84-698: The 3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was held during 25 April - 10 May [(12–27 April O.S. )] 1905 in London , UK . The Menshevik Central Committee had voted against calling the Congress on 7 February 1905 and voted to expel Lenin . Two days later nine of the eleven members of this committee were arrested. Leonid Krasin and Lyubimov initiated contact with the Bolsheviks and signed an agreement with Gusev and Rumyantsev for
168-754: A barrister of the Middle Temple , who was also an astronomer and formerly secretary to the Royal Society, drafted the Bill. The prime minister the Duke of Newcastle , opposed the Bill and asked Chesterfield to abandon it, but the government did not block it and the Bill passed in the Lords without further debate. The House of Commons passed the Bill on 13 May [N.S. 24 May] 1751; it received royal assent on 22 May [N.S. 2 June] 1751. The title of
252-623: A calendar change, respectively. Usually, they refer to the change from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar as enacted in various European countries between 1582 and 1923. In England , Wales , Ireland and Britain's American colonies , there were two calendar changes, both in 1752. The first adjusted the start of a new year from 25 March ( Lady Day , the Feast of the Annunciation ) to 1 January,
336-535: A change which Scotland had made in 1600. The second discarded the Julian calendar in favour of the Gregorian calendar, skipping 11 days in the month of September to do so. To accommodate the two calendar changes, writers used dual dating to identify a given day by giving its date according to both styles of dating. For countries such as Russia where no start-of-year adjustment took place, O.S. and N.S. simply indicate
420-495: A date of 21 January 1720 (where the year began three weeks earlier, on 1 January 1720, as in Scotland). These notations both refer to the same day in the real world. The Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 removed this difficulty by changing the start of the year to 1 January for England and Wales and the colonies. The change applied "after the last day of December 1751". The legal year which began on 25 March 1751 became
504-459: A different matter. The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Chronicle, 23 January 1753, reported that a "vast concourse of people" in Somerset gathered at the (Christmas-flowering) Glastonbury thorn on 24 December 1752 (New Style) to test the authenticity of the new date. "[B]ut to their great disappointment, there was no appearance of its blowing , which made them watch it narrowly
588-454: A letter dated "12/22 Dec. 1635". In his biography of John Dee , The Queen's Conjurer , Benjamin Woolley surmises that because Dee fought unsuccessfully for England to embrace the 1583/84 date set for the change, "England remained outside the Gregorian system for a further 170 years, communications during that period customarily carrying two dates". In contrast, Thomas Jefferson , who lived while
672-532: A painting (and an engraved print from the painting) loosely based on these elections, entitled An Election Entertainment , which shows a placard carrying the slogan "Give us our Eleven Days" (on the floor, lower right). In his book Hogarth, His Life, Art and Times (1993), Ronald Paulson says of the picture that "the Oxfordshire people ... are specifically rioting, as historically the London crowd did, to preserve
756-529: A painting by the satirist William Hogarth . There are no contemporary records of any such events in the riot depositions at the Public Record Office . This is the same Lord Chesterfield who introduced the Bill to the House of Lords. He wrote to his son (without saying which 'numerous assembly' he had in mind), "Every numerous assembly is a mob, let the individuals who compose it be what they will. Mere sense
840-454: A short year of 282 days, running from 25 March 1751 to 31 December 1751. The following year began as 1 January 1752 ( New Style ). The reason given to discard both the traditional calendar and the eleven-day accumulated difference was a religious one: calculation of the date of Easter. The introduction to the Act explains that, due to the inaccuracy in the Julian calendar, the date of
924-878: A start-of-year adjustment works well with little confusion for events before the introduction of the Gregorian calendar. For example, the Battle of Agincourt is well known to have been fought on 25 October 1415, which is Saint Crispin's Day . However, for the period between the first introduction of the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582 and its introduction in Britain on 14 September 1752, there can be considerable confusion between events in Continental Western Europe and in British domains. Events in Continental Western Europe are usually reported in English-language histories by using
SECTION 10
#17328523333081008-526: Is 9 February 1649, the date by which his contemporaries in some parts of continental Europe would have recorded his execution. The O.S./N.S. designation is particularly relevant for dates which fall between the start of the "historical year" (1 January) and the legal start date, where different. This was 25 March in England, Wales, Ireland and the colonies until 1752, and until 1600 in Scotland. In Britain, 1 January
1092-549: Is never to be talked to a mob; their passions, their sentiments, their senses and their seeming interests alone are to be applied to. Understanding have they collectively none." When the son of the Earl of Macclesfield (who had been influential in passing the Act) stood for Parliament in Oxfordshire as a Whig in 1754, dissatisfaction with the calendar reform was one of a number of issues raised by his Tory opponents. In 1755, Hogarth produced
1176-513: The 'Popish' calendar . Hogarth's placard, part of a satire on the character of the debate, was not an observation of actual crowd behaviour. Three Market Days unto the Farmer's lost, Yet three per Cent, is added to his Cost: The Landlord calls for Rent before 'tis due, King's Tax , and Windows, Poor, and Parson too; With Numbers more, our Grandsiers never knew. Domestick Servants all will have their Pay, And force their Masters e're
1260-512: The 1662 edition of the Book of Common Prayer , England followed the practice of the early Julian calendar period of creating a leap day by having two successive days, both numbered 24 February. The Book of Common Prayer (1662) included a calendar which used entirely consecutive day counting and showed leap day as falling on 29 February. Section II of the Calendar (New Style) Act contains
1344-603: The Book of Common Prayer , were careful to minimise the impact on religious sensitivities by expressing the revision in terms consistent with the traditional method of the Church of England. They had reason to be cautious: the Government of Elizabeth I had first attempted to reform the calendar in 1583/1584, but the Anglican hierarchy of the day rejected the proposal because of its Popish origins. Again, when Sir Isaac Newton renewed
1428-570: The British Empire to adopt the Gregorian calendar (in effect). The Act also changed the start of the legal year from 25 March to 1 January. The Act elided eleven days from September 1752. It ordered that religious feast days be held on their traditional dates – for example, Christmas Day remained on 25 December. (Easter is a moveable feast : the Act specifies how its date should be calculated.) It ordered that civil and market days – for example
1512-489: The Imperial Laws Application Act 1988 , which disapplied all but a limited schedule of English Acts it declared to be "part of the laws of New Zealand", one of which is the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750. Britain had by this time begun colonising India and parts of Africa—hence the references to Asia and Africa. Apart from Great Britain and Ireland, the only part of Europe under effective British sovereignty
1596-592: The Russian Empire and the very beginning of Soviet Russia . For example, in the article "The October (November) Revolution", the Encyclopædia Britannica uses the format of "25 October (7 November, New Style)" to describe the date of the start of the revolution. The Latin equivalents, which are used in many languages, are, on the one hand, stili veteris (genitive) or stilo vetere (ablative), abbreviated st.v. , and meaning "(of/in) old style" ; and, on
1680-615: The algorithm (formally, 'the Computus') to be used thereafter in the Church of England 's Book of Common Prayer to establish the date of Easter: this replaced the previous rules used by the Church. However, with the potential for religious strife in mind, the promoters of the Bill downplayed the Roman Catholic connection. The Parliamentary drafters of the Act, and of the associated text to revise
1764-465: The quarter days on which rent was due, salaries paid and new labour contracts agreed – be moved forward in the calendar by eleven days so that no-one should gain or lose by the change and that markets match the agricultural season. It is for this reason that the UK personal tax year ends on 5 April, being eleven days on from the original quarter-day of 25 March ( Lady Day ). In summary,
SECTION 20
#17328523333081848-829: The ready reckoner printed in Faulkner's Dublin Journal for 1752. In January 1753, Tynwald , the Isle of Man 's legislature, passed an Act for regulating the Commencement of the Year, and for establishing the new Calendar now used in England, now referred to as the Gregorian Calendar Act 1753. The Act recited that the island had observed the calendar established by the British Act since 1 January 1752 and made provision in similar terms to
1932-495: The spring equinox (which determines the date of Easter) had drifted by about eleven days from its date at the time of the First Council of Nicaea , 21 March, and that this drift would continue unless the calendar was corrected and the eleven days' difference deleted. The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar, instituted by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 by the papal bull " Inter gravissimas " (" Among
2016-573: The 'Eleven Days' the government stole from them in September 1752 by changing the calendar". Thus, the 'calendar riot' fiction was born. The election campaign depicted concluded in 1754, after a very lengthy contest between Court Whigs and Jacobite Tories. Every issue between the two factions was brought up, including the question of calendar reform. The Tories attacked the Whigs for every deviation, including their alleged favouritism towards foreign Jews and
2100-406: The 12th century, however, it then gave way to the invariable use of the regnal year for legal records from the reign of Henry II , though its legal status was cemented by its use in official parliamentary records from the 16th century onwards. From the 13th century, there also arose the curious phenomenon of New Year's Day being almost universally celebrated on 1 January, despite
2184-463: The 1896 Act conferred the short title Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 on this Act. It may seem strange to modern readers that the Calendar (New Style) Act has the date of 1750 when royal assent was given on 22 May 1751. The reason is that, before the Acts of Parliament (Commencement) Act 1793 , the date on which a Bill became law was the first day of the parliamentary session in which it was passed, unless
2268-576: The 19th century, a practice that the author Karen Bellenir considered to reveal a deep emotional resistance to calendar reform. Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 The Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 ( 24 Geo. 2 . c. 23), also known as Chesterfield's Act or (in American usage) the British Calendar Act of 1751 , is an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain . Its purpose was for Great Britain and
2352-477: The 4th century , had drifted from reality . The Gregorian calendar reform also dealt with the accumulated difference between these figures, between the years 325 and 1582, by skipping 10 days to set the ecclesiastical date of the equinox to be 21 March, the median date of its occurrence at the time of the First Council of Nicea in 325. Countries that adopted the Gregorian calendar after 1699 needed to skip an additional day for each subsequent new century that
2436-475: The 5th of Jan. the Christmas-Day, Old-Stile, when it blow'd as usual." The vicar of Glastonbury, however, later announced that it had in fact flowered nearer New Christmas Day. William Dawson (1902) writes a Reverend Francis Blackburne opened his church on Friday, 5 January 1753—(O.S., 25 December 1752)—to a congregation which filled the building. "The people were sorely disappointed, however, when
2520-467: The Act ('Times of Payment of Rents, Annuities') stipulated that monthly, quarterly or yearly payments would not become due until the days that originally they would have done had the Julian calendar continued—that is, due dates were deferred by eleven days. The Earl of Macclesfield, in his speech to the House of Lords during the passage of the Bill, said a proportionate reduction in payments had been considered as an alternative solution. That is, maintaining
2604-583: The Act contained a provision to the contrary. The calendar reform bill was introduced in the session which began on 17 January 1750 Old Style [N.S. 28 January 1751], almost nine months into a year that had begun on 23 March 1750. Hence the Short Titles Act 1896 assigned the calendar reform to 1750. The Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 applied to those countries and dominions in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America that belonged or were subject to
3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party - Misplaced Pages Continue
2688-576: The Act explicitly exempted fairs and marts from the calendar reform; "that is, they were to change their nominal date to retain the same place in the season, thus in effect observing the Old Style". The revision to the Book of Common Prayer setting the new basis for calculating the date for Easter (and its associated events like Lent ) appears to have passed without public controversy—"perhaps", Poole remarks, "because few people understood how Easter worked anyway". The date of Christmas, however, proved to be
2772-498: The Act finally settles the position of leap day in English law as 29 February. By the 18th century, the English legal year – used for legal, financial and other civil purposes – had for centuries begun on 25 March, or Lady Day . Thus, for example, 24 March 1707 was immediately followed by 25 March 1708, while the day following 31 December 1708
2856-401: The Act has three key elements: The Act also provides that fixed religious feast days continue to be observed on the same calendar date, whereas movable feasts (whose dates depend on the date of Easter) would follow from the new rules for its calculation. Religious feast days were to be held to their nominal dates (for example Michaelmas , on 29 September), but the Act also requires that
2940-496: The Act is: An Act for regulating the Commencement of the Year, and for correcting the Calendar now in Use . It was not the practice in the 18th century to give short titles to Acts of Parliament. The old long titles had proved increasingly inconvenient, and it became the custom to refer to Acts by informal popular names. The Short Titles Act 1896 retrospectively gave short titles to old statutes that had not been repealed. In particular,
3024-587: The Anglican method. The Annex includes the definition: " Easter-day (on which the rest depend) is always the first Sunday after the Full Moon , which happens upon, or next after the Twenty-first Day of March . And if the Full Moon happens upon a Sunday , Easter-day is the Sunday after". The Annexe uses the terms ' Paschal Full Moon ' and ' Ecclesiastical Full Moon ', making it clear that they only approximate to
3108-579: The Boyne was commemorated with smaller parades on 1 July. However, both events were combined in the late 18th century, and continue to be celebrated as " The Twelfth ". Because of the differences, British writers and their correspondents often employed two dates, a practice called dual dating , more or less automatically. Letters concerning diplomacy and international trade thus sometimes bore both Julian and Gregorian dates to prevent confusion. For example, Sir William Boswell wrote to Sir John Coke from The Hague
3192-471: The British Act. The Act was promulgated and became law, with retrospective effect, on 5 July 1753. One of its permanent effects was to postpone the holding of the annual sitting of Tynwald at St John's , at which Acts of Tynwald were and still are promulgated, from 24 June (the feast of St John the Baptist ) to 5 July. The Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 applied to Britain's American colonies:
3276-455: The British Isles and colonies converted to the Gregorian calendar, instructed that his tombstone bear his date of birth by using the Julian calendar (notated O.S. for Old Style) and his date of death by using the Gregorian calendar. At Jefferson's birth, the difference was eleven days between the Julian and Gregorian calendars and so his birthday of 2 April in the Julian calendar is 13 April in
3360-410: The British colonies, changed the start of the year from 25 March to 1 January, with effect from "the day after 31 December 1751". (Scotland had already made this aspect of the changes, on 1 January 1600.) The second (in effect ) adopted the Gregorian calendar in place of the Julian calendar. Thus "New Style" can refer to the start-of-year adjustment , to the adoption of the Gregorian calendar , or to
3444-674: The Calendar (New Style) Act 1750. For example, New South Wales passed the Imperial Acts Application Act 1969 , the First Schedule of which repeals various British statutes including the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750. At the same time Section 16 continues the operation of the British Calendar Act by restating key parts and by referring to that Act for the details. New Zealand also passed early legislation at various times applying British law. In 1988, New Zealand enacted
3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party - Misplaced Pages Continue
3528-447: The Earth's orbit requires. By 1582, the error had accumulated to the extent that the calendar date of the spring equinox had moved from 21 March by about ten days. Gregory's reform removed ten days from the Julian calendar, thus resetting 21 March to coincide with the equinox. The reform also provided a new method for calculating leap years so that the error would not recur. Under
3612-612: The Gregorian calendar. For example, the Battle of Blenheim is always given as 13 August 1704. However, confusion occurs when an event involves both. For example, William III of England arrived at Brixham in England on 5 November (Julian calendar), after he had set sail from the Netherlands on 11 November (Gregorian calendar) 1688. The Battle of the Boyne in Ireland took place a few months later on 1 July 1690 (Julian calendar). That maps to 11 July (Gregorian calendar), conveniently close to
3696-466: The Gregorian calendar. Similarly, George Washington is now officially reported as having been born on 22 February 1732, rather than on 11 February 1731/32 (Julian calendar). The philosopher Jeremy Bentham , born on 4 February 1747/8 (Julian calendar), in later life celebrated his birthday on 15 February. There is some evidence that the calendar change was not easily accepted. Many British people continued to celebrate their holidays "Old Style" well into
3780-430: The Julian and Gregorian dating systems respectively. The need to correct the calendar arose from the realisation that the correct figure for the number of days in a year is not 365.25 (365 days 6 hours) as assumed by the Julian calendar but slightly less (c. 365.242 days). The Julian calendar therefore has too many leap years . The consequence was that the basis for the calculation of the date of Easter , as decided in
3864-509: The Julian calendar a leap year fell every four years when the year was evenly divisible by four. The second part of Gregory's change declared that a centennial year would not be a leap year unless it was further evenly divisible by 400: Section II of the Act replicates this algorithm. By 1750, almost all countries in Western Christendom except Britain and its empire had already adopted Gregory's reform. According to Gregory's rule,
3948-564: The Julian calendar had added since then. When the British Empire did so in 1752, the gap had grown to eleven days; when Russia did so (as its civil calendar ) in 1918, thirteen days needed to be skipped. In the Kingdom of Great Britain and its possessions, the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 introduced two concurrent changes to the calendar. The first, which applied to England, Wales, Ireland and
4032-510: The Julian date of the subsequent (and more decisive) Battle of Aughrim on 12 July 1691 (Julian). The latter battle was commemorated annually throughout the 18th century on 12 July, following the usual historical convention of commemorating events of that period within Great Britain and Ireland by mapping the Julian date directly onto the modern Gregorian calendar date (as happens, for example, with Guy Fawkes Night on 5 November). The Battle of
4116-528: The London Parliament included Wales. The 1746 Act provided that in all legislation, past and future, the word 'England' was deemed to include Wales and thus the Calendar Act (four years later) applied to Wales, despite it not being named explicitly. As part of the Kingdom of Great Britain since the Acts of Union 1707 , the Act applied equally to Scotland as to England. Scotland had already made part of
4200-470: The Parliament of Great Britain had the right to legislate for Ireland, which was one of His Majesty's Dominions. Nevertheless, in 1782, the Parliament of Ireland enacted a statute, the Calendar Act 1781 (21 & 22 Geo. 3. c. 48 (I)), to confirm the application of the 1750 act to Ireland. Whatever the de jure status of the British Act in Ireland, it was applied immediately de facto , as recorded in
4284-586: The Quarter Day. How shall the Wretch, then glean his Harvest in, His Cash expended e're he does begin;... Or how the Miser cram his Bags with Pelf, If that he don't receive it first himself? True Briton , Bristol, 20 September 1752 There were, however, legitimate concerns lest tax and other payments arise any earlier under the new calendar than they would otherwise have done. Consequently, Provision 6 of
SECTION 50
#17328523333084368-713: The agenda included the issues of the Russian Revolution of 1905 . Lenin wanted the party to support Japan in its war on Russia ( Joseph Pilsudski used the same tactic). The Congress put pressure on Lenin to return to Russia (he did eventually in November) by relocating the central committee and party newspaper in Russia. This communist party –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Old Style and New Style dates Old Style ( O.S. ) and New Style ( N.S. ) indicate dating systems before and after
4452-429: The authors of the Act were careful to minimise the impact on religious sensitivities by expressing the revision in terms consistent with the traditions of the established Church of England, given the experience of previous attempts. By the middle of the 18th Century, however, it seems that the climate had changed somewhat. The traditional saints' days like Lady Day , Michaelmas and Martinmas had come to mark events in
4536-566: The beginning of the legal year instead, though it saw use in Aquitaine during the 10th century and Normandy by the 11th (shortly before the Norman Conquest ). The 11th century also saw dedications to the Virgin Mary go from being rare in England to the most frequent, signifying the increasing importance of Lady Day in the liturgical year . Despite being commonplace by the middle of
4620-511: The campaign to correct the calendar in 1699, his proposal foundered on doctrinal objections. The Annex established a computation for the date of Easter that achieved the same result as Gregory's rules, without actually referring to him. The algorithm , set out in the Book of Common Prayer as required by the Act, includes calculation of the Golden Number and the Sunday Letter needed for
4704-492: The change. The Act includes various measures to prevent injustice and other problems. For example, Section VI, echoing a rule in Gregory's reform, provides that the date on which rents and other debts are due must be deferred by 11 days. In addition, the same Section says a person does not reach a particular age, including especially the age of majority (21), until the complete number of years have passed. In addition,
4788-438: The change: its calendar year had begun on 1 January since 1600. The example of Continental countries prompted King James VI of Scotland and his council to make the change, as the Register of the Scottish Privy Council of 17 December 1599 records. At the time, the Kingdom of Ireland was a semi-autonomous kingdom in a personal union with the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Declaratory Act 1719 asserted that
4872-410: The civil calendar such as fair days, rent days and hiring days far more than they did days of special religious observance. Poole writes, "The religious calendar of the established church continued, but it encompassed a shrinking proportion of the population as Dissent expanded at the expense of Anglicanism, and as parish wakes, feasts and saints' days were themselves disowned by many parish clergy." So
4956-431: The combination of the two. It was through their use in the Calendar Act that the notations "Old Style" and "New Style" came into common usage. When recording British history, it is usual to quote the date as originally recorded at the time of the event, but with the year number adjusted to start on 1 January. The latter adjustment may be needed because the start of the civil calendar year had not always been 1 January and
5040-475: The continuing English practice became a source of confusion for English merchants and diplomats and their counterparts, when dealing across the Channel or with Scotland. An informal system of ' dual dating ' had developed to help reduce confusion. For example, a date written as 21 January 1719/20 (or 17 + 19 / 20 ) means both a date of 21 January 1719 (where the year began ten months earlier, on 25 March 1719, as in England) and
5124-406: The crown of Great Britain. After the conquest of Wales by Edward I of England , English law was increasingly applied. Various Acts passed by the Parliament of England between 1535 and 1542 consolidated the combination of England and Wales as a single jurisdiction . Nevertheless, before the Wales and Berwick Act 1746 it was often uncertain whether a reference to 'England' in legislation of
SECTION 60
#17328523333085208-447: The dates of 'fairs and marts' traditionally associated with those feasts (but in reality tied to the seasons), be moved in the calendar by discounting eleven days. Thus, for example, the Michaelmas hiring and mop fairs moved to 10 October and became known as Old Michaelmas Day . Christmas Day was still celebrated on 25 December and an ' Old Christmas ' was not formalised: nevertheless, some communities were reluctant to accept
5292-412: The eleven missing days were included in the official information about the changeover and widely published in the press, almanacs and pocket books ". The True Briton newspaper of 20 September 1752 reported that the reduction in servant's wages (according to the official guide) was 7 d for each pound but that another source had calculated the rate as 7 + 1 ⁄ 4 d. As already observed,
5376-432: The end of the following December, 1661/62 , a form of dual dating to indicate that in the following twelve weeks or so, the year was 1661 Old Style but 1662 New Style. Some more modern sources, often more academic ones (e.g. the History of Parliament ) also use the 1661/62 style for the period between 1 January and 24 March for years before the introduction of the New Style calendar in England. The Gregorian calendar
5460-411: The idea was abandoned. Nevertheless, the Treasury realised that outside government a proportionate reduction of wages, rents etc. for the short quarter might be convenient in some cases. Robert Poole writes that the Treasury, "decided that a tidy move to new-style quarter day payments might gradually be achieved at the point where old leases expired and new ones began. Tables of abatements ... for
5544-415: The kingdom. As a consequence, it says, frequent mistakes were made in the dates of deeds and other writings. In The Twelve Caesars , Suetonius wrote that the Julian calendar , introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 BC as consul , continued the old Roman practice of beginning the year with 1 January. Later Christians, however, felt that 1 January had no religious significance and wanted to begin
5628-535: The laws of England as it was in 1607, predating the 1750 Act. There is no US federal calendar law. The Act remains directly in force in Canada as part of Canadian law . The Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 applies directly or indirectly in other former British colonies. Early Australian colonial legislation applied British law. Subsequently, various reviews have considered the relevance of old British statutes. Australian States eventually repealed British statutes but re-enacted those which remained relevant, such as
5712-488: The most serious "). The intention expressed by the text of this bull was to reset the calendar so that celestial events critical for the calculation of Easter dates—the March equinox and its adjacent full moons—would be back in what the bull calls "their proper places" and would be prevented from being moved away again. The divergence had happened because the Julian calendar adds a leap year every four years, but this process adds about three more days every four hundred years than
5796-491: The new Gregorian rule for determining leap years in the future and also makes it quite clear that leap years contain 366 days. In addition, the calendar at the end of this Act confirms that leap day falls on 29 February. Today, a major reform of this kind would be a government bill , but this was a Private Member's Bill , proposed in the House of Lords on 25 February 1750 [8 March 1751 Gregorian] by Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield . The proposition
5880-438: The north-eastern states of the present day United States and part of Canada. Some British law, including the 1750 Act, is still applicable in some US states because when American independence was declared in 1776, it was not practical for these former colonies to create an entirely new body of American law to replace British law. The practical solution adopted was to continue to apply British law as it stood in 1776 but subject to
5964-493: The original payment dates but reducing the amounts due proportionately to reflect the omission of eleven days from the quarter ending on 29 September 1752 ( Michaelmas Day ). Macclesfield said this idea was abandoned because it would prove more complex than it first appeared. Despite this, the Treasury later considered legislating to override the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 provisions by applying proportionate reductions to government payments of interest, salaries and wages, but
6048-452: The other, stili novi or stilo novo , abbreviated st.n. and meaning "(of/in) new style". The Latin abbreviations may be capitalised differently by different users, e.g., St.n. or St.N. for stili novi . There are equivalents for these terms in other languages as well, such as the German a.St. (" alter Stil " for O.S.). Usually, the mapping of New Style dates onto Old Style dates with
6132-577: The proviso that it could be overridden by any subsequent provision of American law, and did not conflict with the Constitution and laws of the United States. James Bryan Whitfield , a former Florida Supreme Court judge, together with others, produced a comprehensive list of the relevant measures in 1941. This built on earlier work by Missouri. The list includes the key part of the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750. Some states adopted as their common law
6216-404: The real full moon . In his The Book of Almanacs (1851) Augustus De Morgan (Professor of Mathematics at University College London ), commented on the definition of Easter in the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750. He noted that the body of the Act wrongly stated the way Easter was calculated, but that the annexed Tables correctly set out the dates for Easter as prescribed by Pope Gregory. Until
6300-550: The recorded year not incrementing until 25 March. However, it was the continuation of the Roman calendar layout beginning with January that eventually led European countries in the 16th century to return to a legal year that started on 1 January: for example the Venetian Republic (1522, sixty years before the Gregorian reform), France (1564) and Scotland (1600). By 1750 most of Europe had already made this change and
6384-578: The setting up of the 3rd Congress. It was the Congress of the Bolsheviks only with a handful of Mensheviks , who organised an alternative conference in Geneva . The meeting was so secretive we do not know the name of the hall they used. Krasin and Alexander Bogdanov were appointed to the "Russian Bureau of the Central Committee" charged with bringing together the two factions. Besides the routine topics,
6468-410: The year 1600 was a leap year, but 1700 was not—but it remained a leap year under the Julian calendar. This meant that when Britain reformed the calendar in the 1750s, the divergence between the calendars had reached eleven days. Section I of the Act corrects this divergence by providing that Wednesday, 2 September 1752 be followed by Thursday, 14 September 1752. The Annex to the Act gives
6552-456: The year on a more appropriate date, resulting in a great variety of dates being used during the medieval period . No civil legislation or religious canon law ordered this change, but Christmas Day on 25 December gradually became a popular date for New Year in England from the 6th century, though this custom fell almost entirely out of use by the beginning of the 14th century. It is not wholly clear why 25 March came to be settled on as
6636-467: Was Gibraltar . However, each session of Parliament began with a recital that the King was also the rightful King of France . Some history books report rioting in reaction to the calendar change, with people demanding that their 'eleven days' be returned. However, this is very likely a myth, based on just two primary sources— The World , a satirical journal of Lord Chesterfield, and An Election Entertainment,
6720-496: Was 1 January 1708, with 1709 still nearly three months away. The introduction to the Act states succinctly the rationale for a change to the start of the year in England (and Wales) to 1 January: the March date had been found to have many inconveniences. It differed from the date (1 January) used by Scotland, which had ceased to use 25 March in 1600, as well as that used by other neighbouring countries and ordinary people throughout
6804-421: Was altered at different times in different countries. From 1155 to 1752, the civil or legal year in England began on 25 March ( Lady Day ); so for example, the execution of Charles I was recorded at the time in Parliament as happening on 30 January 164 8 (Old Style). In newer English-language texts, this date is usually shown as "30 January 164 9 " (New Style). The corresponding date in the Gregorian calendar
6888-587: Was celebrated as the New Year festival from as early as the 13th century, despite the recorded (civil) year not incrementing until 25 March, but the "year starting 25th March was called the Civil or Legal Year, although the phrase Old Style was more commonly used". To reduce misunderstandings about the date, it was normal even in semi-official documents such as parish registers to place a statutory new-year heading after 24 March (for example "1661") and another heading from
6972-496: Was implemented in Russia on 14 February 1918 by dropping the Julian dates of 1–13 February 1918 , pursuant to a Sovnarkom decree signed 24 January 1918 (Julian) by Vladimir Lenin . The decree required that the Julian date was to be written in parentheses after the Gregorian date, until 1 July 1918. It is common in English-language publications to use the familiar Old Style or New Style terms to discuss events and personalities in other countries, especially with reference to
7056-466: Was seconded in detail by George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield , whom Chesterfield described as one of the greatest mathematicians and astronomers in Europe. Macclesfield had contributed the technical knowledge underlying the reform with support from Martin Folkes (then president of the Royal Society ) and James Bradley (the astronomer royal ). Bradley devised the revised Easter tables. Peter Davall,
#307692