Jingxi , Guangxi ). His younger brother, Nong Quanlu, controlled Wennaizhou (modern Na Rì District ). Such preferential treatment was viewed with anger in Đại Cồ Việt, which attacked

6741-416: The ideal of a formal Romanized Zhuang script, noting that they had used Han script for centuries. Formal classification of the Zhuang also ignored historical similarities between northern Zhuang and the Bouyei people . Guangxi has a type of people called “local people” who are widely spread across the province   ... They rather refer to themselves as "Han who speak the Zhuang language."   ... Since

6848-809: The influence of Huang Wei and A Nong, Zhigao decided to declare independence. In 1052, Zhigao proclaimed the establishment of the Kingdom of the Great South ( Danan Guo ) and granted himself the title of Benevolent and Kind Emperor ( Renhui Huangdi ). In the spring of 1052, Zhigao ordered the villages under his control to be burnt and led 5,000 subjects on the path to Guangzhou . As for all the belongings that you amassed during your lives, they were destroyed today by heaven's fire. You have nothing to live on, and you are considered poor indeed! You must grab Yongzhou and capture Guangzhou where I will establish myself as its ruler. If you don't do this, you will necessarily die." By summertime, he had taken Yongzhou and reached Guangzhou, where his 50,000 strong army became bogged down in

6955-433: The initial stages of battle, one Song commander was killed, and the Song army was momentarily forced to fall back. In the second engagement, the Zhuang forces could not withstand the Song infantry charges. The Song infantry hacked at the Zhuang shields with heavy swords and axes while the Fanluo cavalry attacked their wings, breaking their ranks. The Zhuang fled, suffering 5,341 casualties. Di Qing retook Yongzhou and executed

7062-481: The jinshi-holder Huang, two of Zhigao's family, and 57 officials. Zhigao and his remaining family fled to seek help from the Zhuang clans, but he was not well liked, and the Huang chieftain, Huang Shouling, refused to aid him. He also requested aid from the Viet court, which sent the tribal commander Võ Nhị to assist the rebels. A Nong and her son Nong Zhiguang, as well as Zhigao's sons Nong Jifeng and Nong Jizong, were caught at Temo in Yunnan by Zhuang forces allied with

7169-525: The killing of 100,000 to 150,000 in the region in 1967 and 1968. While some development of heavy industry occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, the region remained largely a scenic tourist destination. Even the economic growth of the 1990s seemed to leave Guangxi behind. However, in recent years, there has been a growing amount of industrialization and increasing concentration on cash crops. Per capita GDP has risen as industries in Guangdong transfer production to comparatively lower-wage areas in Guangxi. During

7276-486: The language they speak is generally called Zhuang, we recommend calling them Zhuang. The Zhuang are a relatively large Chinese southern minority, but we still know little about them. I   ... hope that scholars with more expertise on nationality history will offer us their assistance, and in this way move towards a better understanding of these people. The Zhuang are the indigenous peoples of Guangxi , according to Huang Xianfan. The Zhuang's origins can be traced back to

7383-535: The largest ethnic group in Guangxi. Han Chinese populations in Guangxi largely live along the autonomous region's southern coast and eastern portions. Of these, the main subgroups are those that speak Yue and Southwestern Mandarin varieties of Chinese . Qinzhou and Goulou Yue are spoken in the southern and eastern regions, respectively. Pinghua is spoken in Nanning and Guilin. There are Hakka-speaking regions in Luchuan County , Bobai County and in some areas bordering Vietnam. Guangxi has over 16 million Zhuangs ,

7490-458: The largest minority ethnicity in China. Over 90 percent of Zhuang in China live in Guangxi, especially in the central and western regions. High concentrations of Zhuang people can be found in Nanning , Liuzhou , Chongzuo , Baise , Hechi , and Laibin . The highest concentration of ethnic Zhuang people is found in the county-level city of Jingxi , with a 2021 publication by the People's Government of Guangxi stating that Jingxi's population

7597-408: The largest minority in China. The Chinese character used for the Zhuang people has changed several times. Their autonym , "Cuengh" in Standard Zhuang , was originally written with the graphic pejorative Zhuàng , 獞 (or tóng , referring to a variety of wild dog). Chinese characters typically combine a semantic element or radical and a phonetic element. John DeFrancis recorded Zhuàng

7704-538: The largest minority, however, was and still is the same, the Zhuang/Nùng, who together number more than 15 million people. They are just recognized by different names in China and Vietnam. Nong Zhigao (V. Nùng Trí Cao) has sometimes been claimed by Vietnam as a Vietnamese native, but this is due to antagonism with modern China, while in previous times the Vietnamese sometimes saw him as primarily Chinese. Some ethnologists view

7811-503: The leader of the Cen clan , and take his lands. The Nong clan eventually controlled 14 major grottoes ( dong ) in comparison to only 5 for the Huang clan. In 1035, Quanfu declared the founding of the Kingdom of Longevity ( Changsheng Guo 長生國) and took for himself the exalted title "Luminous and Sage Emperor" ( Zhaosheng Huangdi 昭聖皇帝) while A Nong became the "Enlightened and Virtuous Empress" ( Mingde Huanghou 明德皇后). Another source says he founded

7918-454: The left. They loved to fight and struggle and regarded death lightly. Earlier the leaders were of the Wei, Huang, Zhou and Nong clans which were constantly contending and pillaging each other.... The Huang clan offered pledges and 13 Bu-districts and 29 Man-barbarian Zhou-districts were established. The first member of the Nong clan to gain official recognition was Nong Minfu . It is not known when he

8025-454: The lives of five military inspectors. The military commissioner Yu Jing sought aid from Champa for a joint attack on Quảng Nguyên. The Lý court caught wind of this and began directly courting local leaders. Despite increased military tensions, the Lý court sought to defuse the situation by sending a delegation led by Bi Gia Dụ to Yongzhou . The Song authorities requested the return of Yang Baocai but

8132-589: The local inhabitants "barbarians of the South" (Man), there were many distinct communities throughout this region. The majority belonged to a single Tai-speaking ethnicity, the Chinese Zhuang (or Vietnamese Nùng) ethnic group. Many scholars of the Tai peoples consider the Zhuang and Nùng to be essentially the same people, a single ethnic group. During the early 11th century, ethnic identities and boundaries were more fluid than in

8239-404: The modern Sino-Vietnamese borderland. The Zhuang leader Nong Zhigao was defeated in 1055 by the Song dynasty . Had he won, it is possible that he might have established a state under his own clan name, Nong. Instead, his people in China continued to be referred to as Zhuang, which in their own language means "cave", while in Vietnam they came to be known as Nùng. The majority ethnic group and now

8346-451: The opposite seemed to have occurred and the wars in the south drew more Zhuang into contact with Han Chinese as they were sought after as mercenary troops and river porters. The Song dynasty continued the Jimi system of the Tang dynasty and named the officials of those jimi prefectures zhi . So the ruler of Nandan was called "Zhi Nandan". The Zhuang people were governed under this system but not

8453-641: The paleolithic ancient human, as demonstrated by a large amount of contemporary archaeological evidence. The Zhuang trace their lineage to the Lạc Việt people through artworks such as the Rock Paintings of Hua Mountain , dating from to the Warring States period (475–221 BC). From 823 to 826, the Zhuang, Huang, and Nong clans, aided with raiders from Champa , attacked Yongzhou and seized 18 counties. The "Nung Grottoes" sought aid from Nanzhao . During

8560-420: The practice of paying tribute they could periodically journey to the capital and be treated as a foreign ambassador, with all of the opportunities for tourism and trade which this presented. As a consequence, headmen frequently petitioned to pay tribute more frequently than they were obliged to, and to increase the size of their deputation when doing so. Because the court actually paid for the expenses of travel, it

8667-465: The province was replaced by the pinyin spelling of Guangxi in 1958 and has been widely used internationally after 1986. The official name was also known as Kwangsi Chuang Autonomous Region in a number of Western publications outside of China published in the 1950s to 1970s. Originally inhabited by a mixture of tribal groups known to the Chinese as the Baiyue ("Hundred Yue", Vietnamese : Bách Việt ),

8774-460: The province, mostly practices a form of indigenised and conservative Taoism . Today, there are 21 mosques in Guangxi This may include: Important crops in Guangxi include rice , maize and sweet potatoes . Cash crops include sugar cane , peanuts , tobacco , and kenaf . 85 percent of the world's star anise is grown in Guangxi. It is a major ingredient in

8881-522: The rebellion of the Quang Nguyên barbarian Nùng Trí Cao, the troops following the general’s expedition remained in the region to open up and settle the wasteland. Their settlements extended throughout this county. The Lý court was also in the process of consolidating its frontier. In 1059, efforts were made to take direct control of the frontier and its manpower. The northern frontier in the Zuo - You river region

8988-603: The region first became part of China during the Qin dynasty . In 214 BC, the Han Chinese general Zhao Tuo ( Vietnamese : Triệu Đà ) claimed most of southern China for Qin Shi Huang before the emperor's death. The ensuing civil war permitted Zhao to establish a separate kingdom at Panyu known as Nanyue ("Southern Yue"). Alternatively submissive to and independent of Han dynasty control, Southern Yue expanded colonization and sinicization under its policy of "Harmonizing and Gathering

9095-425: The region's manufacturing sector, and during the drafting of China's Five Year Plan in 2011, earmarked 2.6 trillion RMB for investment in the region's Beibu Gulf Economic Zone(See Below). In recent years Guangxi's economy has languished behind that of its wealthy neighbor and twin, Guangdong . Guangxi's 2017 nominal GDP was about 2039.63 billion yuan (US$ 302.09 billion) and ranked 17th in China. Its per capita GDP

9202-484: The right of Đại Cồ Việt. The military commander Yuan Yun was dispatched to attack Zhigao but instead he wanted to offer Zhigao protection, and returned to the capital with tribute, arguing for a change in policy. Zhigao's followers set up shop and through the mineral wealth of his holdings formed close ties with Chinese traders, including jinshi degree holders Huang Wei and Huang Shifu. He also recruited other Nong clan members such as Nong Zhizhong and Nong Jianhou. Under

9309-537: The security of both Guangxi and Guangdong. The defeat of Nong Zhigao in Quảng Nguyên (C. Guangyuan; now Cao Bằng Province ) removed the tribal buffer zone between Đại Cồ Việt and the Song dynasty. Zhigao's final defeat by the Song also had the effect of subordinating a large portion of that zone to direct Song control. The Viet court did not intervene in the matter and for 20 years after the Nong Zhigao rebellions, there

9416-509: The south. Lu raised 44,500 troops from 45 aboriginal leaders along the Zuo-You River region and ordered them to repair and fortify military defenses. To gain local trust, he requested special seals be made for his militia leaders and that the Zuo-You region be exempt from taxes. The Viet officials became concerned about this development and sent a tribute envoy to Kaifeng to remind the Song court of

9523-529: The southeastern border are the Yunkai Mountains . Guangxi's highest point is Kitten Mountain , in the Yuecheng Mountains, at 2,141 metres (7,024 ft). Karst landforms , characterized by steep mountains and large caverns, are common in Guangxi, accounting for 37.8 percent of its total land area. Guangxi is also home to several river systems, which flow into several different bodies of water:

9630-509: The throne's part: administrators received inadequate salaries and local troops only received supplies sporadically. As a result, the temptation to raid barbarian lands was irresistible. In 1044, Ou Xifan of the Ou clan rebelled to the northwest of Yizhou. Ou Xifan had received a jinshi degree and served as an officer but grew dissatisfied with his rewards. He declared the Great Tang and declared war on

9737-521: The title "Personal Guardian General of the Right." Nong Zhihui (V. Nùng Trí Hội), the brother of Nong Zhigao, received the title "Personal Guardian of the Left." Other members of the Nong clan in Temo such as Nong Bing, Nong Guang, and Nong Xiaqing swore loyalty to the Song. Zhigao's former generals Lu Bao (V. Lư Báo), Li Mao (V. Lê Mạo), and Huang Zhongqing (V. Hoàng Trọng Khanh) were also granted official titles. In

9844-469: The view of the Song court, these titles were not merely honorary appointments. Local militia in the southwestern frontier zone were reorganized in 1065 under Guizhou prefect Lu Shen. The 45 grottoes along the You and Zuo rivers were assigned grotto militia leaders. A commissioner surveyed the region for able-bodied men to be organized under a guard commander selected from the area's prominent households, who received

9951-471: The walls. He then presented substantial tribute (tame elephants and lumps of gold and silver) and petitioned the emperor. The prefect of Yongzhou, Chen Gong, never passed on the petition to court. However when the tribute reached the court, the Fiscal Commissioner Xiao Gu argued to the emperor that Zhigao should be granted title. The Song court refused because it considered Zhigao's service to be

10058-607: The west to Jingxi in the east and Guangyuanzhou (Quảng Nguyên, now Cao Bằng province ) in the south. Emperor Taizong of Song (r. 976-997) bestowed special favors on Nong leadership, acknowledging that they had succeeded the Huang in the Zuo River region. The Guangyuan zhou Man-barbarian Nong clan came from the south west... of Yongzhou and held the districts there. The terrain was steep mountains and inaccessible valleys; it produced gold and cinnabar. A good many people lived there. They wore their hair long and fastened their clothes on

10165-484: The west, Guizhou to the north, Hunan to the northeast, and Guangdong to the east and southeast. It is also bordered by Vietnam in the southwest and the Gulf of Tonkin in the south. Its proximity to Guangdong is reflected in its name, with "Guang" ( simplified Chinese : 广 ; traditional Chinese : 廣 ; pinyin : Guǎng ) being used in both names. Large portions of Guangxi are hilly and mountainous. The northwest portion of Guangxi includes part of

10272-481: Was born, but a memorial in early 977 states that the "peaceful and generous" leader Nong Minfu of Guangyuanzhou had established himself over ten neighboring villages with the support of Southern Han (907-971). Minfu had supported Duan Siping (r. 937–944) of the Dali Kingdom and was rewarded with titles. Duan rewarded another leader in Temo with the title buxie . The Song bestowed the titles "minister of works" ( sigong ) and "grand master of splendid happiness bearing

10379-504: Was changed to a different character Zhuàng , 壮 (meaning "strong; robust"). The Zhuang, Nùng , and Tày people are a cluster of Tai peoples with very similar customs and dress known as the Rau peoples . In China, the Zhuang are today the largest non- Han Chinese minority with around 14.5 million population in Guangxi Province alone. In Vietnam , as of 1999, there were 933,653 Nùng people and 1,574,822 Tày people. Recently

10486-617: Was constructed to connect Xi River system and coastal Guangxi. Guangxi has a subtropical climate. Summers are generally long, hot, and humid, lasting from April to October. Winters are mild, and snow is rare. The autonomous region's average annual temperature ranges from 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) to 23.5 °C (74.3 °F), with January temperatures typically ranging from 4 °C (39 °F) to 16 °C (61 °F), and July temperatures typically ranging from 27 °C (81 °F) to 32 °C (90 °F). Due to frequent rain-bearing monsoon winds, average annual precipitation

10593-409: Was denied. Emperor Renzong was also wary of further increasing tensions and instructed the local military commissions to refrain from assembling troops. On 8 February 1063, two tributary envoys from the Lý court presented to the Song emperor nine tame elephants. On 7 April 1063, the new Song emperor Yingzong (r. 1063-67) sent calligraphic compositions by Renzong as gifts to the Lý court. On the same day

10700-467: Was divided into new administrative units: Ngự Long, Vũ Thắng, Long Dực, Thần Ðiện, Bổng Thánh, Bảo Thắng, Hùng Lược, and Vạn Tiệp. Each of these units was assigned an official. Militia units were established among local communities conscripts had the character "Army of the Son of Heaven" ( tianzi jun ) tattooed on their foreheads. This reflected a distinctly Southeast Asian way of controlling regional manpower. In

10807-806: Was followed by the Jintian Uprising , the beginning of the Taiping Rebellion , in January 1851 and the Da Cheng Rebellion in April 1854. The execution of St. Auguste Chapdelaine by local officials in Guangxi provoked the Second Opium War in 1858 and the legalization of foreign interference in the interior. Although Louis Brière de l'Isle was unable to invade its depot at Longzhou , the Guangxi Army saw

10914-668: Was general peace along the border. However the regional power balance had been lost. Han Chinese military settlers moved in and new leaders took over the surviving communities. Several influential Nong leaders sided with the Viet court. Crucial influences for the lead up to war include the Song-court sponsored New Policies promoted by Wang Anshi and efforts by the Lý court to consolidate peripheral fiefdoms. The Song and Đại Cồ Việt treated their frontier borderland peoples in different ways. The Chinese tried to introduce "uncultured" barbarians to

11021-633: Was held by lesser families in perpetuity and could not be sold or transferred. As a result the Zhuang habitually entered military service under the Han Chinese to seek new land, often at the expense of other minorities such as the Yao people. Han Chinese were forbidden from buying Zhuang land or to engage in commercial activity within their jimi districts. However Zhuang-Han marriages were allowed, resulting in land titles that were nominally Zhuang held but had been subsumed under Han administration. The jimi prefectures paid

11128-562: Was no obvious heir, the seals often went to the wife of the deceased, whose accession to the post became customary. In theory the Song court could replace recalcitrant leaders like an ordinary official, but in practice this power was weighed against the cost to maintain tranquillity among the Zhuang and stability on the Sino-Viet border. As a result, Jimi rulers who were disobedient were usually sufficiently powerful to refuse replacement as well. Zhuang jimi prefectures were essentially feudal. Land

11235-469: Was previously Tóng, 獞 , with " dog radical " 犭 and tóng , 童 phonetic, a slur , but also describes how the People's Republic of China eventually removed it. In 1949, after the Chinese civil war , the logograph 獞 was officially replaced with a different graphic pejorative, 僮 ( Zhuàng or tóng , meaning "child; boy servant"), with the " human radical " 亻 with the same phonetic. Later 僮

11342-491: Was regarded as an unnecessary expense to permit overly frequent visits, and such requests were usually refused. The jimi prefectures often engaged in petty squabbles that escalated to military conflict. At one point the Mo clan of Nandan pillaged each other over the ownership of an ox before Song authorities settled the matter. Such small scale conflicts were frequent and Song authorities preferred to remain uninvolved and avoided confrontation when possible. The Zhuang provided

11449-524: Was then divided into an area of Zhuang ascendancy west of Nanning and an area of Han ascendancy east of Nanning. After the collapse of the Southern Zhao, Liu Yan established the Southern Han (Nanhan) in Xingwangfu (modern Guangdong ). Although this state gained minimal control over Guangxi, it was plagued by instability and annexed by the Song dynasty in 971. The name "Guangxi" itself can be traced to

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