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109-629: The thirteen communities formed together into a loose commonwealth around 1280. They were historically under the suzerainty of the Milanese House of Visconti and then under the Republic of Venice . Under both they enjoyed wide cultural and political autonomy in exchange for their loyalty. The autonomous status came to an end with the Napoleonic Wars and the demise of the Serenìssima in 1797. Due to

218-464: A castle ( Massino ), its remains ( Invorio ), or a later reconstruction of the initial building ( Oleggio Castello ) are still visible today. The Visconti ruled Milan until the early Renaissance , first as Lords, then, from 1395, with the mighty Gian Galeazzo , who endeavored to unify Northern and Central Italy, as Dukes . Visconti's rule in Milan ended with the death of Filippo Maria Visconti in 1447. He

327-511: A commemorative oration in his honor. In the same month, Matteo II, Bernabò, and Galeazzo II agreed to share the power, dividing the Visconti domains according to geographic criteria. Matteo II died the following year, and Bernabò and Galeazzo II divided his territory between them. The two brothers settled their courts separately: Bernabò in Milan and Galeazzo II in Pavia . Bernabò and Galeazzo II extended

436-475: A conclusion. A second Ottone, son of Guido, is attested in the documentary sources between 1134 and 1192. The primary role of Ottone in the political life of the Milanese commune emerges in the period of the confrontation with Frederick Barbarossa : his name is the first to be cited, March 1, 1162, in the group of Milanese leaders who surrendered to the emperor after the capitulation of the city that took place in

545-605: A conflict with the Papacy that lasted the following decades. The expansion of the Visconti rule outside the Milanese diocese took advantage of the traditional importance of Milan in northern Italy, reinforced by the leading role played in the Lombard League during the wars against the Hohenstaufen emperors. After the destructions inflicted by Frederick Barbarossa in 1162, in a few years the Milanese reconstructed their city and defeated

654-482: A crisis after the death of Gian Galeazzo. The lordship of Ottone and Matteo brought to an end the confrontation between noble and popular parties, which had assumed growing violent forms in Milan during the 13th century. The new power of the Visconti initially relied on the combined roles of Archbishop (Ottone) and Captain of the People, along with the authority deriving from the title of Imperial Vicar (Matteo). After Matteo,

763-804: A few months later after being given a poisoned meal. The death of Bernabò left Gian Galeazzo as the sole ruler of the Visconti territories. The two sons of Bernabò arrested with him (Ludovico and Rodolfo) spent the rest of their lives in jail. The two still free (Carlo and Mastino) lived far from Milan and never posed a threat to Gian Galeazzo. Only the Della Scala in Verona, their mother's family, continued to support them. After reaching some agreement with their cousin, they ended their lives in exile in Bavaria and Venice . The three unmarried daughters of Bernabò (Anglesia, Elisabetta, Lucia) moved to Pavia. They lived there under

872-557: A growing territory in northern and central Italy. The reconciliation agreement with the Della Torre family, reached in December 1310 on the initiative of Henry VII, was attended by Matteo, his brother Uberto, and their cousin Ludovico , also known as Lodrisio. Matteo acted alone as Lord of Milan in the following years. He ruled for about eleven years, providing to his family the legal basis for

981-468: A new dynasty that ruled Milan discontinuously until 1535. When Louis XII of France entered Milan in 1499 after the First Italian War , he leveraged a clause of the marriage contract of his grandmother Valentina, the daughter of Gian Galeazzo, to assume the title of Duke of Milan. After his death and the short rule of Maximilian Sforza (1512–1515), Francis I , heir of Valentina as well, inherited

1090-467: A number of small applied research institutes near the university campus. The city today is still growing, forming a twin city of 170,000 inhabitants together with its neighbouring Bavarian city of Neu-Ulm , and seems to benefit from its central position between the cities of Stuttgart and Munich and thus between the cultural and economic hubs of southern Germany. Ulm has a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ; Trewartha : Dcbo ). Compared with

1199-564: A reaction in Genoa and Bologna. In 1356 Genoa regained its independence. In Bologna, the rebellion of Giovanni Visconti di Oleggio, a former protégée of Archbishop Giovanni and his lieutenant in the city, opened the way to the intervention of Cardinal Albornoz , who in 1360 brought back the city within the Papal States. Bernabò, the ruler of the eastern portion of the Visconti dominions, repeatedly tried to recover Bologna. This, among other disputes with

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1308-634: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Visconti of Milan The Visconti of Milan are a noble Italian family. They rose to power in Milan during the Middle Ages where they ruled from 1277 to 1447, initially as Lords then as Dukes, and several collateral branches still exist. The effective founder of the Visconti Lordship of Milan was the Archbishop Ottone , who wrested control of

1417-712: Is almost completely surrounded by the Alb-Danube district. The neighbouring communes of Baden-Württemberg are the following: Illerkirchberg , Staig , Hüttisheim , Erbach (Donau) , Blaubeuren , Blaustein , Dornstadt , Beimerstetten and Langenau as well as the eastern neighbouring community Elchingen . The city is divided into 18 districts ( German : Stadtteile ): Ulm-Mitte, Böfingen, Donaustetten, Donautal, Eggingen, Einsingen, Ermingen, Eselsberg, Gögglingen, Grimmelfingen, Jungingen, Lehr, Mähringen, Oststadt, Söflingen (with Harthausen), Unterweiler, Weststadt, and Wiblingen. Nine districts were integrated during

1526-455: Is also the seat of the city's University of Applied Sciences (German: Fachhochschule ), founded in 1960 as a public school of engineering. The school also houses numerous students from around the world as part of an international study abroad programme. In 1953, Inge Aicher-Scholl , Otl Aicher and Max Bill founded the Ulm School of Design (German: Hochschule für Gestaltung – HfG Ulm),

1635-549: Is the administrative seat of the Alb-Donau-Kreis , the district that surrounds it on three sides, but which the city itself is not a part of. Ulm is the overall 11th-largest city on the Danube River , and the third-largest German Danubian city after Regensburg and Ingolstadt . Founded around 850, Ulm is rich in history and traditions as a former free imperial city . Ulm is an economic centre due to its varied industries, and

1744-584: Is the seat of the University of Ulm ( Universität Ulm ), and of the Ulm University of Applied Sciences ( Technische Hochschule Ulm  [ de ] , THU). The city lies on the international railway corridor " Main Line for Europe ", from Paris to Bratislava and Budapest , via Strasbourg , Karlsruhe , Stuttgart , Ulm, Augsburg , Munich , Salzburg , Linz and Vienna . The Ulm Minster ( Ulmer Münster )

1853-716: Is the tallest church in the world (161.53 m or 529.95 ft). In 1927, the then tiny village of Wiblingen was incorporated into Ulm, which led to that Wiblingen Abbey with its monastic library and its True Cross reliquary ( Heilig-Kreuz-Reliquie ), that allegedly contains wood particles from the True Cross , is now part of Ulm. Famous personalities born in Ulm include Johann Georg Niederegger  [ de ] (1777–1859), Karl Heinrich Kässbohrer  [ de ] (1864–1922), Albert Einstein (1879–1955), Otto Kässbohrer (1904–1989) and Hildegard Knef (1925–2002). Ulm lies at

1962-507: The A7 motorway (one of the motorways running from northern to southern Europe). The city's railway station is served, among other lines, by one of the European train routes (Paris – Strasbourg – Stuttgart – Ulm – Munich – Vienna – Budapest ). Direct connections to Berlin are also available. Ulm's public transport system is based on several bus lines and two tram lines . Several streets in

2071-499: The Adda rivers) into a duchy. The deep crisis that resulted after the death of Gian Galeazzo is attributed to the lack of time required to secure power in the rapidly growing dominions. The territorial unity of the Visconti state was heavily affected, and the Council of Regency, created to overcome the young age of Gian Galeazzo's sons, could not stem the dividing forces that resurfaced, causing

2180-451: The Duchy of Swabia . The city was declared an Imperial City (German: Reichsstadt ) by Friedrich Barbarossa in 1181. At first, Ulm's significance was due to the privilege of a Königspfalz , a place of accommodation for the medieval German kings and emperors on their frequent travels. Later, Ulm became a city of traders and craftsmen. One of the most important legal documents of

2289-734: The Seven Communities . Vestiges of the once dominant language can be found in some place names. The Cimbrian that was spoken in the Thirteen Communities was a slightly different dialect from Cimbrian spoken elsewhere. Vatar usar ta Do pist ime Himmel, gaholagat sait Dai name. Kime Daine Raich. Vater unser der Du bist im Himmel, geheiligt werde Dein Name. Dein Reich komme. Our Father who are in heaven, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come, This Italian location article

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2398-528: The 15th and 16th centuries, mostly due to the export of high-quality textiles. The city was situated at the crossroads of important trade routes extending to Italy. These centuries, during which many important buildings were erected, also represented the zenith of art in Ulm, especially for painters and sculptors like Hans Multscher and Jörg Syrlin the Elder . During the Reformation , Ulm became Protestant (1530). With

2507-416: The 15th century, descended Giambattista Visconti. In 1473, after his death, the castle of Somma Lombardo was divided between his sons, Francesco and Guido. The offspring of Francesco and Guido became known by the surname of Visconti di Somma. Several branches originated from them: among the descendants of Francesco, the Visconti di San Vito and the Visconti della Motta; from Guido, the Visconti di Modrone and

2616-464: The 16th century for economic reasons, was resumed and eventually finished (1844–1891) in a wave of German national enthusiasm for the Middle Ages . From 1933 to 1935, a concentration camp primarily for political opponents of the regime was established on the Kuhberg, one of the hills surrounding Ulm. The Jews of Ulm, around 500 people, were first discriminated against and later persecuted; their synagogue

2725-463: The 16th century, the absolute power established by the Visconti ended with Francesco II, the last Sforza duke. Family branches have been continually arising since the appearance in Milan of the surname Visconti in the year 1075. During the first generations, the firstborn among brothers is supposed to have received the role of the most distinguished member of the house. The family of Archbishop Ottone and his grandnephew Matteo, first lords of Milan in

2834-548: The Church, cost him a sentence of excommunication by Pope Innocent VI . After his defeat in the Battle of San Ruffillo in 1361, Bernabò finally came to terms with the loss of Bologna. Bernabò and Galeazzo II engaged in bitter clashes also with the imperial authority. After the marquess of Monferrato was appointed imperial vicar in Pavia by Charles IV , the relationship between the emperor and

2943-582: The City of Ulm was awarded the European Energy Award for its remarkable local energy management and its efforts to combat climate change . Examples of these efforts are a biomass power plant operated by the Fernwärme Ulm GmbH (10 MW electrical output), and the world's biggest passive house office building, the so-called Energon , located in the "Science City" near the university campus. Moreover,

3052-544: The Danube 7 days a week in summer. The "Bündnis 100% Erneuerbare Energien" was founded in February 2010 with the aim of bringing together the people and organisations seeking to promote the transition to 100% renewable energy in Ulm and Neu-Ulm by 2030. Ulm is situated at the crossroads of the A8 motorway (connecting the principal cities of southern Germany, Stuttgart and Munich ), and

3161-554: The Della Scala, and the Savoy . The acquisition of Bologna, a city belonging to the territory of the Papal States , reopened the conflict with the pope. In 1352, negotiation with the papal envoy, the abbot Guillaume de Grimoard (later Pope Urban V), led to an agreement that allowed Giovanni to continue to rule Bologna as the papal vicar. Archbishop Giovanni's death in 1354 and the power transfer to Bernabò and Galeazzo II were followed by

3270-546: The Della Torre army in the decisive Battle of Desio on 21 January 1277, opening the way for Ottone to enter Milan. Napoleone , son of Pagano, was arrested with other Della Torre family members. He died in jail a few months later. These events mark the foundation of the Visconti lordship of Milan. Ottone initially granted power in Milan to Simone Orelli, appointing him Captain of the People . In 1287, he transferred this role to his grandnephew Matteo Visconti (the son of Tebaldo executed in 1276). One year later, Matteo obtained

3379-508: The Della Torre began to clash with the Milanese noble families organized in their political party, the Societas Capitaneorum et Valvassorum, having the Visconti among the most prominent figures. After unrest between the opposite parties, the so-called Sant'Ambrogio Peace was signed in 1258 among the parties, strengthening the position of La Credenza and La Motta (a second political party with popular tendencies). New events in favor of

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3488-478: The Della Torre family members as the sole rulers of Milan. Under the guidance of Filippo Della Torre, brother of Martino and his successor after 1263, the Della Torre party took advantage of the favor of Charles of Anjou . Milan allied with him and other northern Italian cities (Guelph League) to fight the Hohenstaufen rule in southern Italy. Francesco Della Torre led the Milanese expedition, which ended in 1266 with

3597-449: The Della Torre family. Prevented from assuming his office and forced by the opposite faction to remain outside the city, Ottone settled in Arona, a town at the Milanese archdiocese's border. At the end of 1263, Della Torre forces, with the support of Oberto Pallavicino, dislodged him from Arona. Ottone sought refuge in central Italy near the pope. In 1264, Pallavicino left his office, leaving

3706-606: The Della Torre undermined the Sant'Ambrogio Peace. At the end of 1259, Oberto Pallavicino , a former partisan of Frederick II who got closer to the Guelph positions of the Della Torre, was appointed by the Milanese commune for five years as General Captain of the People. His victory in the Battle of Cassano on 16 September 1259 against Ezzelino da Romano , formerly his ally on the Ghibelline side in

3815-520: The Duchy. After an Imperial-Spanish army defeated France in the Battle of Pavia in 1525, a Sforza, Francesco II , assumed rule in Milan again. His death and a new war led the Duchy of Milan into the hands of Philip II of Spain , ending the line of succession initiated by Ottone and Matteo Visconti. Under the rule of the Visconti, the government of the city of Milan underwent profound transformations while its territorial hegemony greatly extended, to suffer

3924-529: The Duke of Milan's title from the King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia . During his rule, the Visconti territories reached their broadest extension in northern and central Italy. Among the previous domains, only Genoa, ruled by archbishop Giovanni, remained excluded. After a short disease, the plague or gout , Gian Galeazzo died on 3 September 1402. The unexpected death of Gian Galeazzo caused severe difficulty for

4033-505: The Ulm area began in the early Neolithic period, around 5000 BC. Settlements of this time have been identified at the villages of Eggingen and Lehr, today districts of the city. In the city area of Ulm proper, the oldest find dates from the late Neolithic period. The earliest written mention of Ulm is dated 22 July 854 AD, when King Louis the German signed a document in the King's palace of "Hulma" in

4142-549: The Visconti court. The news of his end was initially kept secret, and the funeral was delayed until 20 October 1402. The two sons, only 12 and 10 years old, remained under the care of their mother, Caterina, who acted as Regent according to Gian Galeazzo's last will. A Council of Regency supporting Caterina was set up, but contrasts soon emerged inside it. Moreover, some members of Visconti's collateral branches and two of Bernabò's illegitimate sons opposed Caterina's regency, using circumstances to gain power. In 1404, Giovanni Maria became

4251-417: The Visconti deteriorated. In November 1356, in the Battle of Casorate , Visconti forces under the command of Lodrisio Visconti (now reconciled with his cousins) defeated an imperial army and captured its commander, Marquard of Randeck . In 1359, Pavia surrendered to Galeazzo II. His decision to erect a vast castle in Pavia for his family and court was a sign of his ambition to extend Visconti's dominions to

4360-475: The Visconti di Cislago. A descendant of Francesco Visconti di Somma in the 17th century was Francesco Maria. In 1629, he received the title of Marquess of San Vito from the King of Spain. From him originated the Visconti di San Vito branch. Between the 19th and 20th centuries, the Visconti di San Vito reunited the property of the castle of Somma Lombardo, fragmented after the division of 1473. The Visconti di San Vito became extinct in 1998. Their last member left

4469-431: The Visconti di Invorio, and the Visconti di Oleggio Castello. To the Visconti di Massino belonged Uberto Pico, who happened to be confused with Uberto Visconti, the brother of Matteo Lord of Milan. Member of the Visconti di Oleggio Castello was Giovanni, Lord of Bologna (1355–1360) and Fermo . He had been wrongly considered an illegitimate son of Archbishop Giovanni Visconti. From Ottone, son of Guido Visconti, descended

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4578-417: The Visconti relationships to several European noble dynasties through their children's marriages. In 1360, Gian Galeazzo , son of Galeazzo II, married Isabelle of Valois , daughter of King John II of France . The marriage was the result of negotiation, also participated by Petrarch with a journey to Paris , leading the Visconti to contribute 600,000 francs to the ransom paid by France to England to obtain

4687-664: The Visconti settled in Como , Novara , and Pavia. During this first expansion phase, the Visconti continued to face the opposition of the Guelph League: the Papacy, the Anjou house (sovereigns in southern Italy), and the Della Torre family. After a crisis suffered during the years of Galeazzo I, the expansion continued under the lordship of Azzone with the military support of his uncle Luchino. In 1334 Cremona surrendered to Azzone. In 1337 Luchino entered Brescia , allowing Azzone to become Lord of

4796-452: The abbot of Saint Gall the castle of Massino located in the Vergante region on the hills overlooking Lake Maggiore. The firstborn of Guido Visconti, Ottone, is attested in Milan in the second half of the 12th century with prominent roles in the public life of the Milanese commune. His other descendants initiated to live in the Vergante, originating the cadet branches of the Visconti di Massino,

4905-546: The accusation of adultery against Beatrice, her incarceration, and the sentence to death carried out in the Binasco castle in 1418. In 1428, Filippo Maria married Mary of Savoy , but they had no sons. In 1425, his mistress Agnese Del Maino gave birth to an illegitimate daughter, Bianca Maria . Considered by his father his only heir, she grew up with her mother in the Abbiategrasso and Cusago castles. In 1432, Bianca Maria

5014-457: The area of the ancient Lombard Kingdom. In the 1370s, Bernabò and Galeazzo II emerged without severe consequences from manifold simultaneous attacks. The two brothers were deprived by the emperor of their vicariate and condemned by Pope Gregory XI as heretics. They subsequently suffered military incursions from the eastern border (by the count of Savoy) and from Bologna (by Papal-Florentine forces), which ended without significant impacts. Peace with

5123-425: The attacks of Gian Galeazzo encountered the opposition of the local powers of northern and central Italy; wars against Florence and Mantua were ineffective and even led to the loss of Padua. In 1399, without the use of force, Gian Galeazzo took possession of Pisa and Siena , followed by Perugia in 1400. In July 1402, after the victory in the Battle of Casalecchio against a Bolognese-Florentine army, he assumed

5232-559: The bombings, over 80% of the medieval city centre lay in ruins. The Magirus factory hosted a subcamp of the Dachau concentration camp . Some parts of the city were rebuilt in the plain and simple style of the 1950s and 1960s, but most parts of the historic old town have been restored. Due to its almost complete destruction in 1944, the Hirschstraße part of the city primarily consists of modern architecture. Ulm experienced substantial growth in

5341-744: The care of their sister Caterina, the second wife of Gian Galeazzo, until their wedding. For his court, Gian Galeazzo preferred Pavia to Milan. There, he continued to develop the castle's renowned library and support the local university . His daughter Valentina revived the relationship with the French royal family, interrupted by his first wife Isabelle's death. She married in 1389 Louis I, Duke of Orléans , brother of Charles VI, King of France . The three sons of Gian Galeazzo and Isabelle died before reaching adulthood. Gian Galeazzo and Caterina had two sons: Giovanni Maria in 1388 and Filippo Maria in 1392. In 1395, for 100,000 florins, Gian Galeazzo obtained

5450-447: The city from the rival Della Torre family in 1277. The earliest members of the Visconti lineage appeared in Milan in the second half of the 11th century. The first evidence is on October 5, 1075, when Ariprando Visconti and his son Ottone ("Ariprandus Vicecomes", "Otto Vicecomes filius Ariprandi") attended and signed together some legal documents in Milan. Ariprando Visconti's family is believed to have pre-existed in Milan and obtained

5559-480: The city of Ulm boasts the second largest solar power production in Germany. For all new buildings, a strict energy standard (German KFW40 standard) has been mandatory since April 2008. Ulm Minster has been fully powered by renewables since January 2008. Until the end of 2011 as a European pilot project a self-sustaining data-centre will be constructed in the west-city of Ulm. There is a solar-powered ferry that crosses

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5668-586: The city on clear days. The city of Ulm is situated in the northern part of the North Alpine Foreland basin , where the basin reaches the Swabian Alb . The Turritellenplatte of Ermingen ("Erminger Turritellenplatte") is a famous palaeontological site of Burdigalian age. On the right (south-eastern) side of Danube and Iller there is the Bavarian district town Neu-Ulm . On the left (north-western) side Ulm

5777-410: The city, an agreement between the Ulm patricians and the trade guilds (German: Großer Schwörbrief ), dates from 1397. This document, considered an early city constitution, and the beginning of the construction of an enormous church ( Ulm Minster , 1377), financed by the inhabitants of Ulm themselves rather than by the church, demonstrate the assertiveness of Ulm's medieval citizens. Ulm blossomed during

5886-540: The city. In 1339 Azzone and Luchino defeated in the Battle of Parabiago an army formed by their cousin Lodrisio Visconti and the Della Scala family, lords of Verona. In 1341, Luchino obtained a reconciliation with the Church. In 1346 Luchino took Parma , and in 1347 he extended the western border of the Visconti dominions along a stretch of land until Mondovì and Cuneo , at the foot of the Western Alps . After

5995-413: The collapse of the system of government built by him. Filippo Maria restored the basis of the Visconti state, and the marriage of his daughter Bianca Maria to Francesco Sforza paved the way to a renewed strong government. In the course of the 15th century, however, the territory under Milanese control narrowed to the Duchy of Milan and later never regained the extension reached under the Visconti rule. In

6104-509: The death of Luchino, archbishop Giovanni further extended the territories under Milanese control. In 1350 he obtained Bologna from the Pepoli family , and in 1353 he accepted the lordship of Genoa. Through the marriages of his nephews (Matteo II, Bernabò, and Galeazzo II), he linked the Visconti dynastically to the families ruling the territories to the west and east of the Visconti dominions: the Gonzaga,

6213-456: The death of his wife and counselor, Bernabò was deposed by his nephew in a coup, probably prepared for years and kept secret. On 5 May 1385, accompanied by his generals ( Jacopo dal Verme , Antonio Porro, and Guglielmo Bevilacqua) and with a heavily armed escort, Gian Galeazzo moved from Pavia for an apparent pilgrimage journey to Santa Maria del Monte di Velate near Varese . The following day, passing by Milan, he arranged to meet Bernabò for what

6322-452: The decades following World War II, with the establishment of large new housing projects and new industrial zones. In 1967, Ulm University was founded, which proved to be of great importance for the development of the city. Particularly since the 1980s, the transition from classical industry towards the high-tech sector has accelerated, with, for example, the establishment of research centres of companies like Daimler , Siemens and Nokia and

6431-531: The defeat of Manfred of Sicily , son of Frederick II, in the Battle of Benevento . Charles of Anjou became the new King of Sicily , having an indirect rule (exercised through the Della Torre) on Milan. In 1266, trying to take advantage of the favorable moment, the Della Torre advocated their cause against the Visconti in a consistory held by Pope Clement IV in Viterbo and attended by archbishop Ottone. Despite

6540-426: The definitive end of the Hohenstaufen threat to Milan. Then, the confrontation between the two Milanese factions resumed and increasingly assumed a military connotation. A leading figure on the Visconti side was Simone Orelli da Locarno, whose military ability became legendary during the wars against Fredrick II. Notwithstanding this, being in favor of the Visconti, he was arrested in 1263 and jailed in Milan. In 1276, he

6649-543: The emperor at Legnano in 1176, forcing him to the Peace of Constance , which granted autonomy also to the cities allied to Milan. The war was resumed against Frederick II and his successors, eventually leading to the end of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. Based on this favorable position, after the death of Henry VII in 1313, Matteo and his son Galeazzo managed to become lords of other cities in northern Italy: Bergamo , Tortona , Alessandria , Vercelli , and Piacenza . Regimes favoring

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6758-516: The establishment of a railway station in 1850. The most important sector is still classical industry (machinery, especially motor vehicles; electronics ; pharmaceuticals ). The establishment of the University of Ulm in 1967, which focuses on biomedicine , the sciences, and engineering, helped support a transition to high-tech industry, especially after the crisis of classical industries in the 1980s. Companies with headquarters in Ulm include: Companies with important sites in Ulm include: In 2007

6867-727: The establishment of new trade routes following the discovery of the New World (16th century) and the outbreak and consequences of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), the city began to decline gradually. During the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), it was alternately invaded several times by French and Bavarian soldiers. In the wars following the French Revolution , the city was alternately occupied by French and Austrian forces, with

6976-400: The family compound in the center of Milan, and other properties. To Pietro went the territories near Gallarate, fortified with castles scattered on the local hills, to Matteo and Uberto the remaining parts. Among the descendants of Pietro, other divisions followed: first between his sons, Lodrisio and Gaspare, and a generation later among his grandchildren. The members of their offspring added

7085-441: The family of Archbishop Ottone and his nephew Tebaldo, executed in 1276 by the opposite faction supporting the Della Torre family. After the death of Tebaldo, a division of the family inheritance occurred in 1288 between his sons (Matteo and Uberto) and Pietro (another nephew of Archbishop Ottone). The object of the division was the lands and castles between Lake Maggiore and Gallarate (a long-established area of Visconti possessions),

7194-518: The first documents where they appear, Ottone and his offspring declared that they abided by the Lombard law and acted in connection with other Milanese families of the noble upper class ( capitanei ). A relationship with the Litta , a Milanese vavasour family subordinate to the Visconti in the feudal hierarchy, is also documented. These circumstances demonstrate their participation in the Milanese society in

7303-502: The former ones destroying the city fortifications. In 1803, it lost the status of Imperial City and was absorbed into Bavaria . During the campaign of 1805, Napoleon managed to trap the invading Austrian army of General Mack and forced it to surrender in the Battle of Ulm . In 1810, Ulm was incorporated into the Kingdom of Württemberg and lost its districts on the other bank of the Danube, which came to be known as Neu-Ulm (New Ulm). In

7412-441: The fragmentation of territorial unity. Nearby powers conquered peripheral regions. This situation ended in 1412 when Facino Cane died, and a conspiracy against Giovanni Maria led to his assassination. In the same year, his brother Filippo Maria married the widow of Facino Cane, the 42-year-old Beatrice of Tenda , taking advantage of a testamentary disposition in favor of any Visconti that would have married her. The marriage ended with

7521-508: The freedom of the King in an episode of the Hundred Years' War . Violante , daughter of Galeazzo II, married in 1368 Lionel of Antwerp , Duke of Clarence, the third son of King Edward III of England . After her husband's death, only a few months after the marriage, in 1377, Violante married Secondotto, Marquess of Montferrat . Again widowed, in 1381, she married her cousin Lodovico, one of

7630-592: The general decline of the Commune and the subsequent rise of the Signoria that affected northern and central Italy during 13th and 14th centuries. The annexation of the properties of the Milanese church, which included fortifications like the Angera and Arona castles guarding Lake Maggiore's navigation, was the first step Matteo Visconti took to consolidate his power in the territory of the Milanese diocese. That takeover originated

7739-577: The hereditary lordship over Milan and extending the territory under the Milanese influence against the traditional opponents of the Visconti: the Della Torre and Anjou dynasties allied with the Papacy. After being accused of necromancy and heresy , he was convicted by the Church. Looking for a reconciliation, he transferred the power to his eldest son Galeazzo and left Milan for the Augustinian monastery of Crescenzago , where he died in 1322. After Matteo's death, Galeazzo associated his brothers, Marco, Luchino , Stefano , and Giovanni (a cleric), in

7848-661: The high pressure from the Italianization from fascists such as Ettore Tolomei and the government of Benito Mussolini did the Cimbrian language eventually almost completely disappear and become extinct. Only in Ljetzan has Cimbrian partly survived. Ljetzan has the cultural institute "Tautsche Püachar Haus" and ethnological museum which is a repository of the Cimbrian culture and cooperates with other linguistic enclaves in Luserna and

7957-433: The inherited domains' controls. He died five years later, succeeded by his son Azzone , who ruled between 1329 and 1339. Stefano married Valentina Doria from Genoa and died in 1327 under unclear circumstances. He left three sons: Matteo (Matteo II), Bernabò , and Galeazzo (Galeazzo II). Marco felt in disgrace and was killed by hitmen in 1329 During Azzone's rule, Lodrisio (the cousin of Matteo, who in 1310 attended

8066-524: The investiture in a diploma released to Guido in Ulm . Another royal document, issued by Conrad III in 1142 as well, attests to the Visconti's entitlement to the fodrum in Albusciago and Besnate . Based on a document issued in 1157, the Visconti were considered holders of the captaincy of Marliano (today Mariano Comense ) since the time of archbishop Landulf; however, the available documentation cannot infer such

8175-401: The lands assigned to Pietro, another hereditary division followed between Matteo and Uberto, sons of Tebaldo. Matteo became Lord of Milan, while Uberto (c. 1280–1315) received the castles of Cislago and Somma Lombardo with the lands subject to them and originated other cadet branches. Vercellino, the firstborn of Uberto, was Podestà of Vercelli (1317) and Novara (1318–1320). From Vercellino, in

8284-517: The last Hohenstaufen member, to recover the domains in southern Italy lost to the Anjou house after the defeat of Benevento. This move again reinstated Della Torre as leader of the Guelph League. Moreover, in 1268, Clement IV died, initiating a period of papal vacancy that left the dispositions in favor of Ottone without practical consequences. The defeat and execution of Conradin in Naples in 1268 meant

8393-449: The latest municipality reform in the 1970s: Eggingen, Einsingen, Ermingen, Gögglingen-Donaustetten, Jungingen, Lehr, Mähringen und Unterweiler. They have their own local councils which acquire an important consulting position to the whole city council concerning issues that are related to the prevailing districts. But at the end, final decisions can only be made by the city council of the entire city of Ulm. The oldest traceable settlement of

8502-530: The leadership of the Credenza di Sant'Ambrogio, a political party with a popular base. This position allowed them to have a role in the tax collection of the commune (estimo), which was essential to finance the war against Frederick II while affecting the great landowners. In 1247, Pagano was succeeded by his nephew Martino Della Torre . The commune created the new role of Senior of the Credenza (Anziano della Credenza) for him to underline his authority. In this position,

8611-545: The marriages of his nephews to members of the nearby noble dynasties of northern Italy: in 1340, Matteo II to Egidiola Gonzaga ; in 1350, Bernabò to Regina Della Scala and Galeazzo II to Bianca of Savoy . In 1353, Petrarch accepted an invitation from Giovanni and moved to Milan, where he lived until 1361. He took part in Visconti's diplomatic initiatives and provided first-hand accounts of his life in Milan and Visconti's family events in his letters. On 5 October 1354, archbishop Giovanni died. A few days later, Petrarch held

8720-497: The mid-19th century, the city was designated a fortress of the German Confederation with huge military construction works directed primarily against the threat of a French invasion. The city became an important centre of industrialisation in southern Germany in the second half of the 19th century, its built-up area now being extended beyond the medieval walls. The construction of the huge minster, which had been interrupted in

8829-440: The names of the inherited lands to their surnames. From the sons of Lodrisio (Ambrogio, Estorolo) originated the Visconti di Crenna and the Visconti di Besnate; from the sons of Gaspare (Azzo, Antonio, and Giovanni), the Visconti di Jerago, the Visconti di Orago, and the Visconti di Fontaneto. These branches became extinct in the following centuries, and their castles and lands passed to other families. A generation after separating

8938-448: The new Duke of Milan. Ruling under the influence of his mother's opposers, he induced her to leave Milan for Monza . There, on 17 October 1404, she died in unclear circumstances. During the rule of Giovanni Maria, the political crisis deteriorated. Facino Cane , one of Gian Galeazzo's generals, obtained the title of Count of Biandrate and gained considerable authority in the Visconti territories. Other local forces emerged, leading to

9047-488: The old town are for the use of pedestrians and cyclists only. Ulm was the first area to be served by the Daimler AG 's Car2Go carsharing service in 2008. However, the service in Ulm was discontinued at the end of 2014. The University of Ulm was founded in 1967 and focuses on the sciences, medicine, engineering, and mathematics / economics. With about 10,000 students, it is one of the smaller universities in Germany. Ulm

9156-453: The one that gave origin to the lords and dukes of Milan allegedly descended from Uberto, who died in the first half of the 13th century. The other branches' members frequently added to their surname the name of the place where they chose to live and where a fortification was available for their residence. The first of such cases were the Visconti di Massino , the Visconti di Invorio , and the Visconti di Oleggio Castello . In these localities,

9265-414: The plains, the temperature fluctuates greatly, with the average temperature ranging from −1 °C (30 °F) in winter to 18 °C (64 °F) in summer, and precipitation is concentrated from May to August. The Lübeck weather station has recorded the following extreme values: The city has very old trading traditions dating from medieval times and a long history of industrialisation, beginning with

9374-471: The point where the rivers Blau and Iller join the Danube , at an altitude of 479 m (1,571.52 ft) above sea level . Most parts of the city, including the old town, are situated on the northern bank of the Danube; only the districts of Wiblingen, Gögglingen, Donaustetten and Unterweiler lie on the southern bank. Across from the old town, on the other side of the river, lies the twin city of Neu-Ulm in

9483-475: The policies of both Empire and Papacy against the Visconti and the absence of internal conflicts that followed the arrest of Bernabò in 1385 encouraged Gian Galeazzo's expansion policy. Military and diplomatic initiatives were continuously taken and personally conducted by Gian Galeazzo from his castle in Pavia. A military campaign between 1386 and 1388 ended with the conquest of the Della Scala and Da Carrara territories of Verona and Padua . Between 1390 and 1398,

9592-415: The pope and reconciliation with the count of Savoy followed while Florence turned against the pope in a new war . The extension of their matrimonial policies also marked Bernabò and Galeazzo II's years. The marriages of their daughters and sons connected the Visconti to the elite of the European aristocracy: the French and English royal houses and several German princely families. The ineffectiveness of

9701-462: The presence of a delegate of Charles of Anjou, the pope's decision was in Ottone's favor. The pope then attempted to appease the two factions through an oath of allegiance demanded from the Milanese population. Part of it was the acceptance of Ottone as archbishop. However, new circumstances again changed the events in favor of Della Torre. At the end of 1266, the German princes decided to support Conradin ,

9810-480: The previous weeks. A member of the following generation, Ariprando , was bishop of Vercelli between 1208 and 1213 when he also played the role of Papal legate for Innocent III . An attempt to have him elected archbishop of Milan failed in 1212 amidst growing tensions between opposite factions inside the city. His death in 1213, was probably caused by poisoning. The family dispersed into several branches, some of which obtained fiefs far off from Milan. Among them,

9919-444: The reconciliation with the Della Torre) raised against him, trying to revert the line of succession in favor of his own family. He obtained the support of the Della Scala family of Verona . However, in the Battle of Parabiago , 1339, he was defeated by an army led by Azzone and backed by his uncles, Luchino and Giovanni. Azzone died in 1339 without sons, and the power passed to Luchino and Giovanni (since 1342, archbishop of Milan). In

10028-400: The rule in the city assumed hereditary nature inside his family, making any formal recognition by the communal institutions unnecessary. The first Visconti claimed an absolute power ( plenitudo potestatis ) comparable to the one preserved to pope and emperor, culminating with Bernabò, who openly considered their authorities irrelevant in his dominions. The political change in Milan was part of

10137-592: The rule of Bologna. His sudden death in September 1402 prevented his long-foreseen attack on Florence. Gian Galeazzo accompanied the territorial expansion with reforms of the administration (creation of the Consiglio Segreto and the Consiglio di Giustizia), revenues (Maestri Delle Entrate) and criminal justice (Capitano di Giustizia). His promotion to the rank of Duke transformed Milan's territory (between Ticino and

10246-470: The second half of the 13th century, are accordingly considered the descendants of the first Ariprando Visconti along an agnatic primogeniture line over about two centuries. The younger brothers gave origin to cadet branches that continued to live in Milan, participating in the political life of the Milanese Commune. In 1134, Guido Visconti (one of the members of the primogeniture line) obtained from

10355-851: The sons of Bernabò. Bernabò and his wife, Regina Della Scala, had 15 children. Nine daughters ( Taddea , Viridis , Valentina , Agnese , Antonia , Maddalena , Anglesia , Elisabetta , Lucia ) married scions of other European dynasties, connecting the Visconti to the houses of Wittelsbach (Taddea, Maddalena, Elisabetta), Habsburg (Viridis), Poitiers-Lusignan (Valentina, Anglesia), Württemberg (Antonia), Gonzaga (Agnese), Holland (Lucia). Their sons Marco and Carlo married Elisabeth of Bavaria and Beatrice of Armagnac, respectively. Caterina , another daughter of Bernabò, married in 1380 her cousin Gian Galeazzo, widow of Isabelle of Valois, who died in 1372 in Pavia while giving birth to her fourth child. When Galeazzo II died in 1378, his son Gian Galeazzo

10464-488: The state of Bavaria , smaller than Ulm and, until 1810, a part of it (population c. 50,000). Except for the Danube in the south, the city is surrounded by forests and hills which rise to altitudes of over 620 metres (2,034.12 feet), some of them part of the Swabian Alb . South of the Danube, plains and hills finally end in the northern edge of the Alps , which are approximately 100 kilometres (62 miles) from Ulm and are visible from

10573-480: The tenure of Somma Lombardo to a foundation bearing their name, which later opened the castle to the public. Ulm Ulm ( German pronunciation: [ʊlm] ) is the sixth-largest city of the southwestern German state of Baden-Württemberg , and with around 129,000 inhabitants, it is Germany's 60th-largest city . Ulm is located on the eastern edges of the Swabian Jura mountain range, on

10682-401: The title of Imperial vicar from the emperor Rudolf of Habsburg . Ottone died in 1295, leaving Matteo as the new Lord of Milan. In 1302, the Della Torre retook power, forcing Matteo to leave the city. In 1311, Emperor Henry VII appeased the dispute between the two families and restored Matteo's lordship. After him, seven members of his offspring, along four generations, ruled over Milan and

10791-505: The title of viscount , which became hereditary throughout the male descent. In the years following 1075, Ottone Visconti is shown in the proximity of the Salian dynasty 's sovereigns, Henry IV and his son Conrad . His death's circumstances confirm the relationship with the imperial family. In 1111 in Rome, Ottone was captured and executed after attempting to defend Henry V from an assault. In

10900-588: The upper course of the River Danube , at the confluence with the small Blau Stream , coming from the Blautopf in the west. The mouth of the Iller also falls within Ulm's city limits. The Danube forms the border with Bavaria , where Ulm's twin city Neu-Ulm lies. The city was part of Ulm until 1810, and Ulm and Neu-Ulm have a combined population of around 190,000. Ulm forms an urban district of its own ( Stadtkreis Ulm ), and

11009-517: The war of Frederick II against the Lombard communes, enhanced his position in Milan. The nobles expelled from the city during the clashes preceding the Sant'Ambrogio Peace placed their hopes on Ezzelino to regain their old power. A decisive event in the confrontation between the Della Torre and the Visconti factions was the appointment of Ottone Visconti as archbishop of Milan in 1262. Pope Urban IV preferred Ottone to Raimondo , another candidate from

11118-449: The years before 1075 and, ultimately, their Lombard origin. In 1134, Guido Visconti, son of Ottone, received from the abbot of Saint Gall the investiture of the court of Massino , a strategic location on the hills above Lake Maggiore , near Arona . Here, another family member was present in the second half of the 12th century as the castellan ( custos ) of the local archiepiscopal fortress. In 1142, King Conrad III confirmed

11227-408: The years of their rule, Matteo II, Bernabò, and Galeazzo II were suspected of conspiring against Luchino. Threatened by him, they left Milan. After Luchino died in 1349, archbishop Giovanni remained alone in power and recalled Matteo II, Bernabò, and Galeazzo II in Milan. Under his rule, the territorial expansion continued (to Genoa and Bologna ) thanks to his diplomacy. Part of his initiatives were

11336-431: Was betrothed to Francesco Sforza , a condottiero of Filippo Maria. In 1441 she married him, granting him the succession to the Duchy of Milan. A sign of their marriage is visible today in the twin churches of Santa Maria Incoronata in Milan. After the death of Filippo Maria in 1447 and the short-lived Ambrosian Republic in 1447–1450, Francesco Sforza became the new Duke of Milan. Bianca Maria and her husband initiated

11445-449: Was expected to be a familiar greeting. Bernabò, unprotected, was intercepted and arrested. The coup also led to the arrest of two sons of Bernabò, who were accompanying him. The people in the domains of Bernabò, firstly the Milanese, promptly submitted to Gian Galeazzo, an attitude widely attributed to their desire to abandon the ruthless regime under which they had been living. Incarcerated in his own castle at Trezzo sull'Adda , Bernabò died

11554-510: Was freed in the context of a compromise between the two factions about Como , and after he promised not to act against Della Torre. He joined the Visconti army altogether, assuming the role of General Captain. The Visconti forces gained ground in the Lake Maggiore's area, but in the same year, Tebaldo Visconti , nephew of Ottone, was captured with other leading figures. Brought to Gallarate , they were executed by beheading. The Visconti defeated

11663-563: Was succeeded by a short-lived republic and then by his son-in-law Francesco I Sforza , who established the reign of the House of Sforza . When Frederick II died in 1250, the war engaged by the Lombard League and Milan against him ended. Inside the Milanese commune , united in its defense until then, conflicts between rival factions began. The Della Torre family progressively acquired power in Milan after 1240, when Pagano Della Torre assumed

11772-461: Was the only heir of his half of the Visconti territories. Bernabò, 28 years older than his nephew, tended to assume a leading role towards him. The two Visconti had different personalities and ruling styles: instinctive, bad-tempered, and establisher of a terror regime, Bernabò; circumspect and relatively mild to his subjects, Gian Galeazzo. In the following years, the relationship between the two Visconti progressively deteriorated. A few months after

11881-698: Was torn down during Kristallnacht in November 1938. Of 116 Jews deported from Ulm during World War II (45 were sent to Theresienstadt on 22 August 1942), only four returned. Approximately 25 Jews were living in Ulm in 1968. The sole RAF strategic bombing during World War II against Ulm occurred on 17 December 1944, against the two large lorry factories of Magirus -Deutz and Kässbohrer , as well as other industries, barracks, and depots in Ulm. The Gallwitz Barracks and several military hospitals were among 14 Wehrmacht establishments destroyed. The raid killed 707 Ulm inhabitants and left 25,000 homeless and after all

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