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64-479: The Poseidon Adventure may refer to: The Poseidon Adventure (novel) , a 1969 adventure novel by Paul Gallico The Poseidon Adventure (1972 film) , an American adaptation of the novel, directed by Ronald Neame The Poseidon Adventure (2005 film) , an American television adaptation, directed by John Putch Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

128-459: A screw if on a ship or an airscrew if on an aircraft ) is a device with a rotating hub and radiating blades that are set at a pitch to form a helical spiral which, when rotated, exerts linear thrust upon a working fluid such as water or air. Propellers are used to pump fluid through a pipe or duct, or to create thrust to propel a boat through water or an aircraft through air. The blades are shaped so that their rotational motion through

192-467: A weed hatch over the propeller, and once the narrowboat is stationary, the hatch may be opened to give access to the propeller, enabling debris to be cleared. Yachts and river boats rarely have weed hatches; instead they may fit a rope cutter that fits around the prop shaft and rotates with the propeller. These cutters clear the debris and obviate the need for divers to attend manually to the fouling. Several forms of rope cutters are available: A cleaver

256-417: A Turkish oiler, guides the other survivors to the stern. They find a corridor to the engine room, which is completely submerged. Belle Rosen, a former W.S.A. champion, swims through the corridor and finds the passage to get them to the other side. Upon their arrival, they find the engine room. They take time to rest and save the batteries on their recently acquired flashlights. In the darkness, Linda Rogo makes

320-419: A better match of angle of attack to the wake velocity over the blades. A warped helicoid is described by specifying the shape of the radial reference line and the pitch angle in terms of radial distance. The traditional propeller drawing includes four parts: a side elevation, which defines the rake, the variation of blade thickness from root to tip, a longitudinal section through the hub, and a projected outline of

384-434: A blade onto a longitudinal centreline plane. The expanded blade view shows the section shapes at their various radii, with their pitch faces drawn parallel to the base line, and thickness parallel to the axis. The outline indicated by a line connecting the leading and trailing tips of the sections depicts the expanded blade outline. The pitch diagram shows variation of pitch with radius from root to tip. The transverse view shows

448-508: A ducted propeller. The cylindrical duct acts as the stator, while the tips of the blades act as the rotor. They typically provide high torque and operate at low RPMs, producing less noise. The system does not require a shaft, reducing weight. Units can be placed at various locations around the hull and operated independently, e.g., to aid in maneuvering. The absence of a shaft allows alternative rear hull designs. Twisted- toroid (ring-shaped) propellers, first invented over 120 years ago, replace

512-422: A flow around the propeller. A screw turning through a solid will have zero "slip"; but as a propeller screw operates in a fluid (either air or water), there will be some losses. The most efficient propellers are large-diameter, slow-turning screws, such as on large ships; the least efficient are small-diameter and fast-turning (such as on an outboard motor). Using Newton's laws of motion, one may usefully think of

576-400: A marine screw propeller is based on a helicoidal surface. This may form the face of the blade, or the faces of the blades may be described by offsets from this surface. The back of the blade is described by offsets from the helicoid surface in the same way that an aerofoil may be described by offsets from the chord line. The pitch surface may be a true helicoid or one having a warp to provide

640-628: A move on the Reverend. After their rest, they see the way out—five decks up, on top of a fractured steel wall. During the difficult climb, Linda rebels and attempts to find her own way. She chooses an unstable route and falls to her death, impaled on a piece of steel. An explosion rocks the ship, and Reverend Scott, enraged, denounces God, offers himself as a sacrifice, and commits suicide. Mary Kinsale, an English spinster, screams in grief and claims they were to be married. Her fellow survivors do not know what to make of this revelation. Mr. Martin takes charge of

704-482: A propeller shaft at the stern, or to go to the bow. A steward fears the lockers that hold the anchor chains will have flooded, and suggests trying for the engine room. After climbing two upside-down stairways, the group comes upon "Broadway", a wide service corridor that runs the length of the ship and connects to the engine room. The posse breaks for a while whilst looking for supplies. Young Robin Shelby ventures off to find

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768-402: A propeller solution of a rod going through the underwater aft of a boat attached to a bladed propeller, though he never built it. In February 1800, Edward Shorter of London proposed using a similar propeller attached to a rod angled down temporarily deployed from the deck above the waterline and thus requiring no water seal, and intended only to assist becalmed sailing vessels. He tested it on

832-448: A propeller with a steel shaft and aluminium blades for his 14 bis biplane . Some of his designs used a bent aluminium sheet for blades, thus creating an airfoil shape. They were heavily undercambered , and this plus the absence of lengthwise twist made them less efficient than the Wright propellers. Even so, this may have been the first use of aluminium in the construction of an airscrew. In

896-501: A propeller's forward thrust as being a reaction proportionate to the mass of fluid sent backward per time and the speed the propeller adds to that mass, and in practice there is more loss associated with producing a fast jet than with creating a heavier, slower jet. (The same applies in aircraft, in which larger-diameter turbofan engines tend to be more efficient than earlier, smaller-diameter turbofans, and even smaller turbojets , which eject less mass at greater speeds.) The geometry of

960-416: A rubber bushing can be replaced or repaired depends upon the propeller; some cannot. Some can, but need special equipment to insert the oversized bushing for an interference fit . Others can be replaced easily. The "special equipment" usually consists of a funnel, a press and rubber lubricant (soap). If one does not have access to a lathe, an improvised funnel can be made from steel tube and car body filler; as

1024-595: A salvage line on the Poseidon . Mike curses them because of his World War II experiences and laughs when their efforts fail. The group goes their separate ways—Mary Kinsale and Nonnie on a ship back to England; Mike, Manny, Hubie Muller back to New York, Martin back to Chicago , Dick, Jane and Susan back to Michigan; and the Turk back to Turkey. Aboard the American ship, they watch the Poseidon sink. Jane, giving up hope, silently grieves

1088-489: A screw propeller with multiple blades on a conical base. He tested it in February 1826 on a manually-driven ship and successfully used it on a steamboat in 1829. His 48-ton ship Civetta reached 6 knots. This was the first successful Archimedes screw-propelled ship. His experiments were banned by police after a steam engine accident. Ressel, a forestry inspector, held an Austro-Hungarian patent for his propeller. The screw propeller

1152-464: A screw to lift water for irrigation and bailing boats, so famously that it became known as Archimedes' screw . It was probably an application of spiral movement in space (spirals were a special study of Archimedes) to a hollow segmented water-wheel used for irrigation by Egyptians for centuries. A flying toy, the bamboo-copter , was enjoyed in China beginning around 320 AD. Later, Leonardo da Vinci adopted

1216-584: A second, larger screw-propelled boat, Robert F. Stockton , and had her sailed in 1839 to the United States, where he was soon to gain fame as the designer of the U.S. Navy 's first screw-propelled warship, USS  Princeton . Apparently aware of the Royal Navy's view that screw propellers would prove unsuitable for seagoing service, Smith determined to prove this assumption wrong. In September 1837, he took his small vessel (now fitted with an iron propeller of

1280-411: A single turn) to sea, steaming from Blackwall, London to Hythe, Kent , with stops at Ramsgate , Dover and Folkestone . On the way back to London on the 25th, Smith's craft was observed making headway in stormy seas by officers of the Royal Navy. This revived Admiralty's interest and Smith was encouraged to build a full size ship to more conclusively demonstrate the technology. SS  Archimedes

1344-411: A twist in their blades to keep the angle of attack constant. Their blades were only 5% less efficient than those used 100 years later. Understanding of low-speed propeller aerodynamics was complete by the 1920s, although increased power and smaller diameters added design constraints. Alberto Santos Dumont , another early pioneer, applied the knowledge he gained from experiences with airships to make

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1408-445: Is a type of propeller design especially used for boat racing. Its leading edge is formed round, while the trailing edge is cut straight. It provides little bow lift, so that it can be used on boats that do not need much bow lift, for instance hydroplanes , that naturally have enough hydrodynamic bow lift. To compensate for the lack of bow lift, a hydrofoil may be installed on the lower unit. Hydrofoils reduce bow lift and help to get

1472-479: Is an opportunity to only change the pitch or the damaged blades. Being able to adjust pitch will allow for boaters to have better performance while in different altitudes, water sports, or cruising. Voith Schneider propellers use four untwisted straight blades turning around a vertical axis instead of helical blades and can provide thrust in any direction at any time, at the cost of higher mechanical complexity. A rim-driven thruster integrates an electric motor into

1536-485: Is raped by Herbert, a young, terrified crew member. Susan talks with Herbert, who is remorseful and ashamed, and grows to like him. Realizing the consequences of his actions, Herbert panics, runs off and falls to his doom. Susan rejoins the group and tells them nothing of what has happened. After an intense search, they make the decision to move on without Robin. His mother, Jane, breaks down and vents her long-held disgust and hatred for her husband. The Reverend, having found

1600-482: Is the tangential offset of the line of maximum thickness to a radius The propeller characteristics are commonly expressed as dimensionless ratios: Cavitation is the formation of vapor bubbles in water near a moving propeller blade in regions of very low pressure. It can occur if an attempt is made to transmit too much power through the screw, or if the propeller is operating at a very high speed. Cavitation can waste power, create vibration and wear, and cause damage to

1664-537: The RMS Atlantis , the SS Poseidon is a luxury ocean liner from the golden age of travel, converted to a single-class, combination cargo-cruise liner. The ship is on her first North Atlantic crossing under new ownership, celebrated with a month-long Christmas voyage from Lisbon to African and South American ports. On December 26, an undersea earthquake overturns the Poseidon . The ship capsizes as it falls into

1728-692: The River Thames to senior members of the British Admiralty , including Surveyor of the Navy Sir William Symonds . In spite of the boat achieving a speed of 10 miles an hour, comparable with that of existing paddle steamers , Symonds and his entourage were unimpressed. The Admiralty maintained the view that screw propulsion would be ineffective in ocean-going service, while Symonds himself believed that screw propelled ships could not be steered efficiently. Following this rejection, Ericsson built

1792-417: The vapor pressure of the water, resulting in the formation of a vapor pocket. Under such conditions, the change in pressure between the downstream surface of the blade (the "pressure side") and the suction side is limited, and eventually reduced as the extent of cavitation is increased. When most of the blade surface is covered by cavitation, the pressure difference between the pressure side and suction side of

1856-527: The Archimedean screw. In 1771, steam-engine inventor James Watt in a private letter suggested using "spiral oars" to propel boats, although he did not use them with his steam engines, or ever implement the idea. One of the first practical and applied uses of a propeller was on a submarine dubbed Turtle which was designed in New Haven, Connecticut , in 1775 by Yale student and inventor David Bushnell , with

1920-507: The Navy, Sir William Barrow. Having secured the patronage of a London banker named Wright, Smith then built a 30-foot (9.1 m), 6- horsepower (4.5 kW) canal boat of six tons burthen called Francis Smith , which was fitted with his wooden propeller and demonstrated on the Paddington Canal from November 1836 to September 1837. By a fortuitous accident, the wooden propeller of two turns

1984-521: The bathroom while Tony "The Beamer" Bates and his girlfriend Pamela find the liquor closet. When the ship's emergency lighting goes out, some crew members panic and stampede; they are trampled, or killed by falling over stairway openings or into a pit where a boiler tore through several decks. After the panic, Scott's group searches for Tony, Pamela, and Robin. New York Police Detective Mike Rogo finds Tony passed out, intoxicated, and Pamela refuses to leave him. While searching for Robin, his older sister Susan

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2048-419: The blade drops considerably, as does the thrust produced by the propeller. This condition is called "thrust breakdown". Operating the propeller under these conditions wastes energy, generates considerable noise, and as the vapor bubbles collapse it rapidly erodes the screw's surface due to localized shock waves against the blade surface. Tip vortex cavitation is caused by the extremely low pressures formed at

2112-431: The blade to the water at the effective angle. The innovation introduced with the screw propeller was the extension of that arc through more than 360° by attaching the blade to a rotating shaft. Propellers can have a single blade , but in practice there is nearly always more than one so as to balance the forces involved. The origin of the screw propeller starts at least as early as Archimedes (c. 287 – c. 212 BC), who used

2176-400: The blades with a-circular rings. They are significantly quieter (particularly at audible frequencies) and more efficient than traditional propellers for both air and water applications. The design distributes vortices generated by the propeller across the entire shape, causing them to dissipate faster in the atmosphere. For smaller engines, such as outboards, where the propeller is exposed to

2240-453: The bushing in the hub is overcome and the rotating propeller slips on the shaft, preventing overloading of the engine's components. After such an event the rubber bushing may be damaged. If so, it may continue to transmit reduced power at low revolutions, but may provide no power, due to reduced friction, at high revolutions. Also, the rubber bushing may perish over time leading to its failure under loads below its designed failure load. Whether

2304-600: The core of the tip vortex. The tip vortex is caused by fluid wrapping around the tip of the propeller; from the pressure side to the suction side. This video demonstrates tip vortex cavitation. Tip vortex cavitation typically occurs before suction side surface cavitation and is less damaging to the blade, since this type of cavitation doesn't collapse on the blade, but some distance downstream. Variable-pitch propellers may be either controllable ( controllable-pitch propellers ) or automatically feathering ( folding propellers ). Variable-pitch propellers have significant advantages over

2368-553: The design to provide motive power for ships through water. In 1693 a Frenchman by the name of Du Quet invented a screw propeller which was tried in 1693 but later abandoned. In 1752, the Academie des Sciences in Paris granted Burnelli a prize for a design of a propeller-wheel. At about the same time, the French mathematician Alexis-Jean-Pierre Paucton suggested a water propulsion system based on

2432-409: The engine at normal loads. The pin is designed to shear when the propeller is put under a load that could damage the engine. After the pin is sheared the engine is unable to provide propulsive power to the boat until a new shear pin is fitted. In larger and more modern engines, a rubber bushing transmits the torque of the drive shaft to the propeller's hub. Under a damaging load the friction of

2496-399: The filler is only subject to compressive forces it is able to do a good job. Often, the bushing can be drawn into place with nothing more complex than a couple of nuts, washers and a threaded rod. A more serious problem with this type of propeller is a "frozen-on" spline bushing, which makes propeller removal impossible. In such cases the propeller must be heated in order to deliberately destroy

2560-580: The first Royal Navy ships to have steam-powered engines and screw propellers. Both participated in Franklin's lost expedition , last seen in July 1845 near Baffin Bay . Screw propeller design stabilized in the 1880s. The Wright brothers pioneered the twisted aerofoil shape of modern aircraft propellers. They realized an air propeller was similar to a wing. They verified this using wind tunnel experiments. They introduced

2624-535: The fixed-pitch variety, namely: An advanced type of propeller used on the American Los Angeles-class submarine as well as the German Type 212 submarine is called a skewback propeller . As in the scimitar blades used on some aircraft, the blade tips of a skewback propeller are swept back against the direction of rotation. In addition, the blades are tilted rearward along the longitudinal axis, giving

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2688-463: The fluid causes a pressure difference between the two surfaces of the blade by Bernoulli's principle which exerts force on the fluid. Most marine propellers are screw propellers with helical blades rotating on a propeller shaft with an approximately horizontal axis. The principle employed in using a screw propeller is derived from stern sculling . In sculling, a single blade is moved through an arc, from side to side taking care to keep presenting

2752-411: The group, who make their way into a propeller shaft where the steel hull is at its thinnest. The oxygen supply begins to give out, but after much waiting, they are found. Belle Rosen has a heart attack and dies before the rescue team can reach her. The team cuts through, and the group climb out of the upturned hull. Manny Rosen, however, refuses to leave without Belle's remains, which are lifted out after

2816-549: The help of clock maker, engraver, and brass foundryman Isaac Doolittle . Bushnell's brother Ezra Bushnell and ship's carpenter and clock maker Phineas Pratt constructed the hull in Saybrook, Connecticut . On the night of September 6, 1776, Sergeant Ezra Lee piloted Turtle in an attack on HMS  Eagle in New York Harbor . Turtle also has the distinction of being the first submarine used in battle. Bushnell later described

2880-575: The loss of her son. Susan, meanwhile, dreams of going to Hull in England to visit Herbert's parents. She hopes to be pregnant with his child so he would have a legacy. The book was first adapted into a feature film in 1972 with the story continued by a direct sequel in 1979, both produced by Irwin Allen . A remake was released as a television special in 2005 and another remake as a feature film in 2006. Propeller A propeller (colloquially often called

2944-407: The nineteenth century, several theories concerning propellers were proposed. The momentum theory or disk actuator theory – a theory describing a mathematical model of an ideal propeller – was developed by W.J.M. Rankine (1865), A.G. Greenhill (1888) and R.E. Froude (1889). The propeller is modelled as an infinitely thin disc, inducing a constant velocity along the axis of rotation and creating

3008-405: The others have left. Once outside, the survivors see another, much larger group of survivors being removed from the bow of the ship. Most are still in their dinner clothes, in contrast to Scott's group, who are mostly in underclothing and streaked with oil. En route to the rescue ships in lifeboats, they see Tony and Pamela, who have survived after all. Sailors from a small German tramper try to put

3072-630: The problem. Smith was first to take out a screw propeller patent on 31 May, while Ericsson, a gifted Swedish engineer then working in Britain, filed his patent six weeks later. Smith quickly built a small model boat to test his invention, which was demonstrated first on a pond at his Hendon farm, and later at the Royal Adelaide Gallery of Practical Science in London , where it was seen by the Secretary of

3136-447: The propeller an overall cup-shaped appearance. This design preserves thrust efficiency while reducing cavitation, and thus makes for a quiet, stealthy design. A small number of ships use propellers with winglets similar to those on some airplane wings, reducing tip vortices and improving efficiency. A modular propeller provides more control over the boat's performance. There is no need to change an entire propeller when there

3200-486: The propeller in an October 1787 letter to Thomas Jefferson : "An oar formed upon the principle of the screw was fixed in the forepart of the vessel its axis entered the vessel and being turned one way rowed the vessel forward but being turned the other way rowed it backward. It was made to be turned by the hand or foot." The brass propeller, like all the brass and moving parts on Turtle , was crafted by Issac Doolittle of New Haven. In 1785, Joseph Bramah of England proposed

3264-406: The propeller. It can occur in many ways on a propeller. The two most common types of propeller cavitation are suction side surface cavitation and tip vortex cavitation. Suction side surface cavitation forms when the propeller is operating at high rotational speeds or under heavy load (high blade lift coefficient ). The pressure on the upstream surface of the blade (the "suction side") can drop below

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3328-403: The risk of collision with heavy objects, the propeller often includes a device that is designed to fail when overloaded; the device or the whole propeller is sacrificed so that the more expensive transmission and engine are not damaged. Typically in smaller (less than 10 hp or 7.5 kW) and older engines, a narrow shear pin through the drive shaft and propeller hub transmits the power of

3392-404: The rubber insert. Once the propeller is removed, the splined tube can be cut away with a grinder and a new spline bushing is then required. To prevent a recurrence of the problem, the splines can be coated with anti-seize anti-corrosion compound. In some modern propellers, a hard polymer insert called a drive sleeve replaces the rubber bushing. The splined or other non-circular cross section of

3456-491: The screw principle to drive his theoretical helicopter, sketches of which involved a large canvas screw overhead. In 1661, Toogood and Hays proposed using screws for waterjet propulsion, though not as a propeller. Robert Hooke in 1681 designed a horizontal watermill which was remarkably similar to the Kirsten-Boeing vertical axis propeller designed almost two and a half centuries later in 1928; two years later Hooke modified

3520-518: The screw-driven Rattler pulling the paddle steamer Alecto backward at 2.5 knots (4.6 km/h). The Archimedes also influenced the design of Isambard Kingdom Brunel 's SS  Great Britain in 1843, then the world's largest ship and the first screw-propelled steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean in August 1845. HMS  Terror and HMS  Erebus were both heavily modified to become

3584-599: The sleeve inserted between the shaft and propeller hub transmits the engine torque to the propeller, rather than friction. The polymer is weaker than the components of the propeller and engine so it fails before they do when the propeller is overloaded. This fails completely under excessive load, but can easily be replaced. Whereas the propeller on a large ship will be immersed in deep water and free of obstacles and flotsam , yachts , barges and river boats often suffer propeller fouling by debris such as weed, ropes, cables, nets and plastics. British narrowboats invariably have

3648-502: The title The Poseidon Adventure . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Poseidon_Adventure&oldid=1214134750 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages The Poseidon Adventure (novel) Formerly

3712-525: The transport ship Doncaster at Gibraltar and Malta, achieving a speed of 1.5 mph (2.4 km/h). In 1802, American lawyer and inventor John Stevens built a 25-foot (7.6 m) boat with a rotary steam engine coupled to a four-bladed propeller. The craft achieved a speed of 4 mph (6.4 km/h), but Stevens abandoned propellers due to the inherent danger in using the high-pressure steam engines. His subsequent vessels were paddle-wheeled boats. By 1827, Czech inventor Josef Ressel had invented

3776-452: The transverse projection of a blade and the developed outline of the blade. The blades are the foil section plates that develop thrust when the propeller is rotated The hub is the central part of the propeller, which connects the blades together and fixes the propeller to the shaft. This is called the boss in the UK. Rake is the angle of the blade to a radius perpendicular to the shaft. Skew

3840-480: The void caused by the quake displacing millions of gallons of seawater. Stuck within the upper deck dining room, preacher Reverend Frank "Buzz" Scott suggests his fellow survivors to move to the keel of the ship, where maybe they will have more chances of being rescued. Those who refuse to follow him stay behind. The rest climb a Christmas tree with Scott to ascend into the galley area where they meet stewards and kitchen crew. The group debates whether to try to reach

3904-477: Was an improvement over paddlewheels as it wasn't affected by ship motions or draft changes. John Patch , a mariner in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia developed a two-bladed, fan-shaped propeller in 1832 and publicly demonstrated it in 1833, propelling a row boat across Yarmouth Harbour and a small coastal schooner at Saint John, New Brunswick , but his patent application in the United States was rejected until 1849 because he

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3968-492: Was built in 1838 by Henry Wimshurst of London, as the world's first steamship to be driven by a screw propeller . The Archimedes had considerable influence on ship development, encouraging the adoption of screw propulsion by the Royal Navy , in addition to her influence on commercial vessels. Trials with Smith's Archimedes led to a tug-of-war competition in 1845 between HMS  Rattler and HMS  Alecto with

4032-440: Was damaged during a voyage in February 1837, and to Smith's surprise the broken propeller, which now consisted of only a single turn, doubled the boat's previous speed, from about four miles an hour to eight. Smith would subsequently file a revised patent in keeping with this accidental discovery. In the meantime, Ericsson built a 45-foot (14 m) screw-propelled steamboat, Francis B. Ogden in 1837, and demonstrated his boat on

4096-441: Was not an American citizen. His efficient design drew praise in American scientific circles but by then he faced multiple competitors. Despite experimentation with screw propulsion before the 1830s, few of these inventions were pursued to the testing stage, and those that were proved unsatisfactory for one reason or another. In 1835, two inventors in Britain, John Ericsson and Francis Pettit Smith , began working separately on

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