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119-459: Paul Thomas Mann ( UK : / ˈ m æ n / MAN , US : / ˈ m ɑː n / MAHN ; German: [ˈtoːmas ˈman] ; 6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955) was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate. His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into

238-565: A West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. The resident population at this time was generally speaking Common Brittonic —the insular variety of Continental Celtic , which was influenced by the Roman occupation. This group of languages ( Welsh , Cornish , Cumbric ) cohabited alongside English into

357-517: A bourgeois revolution , the Russians had to forget Dostoevsky . He particularly loved Leo Tolstoy , whom he considered an anarchist and whom he lovingly and mockingly admired for his “courage to be boring.” Throughout Mann's Dostoevsky essay, he finds parallels between the Russian and the sufferings of Friedrich Nietzsche . Speaking of Nietzsche, he says, "his personal feelings initiate him into those of

476-618: A better future. He said that the transition of the communist revolution into an autocratic regime was a tragedy while Nazism was only "devilish nihilism ". Mann's diaries reveal his struggles with his homosexuality , which found frequent reflection in his works, most prominently through the obsession of the elderly Aschenbach for the 14-year-old Polish boy Tadzio in the novella Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig , 1912). Anthony Heilbut 's biography Thomas Mann: Eros and Literature (1997) uncovered

595-549: A century as Received Pronunciation (RP). However, due to language evolution and changing social trends, some linguists argue that RP is losing prestige or has been replaced by another accent, one that the linguist Geoff Lindsey for instance calls Standard Southern British English. Others suggest that more regionally-oriented standard accents are emerging in England. Even in Scotland and Northern Ireland, RP exerts little influence in

714-477: A close friend of Emperor Wilhelm II . Thomas Mann was always concerned about his dignity, reputation and respectability; the "poet king" Goethe was his role model. His horror at a possible collapse of these attributes found expression in the character of Aschenbach in Death in Venice . But as time went on Mann became more open. When the twenty-two-year-old war novelist Gore Vidal published his first novel The City and

833-655: A few scraps like a relic. Borrowing and returning are poetic masks for a sexual act. But it is not just a poetic symbol. In his diary entry from September 15, 1950, Mann remembers "Williram Timpe's scraps from his pencil", referring to a classmate from Lübeck. The novella Mario and the Magician (1929) ends with a murder due to a male-male kiss. Numerous homoerotic crushes are documented in his letters and diaries, both before and after his marriage. Mann's diary records his attraction to his own 13-year-old son, "Eissi" – Klaus Mann: "Klaus to whom recently I feel very drawn" (22 June). In

952-516: A great view across the city. Oberföhring became part of Munich on 1 July 1913. St. Emmeram is located on the river Isar and is a lush enclave of green. It is named after the St. Emmeram Chapel , which in turn is named after Otloh of St. Emmeram . Johanneskirchen is located east of the S8 train line. The district mostly consists of detached and semi-detached houses and has retained some of its rural character. It

1071-501: A greater movement, normally [əʊ], [əʉ] or [əɨ]. Dropping a morphological grammatical number , in collective nouns , is stronger in British English than North American English. This is to treat them as plural when once grammatically singular, a perceived natural number prevails, especially when applying to institutional nouns and groups of people. The noun 'police', for example, undergoes this treatment: Police are investigating

1190-496: A kind of Antinous -style "god". Mann had also started planning a novel about Frederick the Great in 1905/1906, which ultimately did not come to fruition. The sexuality of Frederick the Great would have played a significant role in this, its impact on his life, his political decisions and wars. In late 1914, at the start of World War I, Mann used the notes and excerpts already collected for this project to write his essay Frederick and

1309-406: A lesser class or social status and often discounted or considered of a low intelligence. Another contribution to the standardisation of British English was the introduction of the printing press to England in the mid-15th century. In doing so, William Caxton enabled a common language and spelling to be dispersed among the entirety of England at a much faster rate. Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of

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1428-648: A process called T-glottalisation . National media, being based in London, have seen the glottal stop spreading more widely than it once was in word endings, not being heard as "no [ʔ] " and bottle of water being heard as "bo [ʔ] le of wa [ʔ] er". It is still stigmatised when used at the beginning and central positions, such as later , while often has all but regained /t/ . Other consonants subject to this usage in Cockney English are p , as in pa [ʔ] er and k as in ba [ʔ] er. In most areas of England and Wales, outside

1547-618: A reappraisal of his work. Thomas Mann had burned all of his diaries from before March 1933 in the garden of his home in Pacific Palisades in May 1945. Only the booklets from September 1918 to December 1921 were preserved because the author needed them for his work on Doctor Faustus . He later decided to have them − and his diaries from 1933 onwards – published 20 years after his death and predicted “surprise and cheerful astonishment”. They were published by Peter von Mendelssohn in 10 volumes. From

1666-511: A regional accent or dialect. However, about 2% of Britons speak with an accent called Received Pronunciation (also called "the King's English", "Oxford English" and " BBC English" ), that is essentially region-less. It derives from a mixture of the Midlands and Southern dialects spoken in London in the early modern period. It is frequently used as a model for teaching English to foreign learners. In

1785-508: A rented house and bought his last house there in 1954 (which later his widow and then their son Golo lived in until their deaths). He never again lived in Germany, though he regularly traveled there. His most important German visit was in 1949, at the 200th birthday of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , attending celebrations in Frankfurt am Main (then West Germany ) and Weimar (then East Germany ), as

1904-545: A self-absorbed young dandyish imposter who, if not explicitly, fits into the gay typology. The 1909 novel Royal Highness , which describes a young unworldly and dreamy prince who forces himself into a marriage of convenience that ultimately becomes happy, was modeled after Mann's own romance and marriage to Katia Mann in February 1905. In The Magic Mountain , the enamored Hans Castorp, with his heart pounding, asks Clawdia Chauchat if she could lend him her pencil, of which he keeps

2023-568: A statement that German culture extended beyond the new political borders. He also visited Lübeck, where he saw his parents' house, which was partially destroyed by the bombing of Lübeck in World War II (and only later rebuilt). The city welcomed him warmly, but the patrician hanseatic families gave him a reserved welcome, since the publication of Buddenbrooks they had resented him for daring to describe their caste with some mockery, as they at least felt about it. Along with Albert Einstein , Mann

2142-646: A stopover in Sanary-sur-Mer , France. The son Golo managed, at great risk, to smuggle the already completed chapters of the Joseph novel and the (sensitive) diaries into Switzerland. The Bavarian Political Police searched Mann's house in Munich and confiscated the house, its inventory and the bank accounts. At the same time, an arrest warrant was issued. Mann was also no longer able to use his holiday home in Lithuania because it

2261-484: A very open assessment of his family background: "In any case, I am personally indebted to the capitalist world order from the past, which is why it will never be appropriate for me to spit on it as it is à la mode these days." Thereafter, his political views gradually shifted toward liberal-left . He especially embraced democratic principles when the Weimar Republic was established. Mann initially gave his support to

2380-510: A villa in Munich (at Poschinger Str in the borough of Bogenhausen , today 10 Thomas-Mann-Allee) where they lived until 1933. In 1912, Katia was treated for tuberculosis for a few months in a sanatorium in Davos , Switzerland, where Thomas Mann visited her for a few weeks, which inspired him to write his novel The Magic Mountain , published in 1924. He was also appalled by the risk of international confrontation between Germany and France, following

2499-591: A year spent in Palestrina , Italy, with his elder brother, the novelist Heinrich . Thomas worked at the South German Fire Insurance Company in 1894–95. His career as a writer began when he wrote for the magazine Simplicissimus . Mann's first short story, "Little Mr Friedemann" ( Der Kleine Herr Friedemann ), was published in 1898. In 1905, Mann married Katia Pringsheim , who came from a wealthy, secular Jewish industrialist family. She later joined

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2618-470: Is a cultural center dedicated to him, with a small memorial exhibition. In February 1933, while having finished a book tour to Amsterdam, Brussels and Paris, Thomas Mann recovered in Arosa (Switzerland) when Hitler took power and Mann heard from his eldest children, Klaus and Erika in Munich, that it would not be safe for him to return to Germany. His political views (see chapter below ) had made him an enemy of

2737-490: Is a quiet, secretive and highly exclusive residential area north of Alt-Bogenhausen, enclosed between the river Isar to the west and the Isarhochufer (lit. Isar cliff line). It is considered the most expensive and classy of Munich's numerous upscale residential districts, being the preferred living environment of the more reclusive commercial and political elite of the city (in contrast to film and sports stars, who either prefer

2856-725: Is also due to London-centric influences. Examples of R-dropping are car and sugar , where the R is not pronounced. British dialects differ on the extent of diphthongisation of long vowels, with southern varieties extensively turning them into diphthongs, and with northern dialects normally preserving many of them. As a comparison, North American varieties could be said to be in-between. Long vowels /iː/ and /uː/ are usually preserved, and in several areas also /oː/ and /eː/, as in go and say (unlike other varieties of English, that change them to [oʊ] and [eɪ] respectively). Some areas go as far as not diphthongising medieval /iː/ and /uː/, that give rise to modern /aɪ/ and /aʊ/; that is, for example, in

2975-399: Is based on British English, but has more influence from American English , often grouped together due to their close proximity. British English, for example, is the closest English to Indian English, but Indian English has extra vocabulary and some English words are assigned different meanings. Bogenhausen Alt-Bogenhausen is the oldest part of Bogenhausen and is located between

3094-479: Is corroborated by notebook entries, caused Mann difficulty and discomfort and may have been an obstacle to his marrying an English woman, Mary Smith, whom he met in 1901. In 1927, while on summer vacation in Kampen (Sylt) , Mann fell in love with 17-year-old Klaus Heuser, to whom he dedicated the introduction to his essay " Kleist's Amphitryon, a Reconquest" in the fall of the same year, which he read publicly in Munich in

3213-444: Is diseased, who mad, who epileptic or paralytic: an average dull-witted man, in whose illness any intellectual or cultural aspect is non-existent; or a Nietzsche or Dostoyevsky. In their case something comes out in illness that is more important and conducive to life and growth than any medical guaranteed health or sanity.... [I]n other words: certain conquests made by the soul and the mind are impossible without disease, madness, crime of

3332-513: Is hosted by ETH Zurich , allows research in the collections of the network partners across all houses. The database is freely accessible and contains over 165,000 records on letters, original editions, photographs, monographs and essays on Thomas Mann and the Mann family. Further links take you to the respective source databases with contact options and further information. British English British English (abbreviations: BrE , en-GB , and BE )

3451-505: Is humanly, and because of this normality I can feel my life is more canonical than through marriage and children." In the entry from February 20, 1942, he spoke again about Klaus Heuser: "Well, yes − lived and loved. Black eyes that shed tears for me, beloved lips that I kissed − it was there, I had it too, I'll be able to tell myself when I die." He was partly delighted, partly ashamed of the depth of his own emotions in these cases and mostly made them productive at some earlier or later date, but

3570-769: Is included in style guides issued by various publishers including The Times newspaper, the Oxford University Press and the Cambridge University Press . The Oxford University Press guidelines were originally drafted as a single broadsheet page by Horace Henry Hart, and were at the time (1893) the first guide of their type in English; they were gradually expanded and eventually published, first as Hart's Rules , and in 2002 as part of The Oxford Manual of Style . Comparable in authority and stature to The Chicago Manual of Style for published American English ,

3689-457: Is openly set in Berlin's homosexual milieu . Although he embraced male-male eroticism, he disapproved of gay lifestyle. The Eulenburg affair , which broke out two years after Mann's marriage, had strengthened him in his renunciation of a gay life and he supported the journalist Maximilian Harden , who was friends with Katia Mann's family, in his denunciatory trial against the gay Prince of Eulenburg ,

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3808-583: Is serviced by the [REDACTED] at the Johanneskirchen S-Bahn station . The Bogenhausen borough also includes Arabellapark, Cosimapark, and Johanneskirchen to the north and north-east, as well as Englschalking , Denning , Zamdorf and Daglfing to the east. Especially Denning and Englschalking have developed into very idyllic and affluent suburban residential districts, making them extremely popular with well-off families who increasingly build new houses and villas there. Parts of Englschalking and almost

3927-609: Is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . More narrowly, it can refer specifically to the English language in England , or, more broadly, to the collective dialects of English throughout the British Isles taken as a single umbrella variety, for instance additionally incorporating Scottish English , Welsh English , and Northern Irish English . Tom McArthur in

4046-530: The Chambers Dictionary , and the Collins Dictionary record actual usage rather than attempting to prescribe it. In addition, vocabulary and usage change with time; words are freely borrowed from other languages and other varieties of English, and neologisms are frequent. For historical reasons dating back to the rise of London in the ninth century, the form of language spoken in London and

4165-588: The Isarring highway, part of the Mittlerer Ring road system, divides the district into a northern and a southern part, leading to complaints by neighbours due to extensive car noise. The district is serviced by the bus line 187. Priel and Oberföhring are two residential quarters north of Alt-Bogenhausen and up the slope from Herzogpark, straddling Oberföhringer Straße , the districts' main traffic artery. The housing mostly consists of apartment buildings, affording

4284-739: The Agadir Crisis in Morocco, and later by the outbreak of the First World War . The novel ends with the outbreak of this war, in which the hero perishes. As a “German patriot,” Mann had the proceeds from their summer house used in 1917 to subscribe to war bonds, which lost their face value after the war was lost. His father-in-law did the same, which caused a loss of a major part of the Pringsheim family's wealth. The disastrous inflation of 1923 and 1924 resulted in additional high losses. The sales success of

4403-578: The Buddenbrooks' narrative of decline, especially with his two-volume work The World as Will and Representation , which Mann studied closely while writing the novel. Russian narrators should also be mentioned, he admired the Russian Literature 's ability for self-criticism, at least during the 19th century, in Nikolai Gogol , Ivan Goncharov and Ivan Turgenev . Mann believed that in order to make

4522-637: The East Midlands became standard English within the Court, and ultimately became the basis for generally accepted use in the law, government, literature and education in Britain. The standardisation of British English is thought to be from both dialect levelling and a thought of social superiority. Speaking in the Standard dialect created class distinctions; those who did not speak the standard English would be considered of

4641-576: The Lutheran church. The couple had six children: Erika (b. 1905), Klaus (b. 1906), Golo (b. 1909), Monika (b. 1910), Elisabeth (b. 1918) and Michael (b. 1919). Due to the Pringsheim family's high financial circumstances, Katia Mann was able to purchase a summer property in Bad Tölz in 1908, on which they built a country house the following year, which they kept until 1917. In 1914 they also purchased

4760-631: The Oxford Guide to World English acknowledges that British English shares "all the ambiguities and tensions [with] the word 'British' and as a result can be used and interpreted in two ways, more broadly or more narrowly, within a range of blurring and ambiguity". Variations exist in formal (both written and spoken) English in the United Kingdom. For example, the adjective wee is almost exclusively used in parts of Scotland, north-east England, Northern Ireland, Ireland, and occasionally Yorkshire , whereas

4879-484: The Royal Spanish Academy with Spanish. Standard British English differs notably in certain vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation features from standard American English and certain other standard English varieties around the world. British and American spelling also differ in minor ways. The accent, or pronunciation system, of standard British English, based in southeastern England, has been known for over

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4998-486: The Scots language or Scottish Gaelic ). Each group includes a range of dialects, some markedly different from others. The various British dialects also differ in the words that they have borrowed from other languages. Around the middle of the 15th century, there were points where within the 5 major dialects there were almost 500 ways to spell the word though . Following its last major survey of English Dialects (1949–1950),

5117-650: The Swedish Academy to nominate Mann for the Nobel Prize in Literature a second time, in 1948. The writer Theodor Fontane , who died in 1889, had a particular stylistic influence on Thomas Mann. Of course, Mann always admired and emulated Goethe , the German “poet prince”. The Danish author Herman Bang , with whom he felt a kindred spirit, had a certain influence, especially on the novellas. The pessimistic philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer provided philosophical inspiration for

5236-560: The University of Leeds has started work on a new project. In May 2007 the Arts and Humanities Research Council awarded a grant to Leeds to study British regional dialects. The team are sifting through a large collection of examples of regional slang words and phrases turned up by the "Voices project" run by the BBC , in which they invited the public to send in examples of English still spoken throughout

5355-806: The Villa Aurora , the home of fellow German exile Lion Feuchtwanger . Thomas Mann's always difficult relationship with his brother Heinrich , who envied Thomas's success and wealth and also differed politically, hardly improved when the latter arrived in California, poor and sickly, in need of support. On 23 June 1944, Thomas Mann was naturalized as a citizen of the United States. The Manns lived in Los Angeles until 1952. The outbreak of World War II, on 1 September 1939, prompted Mann to offer anti-Nazi speeches (in German) to

5474-601: The West Country and other near-by counties of the UK, the consonant R is not pronounced if not followed by a vowel, lengthening the preceding vowel instead. This phenomenon is known as non-rhoticity . In these same areas, a tendency exists to insert an R between a word ending in a vowel and a next word beginning with a vowel. This is called the intrusive R . It could be understood as a merger, in that words that once ended in an R and words that did not are no longer treated differently. This

5593-452: The 1930s, Blanche helped arrange for Mann and his family to emigrate to America. Mann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1929, after he had been nominated by Anders Österling , member of the Swedish Academy , principally in recognition of his popular achievements with Buddenbrooks (1901), The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924), and his numerous short stories. (Due to

5712-603: The 21st century. RP, while long established as the standard English accent around the globe due to the spread of the British Empire , is distinct from the standard English pronunciation in some parts of the world; most prominently, RP notably contrasts with standard North American accents. In the 21st century, dictionaries like the Oxford English Dictionary , the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English ,

5831-816: The English Language (1755) was a large step in the English-language spelling reform , where the purification of language focused on standardising both speech and spelling. By the early 20th century, British authors had produced numerous books intended as guides to English grammar and usage, a few of which achieved sufficient acclaim to have remained in print for long periods and to have been reissued in new editions after some decades. These include, most notably of all, Fowler's Modern English Usage and The Complete Plain Words by Sir Ernest Gowers . Detailed guidance on many aspects of writing British English for publication

5950-517: The German Criminal Code, under which many homosexuals were imprisoned simply because of their inclinations, Thomas Mann also signed. However, criminal liability among adults was only abolished through a change in the law on June 25, 1969 − fourteen years after Mann's death and just three days before the Stonewall riots . This legal situation certainly had an impact throughout his life; The man whom

6069-774: The German Republic " ( Von Deutscher Republik , 1922), Mann called upon German intellectuals to support the new Weimar Republic . The work was delivered at the Beethovensaal in Berlin on 13 October 1922, and published in Die neue Rundschau in November 1922. In the work, Mann developed his eccentric defence of the Republic based on extensive close readings of Novalis and Walt Whitman . Also in 1921, he wrote an essay Mind and Money in which he made

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6188-466: The German people via the BBC . In October 1940, he began monthly broadcasts, recorded in the U.S. and flown to London, where the BBC German Service broadcast them to Germany on the longwave band. In these eight-minute addresses, Mann condemned Hitler and his "paladins" as crude philistines completely out of touch with European culture. In one noted speech, he said: "The war is horrible, but it has

6307-644: The Germanic schwein ) is the animal in the field bred by the occupied Anglo-Saxons and pork (like the French porc ) is the animal at the table eaten by the occupying Normans. Another example is the Anglo-Saxon cu meaning cow, and the French bœuf meaning beef. Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English;

6426-497: The Hitler regime. Paul Thomas Mann was born to a hanseatic family in Lübeck , the second son of Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann (a senator and a grain merchant ) and his wife Júlia da Silva Bruhns , a Brazilian woman of German, Portuguese and Native Brazilian ancestry, who emigrated to Germany with her family when she was seven years old. His mother was Roman Catholic but Mann was baptised into his father's Lutheran religion. Mann's father died in 1891, and after that his trading firm

6545-650: The Nazi government now expropriated the family home in Munich, which Reinhard Heydrich in particular insisted on. It had already been confiscated and forcibly rented out in 1933. In December 1936, the University of Bonn withdrew Mann's honorary doctorate, which he had been awarded in 1919. In 1939, following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , Mann emigrated to the United States, while his in-laws only managed thanks to high-ranking connections to leave Germany for Zurich in October 1939. The Manns moved to Princeton, New Jersey , where they lived on 65 Stockton Street and he began to teach at Princeton University . In 1941 he

6664-493: The Nazis for years. He was doubtful at first, because, with a certain naïveté, he could not imagine the violence of the overthrow and the persecution of opponents of the regime, but the children insisted, which later turned out to be spot on when it emerged that even their driver-caretaker had become a snitch and that Mann's immediate arrest would have been very likely. The family (except these two children who went to Amsterdam) emigrated to Küsnacht , near Zürich , Switzerland, after

6783-410: The Nazis labeled a traitor never had any desire to be incarcered for "criminal acts". Several literary and other works make reference to Mann's book The Magic Mountain , including: Many literary and other works make reference to Death in Venice , including: The metadatabase TMI-Research brings together archival materials and library holdings of the network "Thomas Mann International". The network

6902-436: The Nobel laureate in literature for 1929. In 1936, the Nazi government officially revoked his German citizenship. During the war, Mann made a series of anti-Nazi radio-speeches, published as Listen, Germany! in 1943. They were recorded on tape in the United States and then sent to the United Kingdom, where the British Broadcasting Corporation transmitted them, hoping to reach German listeners. Mann expressed his belief in

7021-621: The Oxford Manual is a fairly exhaustive standard for published British English that writers can turn to in the absence of specific guidance from their publishing house. British English is the basis of, and very similar to, Commonwealth English . Commonwealth English is English as spoken and written in the Commonwealth countries , though often with some local variation. This includes English spoken in Australia , Malta , New Zealand , Nigeria , and South Africa . It also includes South Asian English used in South Asia, in English varieties in Southeast Asia , and in parts of Africa. Canadian English

7140-403: The Pillar in 1948, a love-story between small-town American boys and a portrait of homosexual life in New York and Hollywood in the forties, a highly controversial book even among the publishers, not to mention the press, Mann called it a "noble work." When the physician and pioneer of gay liberation Magnus Hirschfeld sent another petition to the Reichstag in 1922 to abolish Section 175 of

7259-599: The South East, there are significantly different accents; the Cockney accent spoken by some East Londoners is strikingly different from Received Pronunciation (RP). Cockney rhyming slang can be (and was initially intended to be) difficult for outsiders to understand, although the extent of its use is often somewhat exaggerated. Londoners speak with a mixture of accents, depending on ethnicity, neighbourhood, class, age, upbringing, and sundry other factors. Estuary English has been gaining prominence in recent decades: it has some features of RP and some of Cockney. Immigrants to

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7378-484: The Stadtbezirk are a relatively newly developed mixture of commercial and residential areas. Even Arabellapark, which became Munich's first true cluster of high-rise buildings in the 80's, and Cosimapark, a post-World War II housing estate, were predominantly green fields until the 60's, but have been rapidly developed since then. You can find a mixture of offices, restaurants, shops, sports facilities and schools there, alternating with typical German apartment buildings from

7497-463: The UK in recent decades have brought many more languages to the country and particularly to London. Surveys started in 1979 by the Inner London Education Authority discovered over 125 languages being spoken domestically by the families of the inner city's schoolchildren. Notably Multicultural London English , a sociolect that emerged in the late 20th century spoken mainly by young, working-class people in multicultural parts of London . Since

7616-458: The United Kingdom , as well as within the countries themselves. The major divisions are normally classified as English English (or English as spoken in England (which is itself broadly grouped into Southern English , West Country , East and West Midlands English and Northern English ), Northern Irish English (in Northern Ireland), Welsh English (not to be confused with the Welsh language ), and Scottish English (not to be confused with

7735-402: The West Scottish accent. Phonological features characteristic of British English revolve around the pronunciation of the letter R, as well as the dental plosive T and some diphthongs specific to this dialect. Once regarded as a Cockney feature, in a number of forms of spoken British English, /t/ has become commonly realised as a glottal stop [ʔ] when it is in the intervocalic position, in

7854-410: The adjective little is predominant elsewhere. Nevertheless, there is a meaningful degree of uniformity in written English within the United Kingdom, and this could be described by the term British English . The forms of spoken English, however, vary considerably more than in most other areas of the world where English is spoken and so a uniform concept of British English is more difficult to apply to

7973-501: The advantage of keeping Hitler from making speeches about culture." Mann was one of the few publicly active opponents of Nazism among German expatriates in the U.S. In a BBC broadcast of 30 December 1945, Mann expressed understanding as to why those peoples that had suffered from the Nazi regime would embrace the idea of German collective guilt . But he also thought that many enemies might now have second thoughts about "revenge". And he expressed regret that such judgement cannot be based on

8092-450: The aging bachelor Heuser, who had worked in China for 18 years, for the last time in 1954, his daughter Erika scoffed: "Since he (Heuser) couldn't have the magician (= Thomas Mann's nickname with his children), he preferred to give it up completely." Although Mann had always denied his novels had autobiographical components, the unsealing of his diaries revealing how consumed his life had been with unrequited and sublimated passion resulted in

8211-426: The award of the grant in 2007, Leeds University stated: that they were "very pleased"—and indeed, "well chuffed"—at receiving their generous grant. He could, of course, have been "bostin" if he had come from the Black Country , or if he was a Scouser he would have been well "made up" over so many spondoolicks, because as a Geordie might say, £460,000 is a "canny load of chink". Most people in Britain speak with

8330-466: The background conversations about man-to-man eroticism take place; a long letter is written to Carl Maria Weber on this topic, while the diary reveals: "In love with Klaus during these days" (5 June). "Eissi, who enchants me right now" (11 July). "Delight over Eissi, who in his bath is terribly handsome. Find it very natural that I am in love with my son ... Eissi lay reading in bed with his brown torso naked, which disconcerted me" (25 July). "I heard noise in

8449-413: The boys' room and surprised Eissi completely naked in front of Golo's bed acting foolish. Strong impression of his premasculine, gleaming body. Disquiet" (17 October 1920). Mann was a friend of the violinist and painter Paul Ehrenberg , for whom he had feelings as a young man (at least until around 1903 when there is evidence that those feelings had cooled). The attraction that he felt for Ehrenberg, which

8568-510: The centrality of Mann's sexuality to his oeuvre. Gilbert Adair 's work The Real Tadzio (2001) describes how, in 1911, Mann had stayed at the Grand Hôtel des Bains on the Venice Lido with his wife and brother, when he became enraptured by the angelic figure of Władysław (Władzio) Moes , a 10-year-old Polish boy ( the real Tadzio ). In the autobiographical novella Tonio Kröger from 1901,

8687-530: The children, because they knew that it didn't go too far. He exchanged letters with Klaus Heuser for a while and met him again in 1935. He wrote about the Heuser experience in his diary on May 6, 1934: "In comparison, the early experiences with Armin Martens and Williram Timpe recede far into the childlike, and that with Klaus Heuser was a late happiness with the character of life-relevant fulfillment... That's probably how it

8806-489: The collection of letters written in exile, Listen, Germany! ( Deutsche Hörer! ), that equating Soviet communism with Nazi fascism on the basis that both are totalitarian systems was either superficial or insincere in showing a preference for nazism . He clarified this view during a German press interview in July 1949, declaring that he was not a communist but that communism at least had some relation to ideals of humanity and of

8925-613: The country. The BBC Voices project also collected hundreds of news articles about how the British speak English from swearing through to items on language schools. This information will also be collated and analysed by Johnson's team both for content and for where it was reported. "Perhaps the most remarkable finding in the Voices study is that the English language is as diverse as ever, despite our increased mobility and constant exposure to other accents and dialects through TV and radio". When discussing

9044-573: The crimes that the people have committed as a nation, in which unfortunately individual justice, or the guilt or innocence of the individual, can play no part. With the start of the Cold War , he was increasingly frustrated by rising McCarthyism . As a "suspected communist", he was required to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee , where he was termed "one of the world's foremost apologists for Stalin and company". He

9163-644: The criminal ... in general all creative originality, all artist nature in the broadest sense of the word, does the same. It was the French painter and sculptor Degas who said that an artist must approach his work in the spirit of the criminal about to commit a crime." Nietzsche's influence on Mann runs deep in his work, especially in Nietzsche's views on decay and the proposed fundamental connection between sickness and creativity. Mann believed that disease should not be regarded as wholly negative. In his essay on Dostoevsky, we find: "but after all and above all it depends on who

9282-539: The experience in his essay " Michelangelo in his poems" (1950) and was also inspired to write The Black Swan (1954). In 1975, when Mann's diaries were published, creating a national sensation in Germany, the retired Westermeier was tracked down in the United States: he was flattered to learn he had been the object of Mann's obsession, but also shocked at its depth. Mann's infatuations probably remained largely platonic . Katia Mann tolerated these love affairs, as did

9401-404: The experiences themselves were not yet literary. Only in retrospective, he converted them into literary production and sublimated his shame into the theory that “a writer experiences in order to express himself”, that his life is just material. Mann even went so far as to accuse his brother Heinrich of his "aestheticism being a gesture-rich, highly gifted impotence for life and love." When Mann met

9520-400: The first two times in 1934 and 1935. There was great interest in the prominent writer; the authorities allowed him entry without a valid passport. He received Czechoslovak citizenship and a passport in 1936, even though he had never lived there. A few weeks later, his German citizenship was revoked – at the same time as his wife Katia and their children Golo, Elisabeth and Michael. Furthermore,

9639-476: The grand coalition in which he contrasted Frederick's soldierly, male drive and his literary, female connotations consisting of "decomposing" skepticism. A similar "decomposing skepticism" had already estranged the barely concealed gay novel characters Tonio Kröger and Hanno Buddenbrook (1901) from their traditional upper class family environments and hometown (which in both cases is Lübeck). The Confessions of Felix Krull , written from 1910 onwards, describes

9758-453: The idea of two different morphemes, one that causes the double negation, and one that is used for the point or the verb. Standard English in the United Kingdom, as in other English-speaking nations, is widely enforced in schools and by social norms for formal contexts but not by any singular authority; for instance, there is no institution equivalent to the Académie française with French or

9877-595: The iliac vein. (At that time, lifesaving vascular surgery had not been developed.) On 16 August 1955, Thomas Mann was buried in the Kilchberg village cemetery. Mann's work influenced many later authors, such as Yukio Mishima . Joseph Campbell also stated in an interview with Bill Moyers that Mann was one of his mentors. Many institutions are named in his honour, for instance the Thomas Mann Gymnasium of Budapest . Blanche Knopf of Alfred A. Knopf publishing house

9996-486: The individual: Those, whose world became grey a long time ago when they realized what mountains of hate towered over Germany; those, who a long time ago imagined during sleepless nights how terrible would be the revenge on Germany for the inhuman deeds of the Nazis, cannot help but view with wretchedness all that is being done to Germans by the Russians, Poles, or Czechs as nothing other than a mechanical and inevitable reaction to

10115-511: The last southern Midlands accent to use the broad "a" in words like bath or grass (i.e. barth or grarss ). Conversely crass or plastic use a slender "a". A few miles northwest in Leicestershire the slender "a" becomes more widespread generally. In the town of Corby , five miles (8 km) north, one can find Corbyite which, unlike the Kettering accent, is largely influenced by

10234-508: The later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the Romance branch of the European languages. This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a "borrowing" language of great flexibility and with a huge vocabulary . Dialects and accents vary amongst the four countries of

10353-461: The left-liberal German Democratic Party before urging unity behind the Social Democrats , probably less for ideological reasons, but because he only trusted the political party of the workers to provide sufficient mass and resistance to the growing Nazism . In 1930, he gave a public address in Berlin titled An Appeal to Reason , in which he strongly denounced Nazism and encouraged resistance by

10472-452: The mass internal migration to Northamptonshire in the 1940s and given its position between several major accent regions, it has become a source of various accent developments. In Northampton the older accent has been influenced by overspill Londoners. There is an accent known locally as the Kettering accent, which is a transitional accent between the East Midlands and East Anglian . It is

10591-458: The modern period, but due to their remoteness from the Germanic languages , influence on English was notably limited . However, the degree of influence remains debated, and it has recently been argued that its grammatical influence accounts for the substantial innovations noted between English and the other West Germanic languages. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting

10710-464: The more urban districts of the inner city or the suburb of Grünwald ). The whole area lies hidden between lush vegetation at the foot of the Isarhochufer, making it practically invisible from the outside - even from surrounding vantage points. The housing mostly consists of early-20th century villas as well as modern villas, built after World War II . While most of the district is free of car traffic,

10829-701: The name of an alleged 'state of emergency'. ... That is how it started in Germany." As Mann joined protests against the jailing of the Hollywood Ten and the firing of schoolteachers suspected of being Communists, he found "the media had been closed to him". Finally, he was forced to quit his position as Consultant in Germanic Literature at the Library of Congress , and in 1952, he returned to Europe, to live in Kilchberg, near Zürich , Switzerland. Here he initially lived in

10948-550: The north at Effnerplatz . The district is serviced by the tram lines 16 and 18 as well as the bus lines 54, 154, 100, 187, 188 and 189. The nearest Munich U-Bahn stations are Prinzregentenplatz to the south-east and Böhmerwaldplatz and Richard-Strauss-Straße to the east. Many well known and wealthy Persons and families have houses in Alt-Bogenhausen for example Käfers (Feinkost Käfer), Sedelmayrs , Burdas , Samwers , Quanndts , Strauss and Roland Berger . Herzogpark

11067-460: The novella The Magic Mountain , published in 1924, improved the financial situation again, as did the award of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1929. He used the prize money to build a cottage in the fishing village of Nida , Lithuania on the Curonian Spit , where there was a German art colony and where he spent the summers of 1930–1932 working on Joseph and His Brothers . Today, the cottage

11186-481: The personal taste of an influential committee member, only Buddenbrooks was cited at any great length.) Based on Mann's own family, Buddenbrooks relates the decline of a merchant family in Lübeck over the course of four generations. The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924) follows an engineering student who, planning to visit his tubercular cousin at a Swiss sanatorium for only three weeks, finds his departure from

11305-506: The presence of Heuser. Jupiter , who has transformed himself into the form of the general Amphitryon , tries to seduce his wife Alcmene when the real Amphitryon returns home and Alcmene rejects the god. Mann understands Jupiter as the "lonely artistic spirit" who courts life, is rejected and, "a triumphant renouncer", learns to be content with his divinity. In 1950, Mann met the 19-year-old waiter Franz Westermeier, confiding to his diary "Once again this, once again love". He immediately processed

11424-413: The psychology of the artist and the intellectual. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized versions of German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Friedrich Nietzsche , and Arthur Schopenhauer . Mann was a member of the hanseatic Mann family and portrayed his family and class in his first novel, Buddenbrooks . His older brother

11543-532: The river Isar to the west, the Prinzregentenstraße to the south and the Mittlerer Ring to the east and north. Alt-Bogenhausen is one of Munich's most desirable residential districts and has some of the highest quality housing in town which comes with the highest rental prices in Germany. The borough's main artery is Ismaninger Straße , connecting Prinzregentenstraße to the south with Mittlerer Ring in

11662-518: The sanatorium delayed. During that time, he confronts medicine and the way it looks at the body and encounters a variety of characters, who play out ideological conflicts and discontents of contemporary European civilization. The tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers is an epic novel written over a period of sixteen years and is one of the largest and most significant works in Mann's oeuvre. Later novels included Lotte in Weimar (1939), in which Mann returned to

11781-640: The spirit." Many of Thomas Mann's works have the following similarities: Defunct Defunct During World War I, Mann supported the conservatism of Kaiser Wilhelm II , attacked liberalism, and supported the war effort, calling the Great War "a purification, a liberation, an enormous hope". In his 600-page-long work Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man (1918), Mann presented his conservative, anti-modernist philosophy: spiritual tradition over material progress, German patriotism over egalitarian internationalism, and rooted culture over rootless civilisation. In " On

11900-455: The spoken language. Globally, countries that are former British colonies or members of the Commonwealth tend to follow British English, as is the case for English used by European Union institutions. In China, both British English and American English are taught. The UK government actively teaches and promotes English around the world and operates in over 200 countries . English is

12019-587: The theft of work tools worth £500 from a van at the Sprucefield park and ride car park in Lisburn. A football team can be treated likewise: Arsenal have lost just one of 20 home Premier League matches against Manchester City. This tendency can be observed in texts produced already in the 19th century. For example, Jane Austen , a British author, writes in Chapter 4 of Pride and Prejudice , published in 1813: All

12138-403: The traditional accent of Newcastle upon Tyne , 'out' will sound as 'oot', and in parts of Scotland and North-West England, 'my' will be pronounced as 'me'. Long vowels /iː/ and /uː/ are diphthongised to [ɪi] and [ʊu] respectively (or, more technically, [ʏʉ], with a raised tongue), so that ee and oo in feed and food are pronounced with a movement. The diphthong [oʊ] is also pronounced with

12257-733: The varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon , eventually came to dominate. The original Old English was then influenced by two waves of invasion: the first was by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic family, who settled in parts of Britain in the eighth and ninth centuries; the second was the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman . These two invasions caused English to become "mixed" to some degree (though it

12376-417: The very beginning, Thomas' son Klaus Mann openly dealt with his own homosexuality in his literary work and open lifestyle and referred critically to his father's " sublimation " in his diary. On the other hand, Thomas's daughter Erika Mann and his son Golo Mann came out only later in their lives. Thomas Mann reacted cautiously to Klaus's first novel The Pious Dance, Adventure Book of a Youth (1926), which

12495-508: The whole of Daglfing (which lies just outside Munich's official city limits, bordering Denning and Zamdorf), have retained a distinctive rural character, still featuring old farm buildings and fields. The contrast between these rural and the more modern suburban areas becomes apparent as soon as one crosses the Munich S-Bahn rails of Line [REDACTED] , which practically coincides with Munich's eastern border in this area. The other parts of

12614-630: The working class. This was followed by numerous essays and lectures in which he attacked the Nazis . At the same time, he expressed increasing sympathy for socialist ideas. When the Nazis came to power in 1933, Mann and his wife were on holiday in Switzerland. Due to his strident denunciations of Nazi policies, his son Klaus advised him not to return. In contrast to those of his brother Heinrich and his son Klaus, Mann's books were not among those burnt publicly by Hitler's regime in May 1933, possibly since he had been

12733-560: The world are good and agreeable in your eyes. However, in Chapter 16, the grammatical number is used. The world is blinded by his fortune and consequence. Some dialects of British English use negative concords, also known as double negatives . Rather than changing a word or using a positive, words like nobody, not, nothing, and never would be used in the same sentence. While this does not occur in Standard English, it does occur in non-standard dialects. The double negation follows

12852-401: The world of Goethe's novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774); Doctor Faustus (1947), the story of the fictitious composer Adrian Leverkühn and the corruption of German culture in the years before and during World War II; and Confessions of Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull , 1954), which was unfinished at Mann's death. These later works prompted two members of

12971-564: The young hero has a crush on a handsome male classmate (modeled after real-life Lübeck classmate Armin Martens). In the novella With the prophet (1904) Mann mocks the believing disciples of a neo-Romantic "prophet" who preaches asceticism and has a strong resemblance to the real contemporary poet Stefan George and his George-Kreis ("George-Circle"). In 1902, George had met the fourteen-year-old boy Maximilian Kronberger ; He made an idol of him and after his early death in 1904 transfigured him into

13090-603: Was designated consultant in German Literature, later Fellow in Germanic Literature, at the Library of Congress . In 1942, the Mann family moved to 1550 San Remo Drive in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. The Manns were prominent members of the German expatriate community of Los Angeles and would frequently meet other emigres at the house of Salka and Bertold Viertel in Santa Monica, and at

13209-455: Was diagnosed by Dr. Mulders from Leiden and confirmed by Dr. Wilhelm Löffler . Mann was transported to a Zürich hospital, but soon developed a state of shock . On 12 August 1955, he died. Postmortem, his condition was found to have been misdiagnosed. The pathologic diagnosis, made by Christoph Hedinger, showed he had actually suffered a perforated iliac artery aneurysm resulting in a retroperitoneal hematoma , compression and thrombosis of

13328-692: Was founded in 2017 by the five houses Buddenbrookhaus/Heinrich-und-Thomas-Mann-Zentrum (Lübeck), the Monacensia im Hildebrandhaus (Munich), the Thomas Mann Archive of the ETH Zurich (Zurich/Switzerland), the Thomas Mann House (Los Angeles/USA) and the Thomo Manno kultūros centras/Thomas Mann Culture Centre (Nida/Lithuania). The houses stand for the main stations of Thomas Mann's life. The platform, which

13447-466: Was introduced to Mann by H.L. Mencken while on a book-buying trip to Europe. Knopf became Mann's American publisher, and Blanche hired scholar Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter to translate Mann's books in 1924. Lowe-Porter subsequently translated Mann's complete works. Blanche Knopf continued to look after Mann. After Buddenbrooks proved successful in its first year, the Knopfs sent him an unexpected bonus. Later in

13566-548: Was liquidated. The family subsequently moved to Munich . Mann first studied science at a Lübeck Gymnasium (secondary school), then attended the Ludwig Maximillians University of Munich as well as the Technical University of Munich , where, in preparation for a journalism career, he studied history, economics, art history and literature. Mann lived in Munich from 1891 until 1933, with the exception of

13685-416: Was listed by HUAC as being "affiliated with various peace organizations or Communist fronts". Being in his own words a non-communist, rather than an anti-communist , Mann openly opposed the allegations: "As an American citizen of German birth, I finally testify that I am painfully familiar with certain political trends. Spiritual intolerance, political inquisitions, and declining legal security, and all this in

13804-422: Was never a truly mixed language in the strictest sense of the word; mixed languages arise from the cohabitation of speakers of different languages, who develop a hybrid tongue for basic communication). The more idiomatic, concrete and descriptive English is, the more it is from Anglo-Saxon origins. The more intellectual and abstract English is, the more it contains Latin and French influences, e.g. swine (like

13923-507: Was one of the sponsors of the Peoples' World Convention (PWC), also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place in 1950–51 at Palais Electoral, Geneva , Switzerland. Following his 80th birthday, Mann went on vacation to Noordwijk in the Netherlands. On 18 July 1955, he began to experience pain and unilateral swelling in his left leg. The condition of thrombophlebitis

14042-591: Was only a few hundred yards from the German border and he seemed to be at risk there. When all members of the Poetry Section at the Prussian Academy of Arts were asked to make a declaration of loyalty to the National Socialist government, Mann declared his resignation on March 17, 1933. The writer's freedom of movement was reduced when his German passport expired. The Manns traveled to the United States for

14161-471: Was the radical writer Heinrich Mann and three of Mann's six children – Erika Mann , Klaus Mann and Golo Mann – also became significant German writers. When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 , Mann fled to Switzerland. When World War II broke out in 1939, he moved to the United States, then returned to Switzerland in 1952. Mann is one of the best-known exponents of the so-called Exilliteratur , German literature written in exile by those who opposed

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