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43-525: Thysanura is the now deprecated name of what was, for over a century, recognised as an order in the class Insecta . The two constituent groups within the former order, the Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and the Zygentoma ( silverfish and firebrats ), share several characteristics, such as of having three long caudal filaments , the lateral ones being the cerci , while the one between ( telson )

86-508: A building is subject to the local fire code, which is ordinarily enforced by the local fire prevention officer. For an Authority Having Jurisdiction , combustibility is defined by the local code. In the National Building Code of Canada , it is defined as follows: BS 476-4:1970 defines a test for combustibility in which a technician heats three specimens of a material in a furnace. Combustibile materials are those for which any of

129-535: A burning match, and spread flame rapidly. The technical definitions vary between countries so the United Nations created the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals , which defines the flash point temperature of flammable liquids as between 0 and 140 °F (60 °C) and combustible liquids between 140 °F (60 °C) and 200 °F (93 °C). Flammability

172-497: A certain clause may be discouraged or superseded by new clauses. As an example, in the Ethernet standard IEEE 802.3-2012, Clause 5 (Layer Management) is "deprecated" by Clause 30 (Management), except for 5.2.4. Deprecation may also occur when a technical term becomes obsolete , either through change or supersession. An example from paleontology is the previously deprecated term Brontosaurus : before being recognized once again as

215-791: A comprehensive set of rules on combustible dust. When suspended in air (or any oxidizing environment), the fine particles of combustible dust present a potential for explosions. Accumulated dust , even when not suspended in air, remains a fire hazard. The National Fire Protection Association (U.S.) specifically addresses the prevention of fires and dust explosions in agricultural and food products facilities in NFPA Code section 61, and other industries in NFPA Code sections 651–664. Collectors designed to reduce airborne dust account for more than 40 percent of all dust explosions. Other important processes are grinding and pulverizing , transporting powders, filing silos and containers (which produces powder), and

258-458: A deprecated software feature remains in the software, its use may raise warning messages recommending alternative practices. Deprecated status may also indicate the feature will be removed in the future. Features are deprecated, rather than immediately removed, to provide backward compatibility and to give programmers time to bring affected code into compliance with the new standard. Notable reasons for deprecation include: A building code example

301-459: A flash of fire when ignited by an external source. A lower flash point indicates higher flammability. Materials with flash points below 100  °F (38  °C ) are regulated in the United States by OSHA as potential workplace hazards . The flame point of a material is a temperature value at which sustained flame can be supported on the material once ignited by an external source. Once

344-481: A large market, manufacturers meet TB 117 in products that they distribute across the United States. The proliferation of flame retardants, and especially halogenated organic flame retardants, in furniture across the United States is strongly linked to TB 117. When it became apparent that the risk-benefit ratio of this approach was unfavorable and industry had used falsified documentation (i.e. see David Heimbach ) for

387-445: A liquid, which varies with its temperature, is a measure of how much the vapor of the liquid tends to concentrate in the surrounding atmosphere as the liquid evaporates. Vapor pressure is a major determinant of the flash point and flame point, with higher vapor pressures leading to lower flash points and higher flammability ratings. The International Code Council (ICC) developed fire code requirements to provide adequate protection to

430-693: A location where they are obsolete, they would generally be intended only for repairs to existing older electrical installations. In writing and editing , usage of a word may be deprecated because it is ambiguous, confusing, or offensive to some readers. For example, the words sanction and inflammable may be misinterpreted because they have auto-antonymic or self-contradictory meanings; writing style guides often recommend substituting other words that are clearly understood and unambiguous. Some word usages that have acquired different connotations over time, such as gay or colored , may be deprecated as obsolete in formal writing. In technical standards , use of

473-539: A range of concentrations. In addition to wood, combustible dusts include metals , especially magnesium, titanium and aluminum, as well as other carbon-based dusts . There are at least 140 known substances that produce combustible dust. While the particles in a combustible dusts may be of any size, normally they have a diameter of less than 420  μm . As of 2012 , the United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration has yet to adopt

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516-652: A reference to the three fanned out caudal filaments. This etymology is consistent with the English word "bristletail", which is the common name for several hexapod species, not all of which fell within Thysanura. Deprecation Something may be deprecated when it cannot be controlled, such as a term. Even when it can be controlled, something may be deprecated even when it might be useful – for example, to ensure compatibility – and it may be removed or discontinued at some time after being deprecated. In general English usage,

559-420: A unique genus, it was considered a popular, yet deprecated, name for the genus Apatosaurus . Some deprecated terms in medicine are consumption ( tuberculosis ), grippe ( influenza ), and apoplexy ( stroke ). In chemical nomenclature , the international standards organization IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) has deprecated the term "methyl ethyl ketone", and now recommends using

602-455: Is a medial cerciform appendage, specifically an epiproct . They are also both wingless, and have bodies covered with fine scales, rather like the scales of the practically unrelated Lepidoptera . In the late 20th century, it was recognized that the two suborders were not sister taxa , therefore Thysanura was paraphyletic, and the two suborders were each raised to the status of an independent monophyletic order, with Archaeognatha sister taxon to

645-481: Is also important in processes that produce combustible substances as a by-product . Special precautions are usually required for substances that are easily combustible. These measures may include installation of fire sprinklers or storage remote from possible sources of ignition. Substances with low combustibility may be selected for construction where the fire risk must be reduced, such as apartment buildings, houses, or offices. If combustible resources are used there

688-510: Is greater chance of fire accidents and deaths. Fire resistant substances are preferred for building materials and furnishings. A non-combustible material is a substance that does not ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flammable vapors when subject to fire or heat, in the form in which it is used and under conditions anticipated. Any solid substance complying with either of two sets of passing criteria listed in Section 8 of ASTM E 136 when

731-433: Is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed." The burning of a solid material may appear to lose weight if the mass of combustion gases (such as carbon dioxide and water vapor ) are not taken into account. The original mass of flammable material and the mass of the oxygen consumed (typically from the surrounding air) equals the mass of the flame products (ash, water, carbon dioxide, and other gases). Lavoisier used

774-425: Is much harder to ignite, even though the wood fibre is the same in all three materials. Common sense (and indeed scientific consensus until the mid-1700s) would seem to suggest that material "disappears" when burned, as only the ash is left. Further scientific research has found that conservation of mass holds for chemical reactions. Antoine Lavoisier , one of the pioneers in these early insights, stated: "Nothing

817-520: Is of concern as cigarettes and candle accidents can trigger domestic fires. In 1975, California began implementing Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117), which required that materials such as polyurethane foam used to fill furniture be able to withstand a small open flame, equivalent to a candle, for at least 12 seconds. In polyurethane foam, furniture manufacturers typically meet TB 117 with additive halogenated organic flame retardants . No other U.S. states had similar standards, but because California has such

860-425: Is the ease with which a combustible substance can be ignited, causing fire or combustion or even an explosion. The degree of difficulty required to cause the combustion of a substance is quantified through fire testing . Internationally, a variety of test protocols exist to quantify flammability. The ratings achieved are used in building codes , insurance requirements, fire codes and other regulations governing

903-418: Is the most flammable synthetic fiber. A fire test can be conducted to determine the degree of flammability. Test standards used to make this determination but are not limited to the following: Combustibility is a measure of how easily a substance bursts into flame, through fire or combustion . This is an important property to consider when a substance is used for construction or is being stored. It

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946-451: Is the use of ungrounded ("2-prong") electrical receptacles (UK English: "unearthed"). Over time, these older devices were widely deprecated in favor of safer grounded ("3-prong") receptacles. The older, ungrounded receptacles were still permitted in many places by " grandfathering " them in existing electrical wiring , while prohibiting them for new installations. Thus, though ungrounded receptacles may still be available for legal purchase in

989-573: The Dicondylia , including the Zygentoma. Although the group Thysanura is no longer recognized, the name still appears in some published material. Another name used to separate the two groups from winged insects is Apterygota . The name Thysanura, first applied to the group by Pierre André Latreille , was derived from the Greek θυσάνος, thysanos for fringe , tassel , bristle and οὐρά, oura for "tail",

1032-463: The Imperial Sugar Company's plant at Port Wentworth, Georgia , resulting in thirteen deaths. A material's flash point is a metric of how easy it is to ignite the vapor of the material as it evaporates into the atmosphere . It is defined as the lowest material temperature required for fuel oils in the materials to begin to give off flammable vapors in the quantity high enough to support

1075-458: The occupancies as originally intended. In other words, if a portion of a building were designed as an apartment , one could not suddenly load it with flammable liquids and turn it into a gas storage facility, because the fire load and smoke development in that one apartment would be so immense as to overtax the active fire protection as well as the passive fire protection means for the building. The handling and use of flammable substances inside

1118-437: The United States flammable liquids , by definition, have a flash point below 100 °F (38 °C)—where combustible liquids have a flash point above 100 °F (38 °C). Flammable solids are solids that are readily combustible, or may cause or contribute to fire through friction. Readily combustible solids are powdered , granular, or pasty substances that easily ignite by brief contact with an ignition source, such as

1161-500: The building and occupants. These codes specify the combustibility rating for materials, the entrance and exit requirements, as well as active fire protection requirements, along with numerous other things. In the U.S. other agencies have also developed building codes that specify combustibility ratings such as state and/or county governing bodies. Following the requirements of these fire codes are crucial for higher occupancy buildings. For existing buildings, fire codes focus on maintaining

1204-455: The change into account. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals uses a four category system to classify flammable liquids using flash point and boiling point temperature. This system is used internationally to evaluate and sort substances in industrial applications, workplaces and products distributed to consumers. Prior to 2012, OSHA's classification of flammable and combustible liquids in regulation 1910.106,

1247-795: The degree of flammability and combustibility in accordance with the German DIN 4102. DIN 4102, as well as its British cousin BS 476 include for testing of passive fire protection systems , as well as some of its constituent materials. The following are the categories in order of degree of combustibility and flammability: A more recent industrial standard is the European EN 13501-1 - Fire classification of construction products and building elements—which roughly replaces A2 with A2/B, B1 with C, B2 with D/E and B3 with F. B3 or F rated materials may not be used in building unless combined with another material that reduces

1290-644: The experimental fact that some metals gained mass when they burned to support his ideas (because those chemical reactions capture oxygen atoms into solid compounds rather than gaseous water). Historically, flammable , inflammable and combustible meant capable of burning . The word "inflammable" came through French from the Latin inflammāre = "to set fire to", where the Latin preposition "in-" means "in" as in "indoctrinate", rather than "not" as in "invisible" and "ineligible". The word "inflammable" may be erroneously thought to mean "non-flammable". The erroneous usage of

1333-507: The flame point of a material is reached, it produces enough fuel vapors or oils to support continuous burning. The lower flammability limit or lower explosive limit (LFL/LEL) represents the lowest air to fuel vapor concentration required for combustion to take place when ignited by an external source, for any particular chemical. Any concentration lower than this could not produce a flame or result in combustion. The upper flammability limit or upper explosive limit (UFL/UEL) represents

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1376-475: The hazard posed by a substance during an emergency, such as a spill. In addition to GHS, flammability classifications are incorporated into various systems designed for communicating physical and health hazards in workplaces; such as American Coatings Association's Hazardous Materials Identification System (HMIS) and Lab Safety Supply's Hazardous Material Identification Guide (HMIG). Flammable substances include, but are not limited to: Flammability of furniture

1419-431: The highest air to fuel vapor concentration at which combustion can take place when ignited by an external source. Any fuel-air mixture higher than this would be too concentrated to result in combustion. The values existing between these two limits represent the flammable or explosive range. Within this threshold, give an external ignition source, combustion of the particular fuel would likely happen. The vapor pressure of

1462-539: The mixing and blending of powders. Investigation of 200 dust explosions and fires, between 1980 and 2005, indicated approximately 100 fatalities and 600 injuries. In January 2003, a polyethylene powder explosion and fire at the West Pharmaceutical Services plant in Kinston, North Carolina resulted in the deaths of six workers and injuries to 38 others. In February 2008 an explosion of sugar dust rocked

1505-536: The substance is tested in accordance with the procedure specified in ASTM E 136 is considered to be non-combustible. A number of industrial processes produce combustible dust as a by-product. The most common being wood dust . Combustible dust has been defined as: a solid material composed of distinct particles or pieces, regardless of size, shape, or chemical composition, which presents a fire or deflagration hazard when suspended in air or some other oxidizing medium over

1548-446: The term " ethyl methyl ketone " instead. Inflammable A combustible material is a material that can burn (i.e., sustain a flame ) in air under certain conditions. A material is flammable if it ignites easily at ambient temperatures. In other words, a combustible material ignites with some effort and a flammable material catches fire immediately on exposure to flame. The degree of flammability in air depends largely upon

1591-676: The three specimens either: Otherwise, the material is classified as non-combustible. Various countries have tests for determining non-combustibility of materials. Most involve the heating of a specified quantity of the test specimen for a set duration. Usually, the material must not support combustion and must not lose more than a certain amount of mass. As a general rule of thumb, concrete, steel, and ceramics - in other words inorganic substances - pass these tests, so building codes list them as suitable and sometimes even mandate their use in certain applications. In Canada , for instance, firewalls must be made of concrete . Materials can be tested for

1634-403: The use of building materials as well as the storage and handling of highly flammable substances inside and outside of structures and in surface and air transportation. For instance, changing an occupancy by altering the flammability of the contents requires the owner of a building to apply for a building permit to make sure that the overall fire protection design basis of the facility can take

1677-479: The use of flame retardants, California modified TB 117 to require that fabric covering upholstered furniture meet a smolder test replacing the open flame test . Gov. Jerry Brown signed the modified TB117-2013, which became effective in 2014. Lightweight textiles with porous surfaces are the most flammable fabrics. Wool is less flammable than cotton, linen, silk, or viscose ( rayon ). Polyester and nylon resist ignition, and melt rather than catch fire. Acrylic

1720-685: The verb "to deprecate " means "to express disapproval of (something)". It derives from the Latin deponent verb deprecari , meaning "to ward off (a disaster ) by prayer". An early documented usage of "deprecate" in this sense is in Usenet posts in 1984, referring to obsolete features in 4.2BSD and the C programming language . An expanded definition of "deprecate" was cited in the Jargon File in its 1991 revision, and similar definitions are found in commercial software documentation from 2014 and 2023. While

1763-441: The volatility of the material - this is related to its composition-specific vapour pressure , which is temperature dependent. The quantity of vapour produced can be enhanced by increasing the surface area of the material forming a mist or dust. Take wood as an example. Finely divided wood dust can undergo explosive flames and produce a blast wave. A piece of paper (made from wood ) catches on fire quite easily. A heavy oak desk

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1806-691: The word "inflammable" is a significant safety hazard . Therefore, since the 1950s, efforts to put forward the use of "flammable" in place of "inflammable" were accepted by linguists, and it is now the accepted standard in American English and British English. Antonyms of "flammable" or "inflammable" include: non-flammable , non-inflammable , incombustible , non-combustible , not flammable , and fireproof . Flammable applies to combustible materials that ignite easily and thus are more dangerous and more highly regulated. Less easily ignited less-vigorously burning materials are combustible . For example, in

1849-536: Was nearly identical to the National Fire Protective Association (NFPA) Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code , NFPA 30. While no longer used for occupational regulations, NFPA 30's definitions are still commonly used in fire codes and NFPA codes and standards. Other systems for classifications of flammable liquids exist for more specialist applications, such as NFPA 704 , which uses five categories, intended for emergency workers to understand

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