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107-528: Tom Ripley is a wealthy American living in Hamburg , Germany. He is involved in an artwork forgery scheme, in which he drives up auction prices of supposedly newly-found—but really newly-produced—paintings by an artist who has faked his own death. At an auction he is introduced to Jonathan Zimmermann, a picture framer who is dying of leukemia . Zimmermann refuses to shake Ripley's hand when introduced, coldly saying, "I've heard of you,” before walking away. Raoul Minot,

214-471: A garrote . This gangster gets the jump on Zimmermann, but Ripley appears out of the shadows and overpowers the man. Zimmermann and Ripley jointly execute the target and his bodyguard and throw the bodies from the train. Back in Hamburg, Ripley confesses to suggesting Zimmermann to Minot. When Zimmermann offers him the money for the second hit, he declines and asks Zimmermann not to divulge his involvement. Leading

321-530: A sovereign state with the official title of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg . Hamburg was briefly annexed by Napoleon I to the First French Empire (1804–1814/1815). Russian forces under General Bennigsen finally freed the city in 1814. Hamburg re-assumed its pre-1811 status as a city-state in 1814. The Vienna Congress of 1815 confirmed Hamburg's independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of

428-459: A "disastrous final half hour." In A Girl and a Gun: The Complete Guide to Film Noir , David N. Meyer says of the film: "Though the plot may not make a whole lot of sense the first time around—and the thick European accents of a couple of the major actors doesn't help— The American Friend is worth the effort. Few movies from any era or genre offer such rich characters, realistic human relationships, gripping action sequences, or sly humor." In Out of

535-413: A French criminal, asks Ripley to murder an American gangster. Ripley declines, but, to get even for Zimmermann's slight, suggests Minot use Zimmermann for the job. Ripley spreads rumors that Zimmermann's illness has suddenly worsened, and Minot offers Zimmermann a great deal of money to kill the gangster. Zimmermann initially turns Minot down, but fearing that he might not have long to live, he joins Minot on

642-565: A businessman in La Vie de Bohème (1992) by Aki Kaurismäki . His last work in film was as an actor in The End of Violence (1997). A photo of Fuller also appears on one of the mirrors of a stripper in his Shock Corridor . Fuller's work has been described as primitive by Luc Moullet and by the influential American critics Manny Farber and Andrew Sarris . Grant Tracey has used the term "narrative tabloid" to refer to Fuller's style of filmmaking. This

749-567: A district in Hamburg called the Portugiesenviertel  [ de ] (Portuguese quarter) where many Portuguese people settled and which has a variety of Portuguese restaurants, cafes and shops that attract many tourists. There are several statues, squares and streets in Hamburg that are named after Portuguese historical figures. These include the Vasco da Gama statue on the Kornhaus bridge, which

856-535: A double life causes tension in Zimmermann's marriage, as Marianne does not believe his cover stories of traveling and getting paid for experimental treatments. Marianne eventually leaves with Daniel, causing him to collapse. Minot arrives to find out if Zimmermann knows why his flat was recently bombed. When Zimmermann mentions that "we" killed the man on the train, he suspects Ripley has turned on him. Zimmermann calls Ripley, who takes Zimmermann to his mansion to wait for

963-548: A figure of about 143,200 Muslim migrants in Hamburg, making up 8.4% percent of the population. As of 2021 , there were more than 50 mosques in the city, including the Ahmadiyya run Fazle Omar Mosque , which is the oldest in the city, and which hosts the Islamic Centre Hamburg . A Jewish community also exists. As of 2022, around 2,500 Jews live in Hamburg. The city of Hamburg is one of 16 German states , therefore

1070-906: A film director in Dennis Hopper 's ill-fated The Last Movie (1971); an Army colonel in Steven Spielberg 's 1941 (1979); a war correspondent in his film The Big Red One (scene deleted in the original release, restored in the reconstructed version), a talent agent in his film White Dog (1981), and a cameraman in Wim Wenders ' The State of Things (1982). He portrays an American gangster in two films set in Germany: The American Friend by Wenders and Helsinki Napoli All Night Long by Mika Kaurismäki . He also appeared in Larry Cohen 's A Return to Salem's Lot (1987), and played

1177-544: A major force. The first film about the Korean War , made just six months into that conflict, he wrote it based largely on his own World War II experiences and tales coming out of Korea. The film was attacked by reporter Victor Riesel for being "pro-Communist" and "anti-American." Critic Westford Pedravy alleged Fuller was secretly financed by "the Reds." Fuller had a major argument with the U.S. Army, which provided stock footage for

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1284-614: A marsh between the River Alster and the River Elbe as a defence against Slavic incursion, and acquired the name Hammaburg , burg meaning castle or fort. The origin of the Hamma term remains uncertain, but its location is estimated to be at the site of today's Domplatz . In 834 CE, Hamburg was designated as the seat of a bishopric . The first bishop, Ansgar , became known as the Apostle of

1391-524: A new influx from the migrant crisis. There is an area in Hamburg behind the central station where many Afghan restaurants and shops are located. Many carpet businesses in Speicherstadt are operated by Afghan traders, with Hamburg still a global leader in the trade of oriental rugs. Hamburg residents with a foreign citizenship as of 31 December 2016 is as follows: As elsewhere in Germany, Standard German

1498-442: A platoon of soldiers and their harrowing experiences during World War II. The film won critical praise, but failed at the box office. "Shelve the film without letting anyone see it? I was dumbfounded. It's difficult to express the hurt of having a finished film locked away in a vault, never to be screened for an audience. It's like someone putting your newborn baby in a goddamned maximum-security prison forever ... Moving to France for

1605-620: A preface by Martin Scorsese ) appeared in 1986. Fuller made a cameo appearance in Jean-Luc Godard 's Pierrot le Fou (1965), where he famously intones: "Film is like a battleground ... Love, hate, action, violence, death. In one word, emotion!" He also made a cameo appearance at an outdoor cafe in Luc Moullet 's Brigitte et Brigitte (1966) along with French New Wave directors Claude Chabrol , Eric Rohmer , and André Téchiné . He plays

1712-526: A prostitute attempting to change her life by working in a pediatric ward. Both films were released by Allied Artists . Between 1967 and 1980, Fuller directed only one film, the Mexican-produced Shark! (1969). Fuller unsuccessfully asked the Directors Guild to remove his name from the credits of Shark . He returned in 1980 with the epic The Big Red One , the semiautobiographical story of

1819-562: A reporter could get a thousand dollars an hour the way a director does, I'd be in it today". During World War II Fuller joined the United States Army . He was assigned as an infantryman to the 16th Infantry Regiment , 1st Infantry Division , and saw heavy fighting. He was involved in landings in Africa , Sicily , and Normandy , and also saw action in Belgium and Czechoslovakia. In 1945, he

1926-594: A second layer to the fortifications to protect against the Thirty Years' War in the seventeenth century, he extended Hamburg and created a "New Town" ( Neustadt ) whose street names still date from the grid system of roads he introduced. From the autumn of 1696 to the spring of 1697 the Company of Scotland trading to Africa and the Indies was active in Hamburg. While it was unsuccessful in raising capital locally, it commissioned

2033-608: A semidemocratic constitution that provided for the election of the Senate, the governing body of the city-state, by adult taxpaying males. Other innovations included the separation of powers, the separation of Church and State, freedom of the press, of assembly and association. Hamburg became a member of the North German Confederation (1866–1871) and of the German Empire (1871–1918), and maintained its self-ruling status during

2140-516: A small apartment at 61 rue de Reuilly in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, but after he suffered a stroke in 1994, they returned to the States the following year. They resided in Los Angeles, where Fuller lived until he died at home of natural causes. In November 1997, the Directors Guild held a three-hour memorial in his honor, hosted by Curtis Hanson , his longtime friend and co-writer on White Dog. He

2247-422: A staunch integrationist and for his regularly giving Black actors nonstereotypical roles, Fuller was furious, finding the studio's actions insulting. He reportedly had both representatives banned from the set afterwards, though he did integrate some of the suggested changes into the film. After the film's completion, Paramount refused to release it, declaring it did not have enough earnings potential to go against

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2354-436: A stray that was programmed to viciously attack any black person. He readily agreed to work on the film, having focused much of his career on racial issues. Already familiar with the novel and with the concept of "white dogs," he was tasked with "reconceptualizing" the film to have the conflict depicted in the book occur within the dog rather than the people. He used the film as a platform to deliver an anti-racist message through

2461-416: A trip to France to get a second medical opinion. Minot has the results falsified to make Zimmermann expect the worst, and Zimmermann agrees to shoot the gangster in a Paris Métro station to provide for his wife Marianne and his son Daniel. Ripley visits Zimmermann in his shop before and after the shooting, ostensibly to get a picture framed. Zimmermann is unaware of Ripley's involvement in the murder plot, and

2568-710: A very high quality of living, being ranked 19th in the 2019 Mercer Quality of Living Survey. Hamburg hosts specialists in world economics and international law, including consular and diplomatic missions such as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea , the EU-LAC Foundation , and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning , multipartite international political conferences and summits such as Europe and China and

2675-484: A visit in Paris. And she had much better feelings about it now. ... And she was full of praise for Dennis Hopper, too, whom she had flat-out rejected the first time. She now wrote that my film had captured the essence of that Ripley character better than any other films. You can guess how relieved I was!" In an interview in 1988, Highsmith praised the film's "stylishness" and said the scenes on the train were "terrific." The film

2782-457: A while would alleviate some of the pain and doubt that I had to live with because of White Dog."  — White Dog: Sam Fuller Unmuzzled , Samuel Fuller, as quoted by J. Hoberman, Criterion Collection In 1981, he was selected to direct the film White Dog , based on a novel by Romain Gary . The controversial film depicts the struggle of a black dog trainer trying to de-program a "white dog,"

2889-575: Is a pickpocket who lives on a floating shack in the East River . Shock Corridor concerns the patients of a mental hospital . Underworld U.S.A. (1961) focuses on an orphaned victim of mobsters. The lead female characters of Pickup on South Street , China Gate , and The Naked Kiss are prostitutes or gun molls. These characters sometimes find retribution for the injustices against them. White Dog and The Crimson Kimono (1959) have definite antiracist elements. The Steel Helmet , set during

2996-477: Is a variant of Low Saxon . The official name reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League and a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire . Before the 1871 unification of Germany , it was a fully sovereign city state , and before 1919 formed a civic republic headed constitutionally by a class of hereditary Grand Burghers or Hanseaten . Beset by disasters such as

3103-695: Is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula , between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille . The city centre is around the Binnenalster ("Inner Alster") and Außenalster ("Outer Alster"), both formed by damming

3210-686: Is in the greater Ohlsdorf Cemetery in the north of Hamburg. At least 42,900 people are thought to have perished in the Neuengamme concentration camp (about 25 km (16 mi) outside the city in the marshlands), mostly from epidemics and in the destruction of Kriegsmarine vessels housing evacuees at the end of the war. Systematic deportations of Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent started on 18 October 1941. These were all directed to ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe or to concentration camps . Most deported persons perished in

3317-470: Is spoken in Hamburg, but as typical for northern Germany, the original language of Hamburg is Low German , usually referred to as Hamborger Platt (German Hamburger Platt ) or Hamborgsch . Since large-scale standardisation of the German language beginning in earnest in the 18th century, various Low German-coloured dialects have developed (contact-varieties of German on Low Saxon substrates). Originally, there

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3424-479: Is the subject of a 1994 documentary by Mika Kaurismäki . Tigrero: A Film That Was Never Made featured Fuller and Jim Jarmusch visiting the proposed Amazon locations of the film. Film Fuller shot on location at the time was featured in his Shock Corridor . Fuller's favorite film was Park Row , a story of American journalism. Zanuck had wanted to adapt it into a musical, but Fuller refused. Instead, he started his own production company with his profits to make

3531-516: The Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg , is the second-largest city in Germany after Berlin and 6th-largest in the European Union with a population of over 1.9 million. The Hamburg Metropolitan Region has a population of over 5.1 million and is the eighth-largest metropolitan region by GDP in the European Union. At the southern tip of the Jutland Peninsula , Hamburg stands on

3638-510: The G20 . Former German chancellors Helmut Schmidt and Angela Merkel were both born in Hamburg. The former Mayor of Hamburg , Olaf Scholz , has been the current German chancellor since December 2021. Hamburg is a major international and domestic tourist destination . The Speicherstadt and Kontorhausviertel were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 2015. Hamburg's rivers and canals are crossed by around 2,500 bridges, making it

3745-513: The German Confederation (1815–1866). In 1842, about a quarter of the inner city was destroyed in the " Great Fire ". The fire started on the night of 4 May and was not extinguished until 8 May. It destroyed three churches, the town hall, and many other buildings, killing 51 people and leaving an estimated 20,000 homeless. Reconstruction took more than 40 years. After periodic political unrest, particularly in 1848 , Hamburg adopted in 1860

3852-476: The Great Fire of Hamburg , North Sea flood of 1962 and military conflicts including World War II bombing raids , the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe. Major regional broadcaster NDR , the printing and publishing firm Gruner + Jahr and the newspapers Der Spiegel and Die Zeit are based in the city. Hamburg is the seat of Germany's oldest stock exchange and

3959-530: The Hasselbrack at 116.2 metres (381 ft) AMSL . Hamburg borders the states of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony . Hamburg has an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ; Trewartha : Dobk ), influenced by its proximity to the coast and maritime influences that originate over the Atlantic Ocean. The location in the north of Germany provides extremes greater than typical marine climates, but definitely in

4066-511: The Mayor of Hamburg 's office corresponds more to the role of a minister-president than to that of a city mayor. As a German state government , it is responsible for public education, correctional institutions and public safety; as a municipality, it is additionally responsible for libraries, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services. Since 1897, the seat of the government has been Hamburg City Hall (Hamburg Rathaus), with

4173-465: The RAF , killed at least 42,600 civilians; the precise number is not known. About one million civilians were evacuated in the aftermath of the raids. While some of the boroughs destroyed were rebuilt as residential districts after the war, others such as Hammerbrook were entirely developed into office, retail and limited residential or industrial districts. The Hamburg Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery

4280-581: The Weimar Republic (1919–1933). Hamburg acceded to the German Customs Union or Zollverein in 1888, the last (along with Bremen) of the German states to join. The city experienced its fastest growth during the second half of the 19th century when its population more than quadrupled to 800,000 as the growth of the city's Atlantic trade helped make it Europe's second-largest port. The Hamburg-America Line , with Albert Ballin as its director, became

4387-540: The sea shanty Hamborger Veermaster , written in the 19th century when Low German was used more frequently. Many toponyms and street names reflect Low Saxon vocabulary, partially even in Low Saxon spelling, which is not standardised, and to some part in forms adapted to Standard German. 65.2% of the population is not religious or adherent other religions than the Evangelical Church or Catholicism. In 2018, 24.9% of

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4494-545: The world's oldest merchant bank , Berenberg Bank . Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals Airbus , Blohm + Voss , Aurubis , Beiersdorf , Lufthansa and Unilever . Hamburg is also a major European science, research, and education hub , with several universities and institutions, including the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Laboratory DESY . The city enjoys

4601-504: The 1950s include House of Bamboo , Forty Guns , and China Gate , which led to protests from the French government and a friendship with writer Romain Gary . After leaving Fox, Fuller started his Globe Productions that made Run of the Arrow , Verboten! , and The Crimson Kimono , and produced, wrote, and directed a television pilot about World War II soldiers to be titled Dogface , which

4708-572: The 1996 Adam Simon-directed documentary The Typewriter, the Rifle & the Movie Camera , Quentin Tarantino and Jim Jarmusch credited Fuller as influential upon their works. Most recently, his wife Christa Lang produced a documentary directed by their daughter Samantha about him. A Fuller Life uses footage he captured himself with celebrities such as James Franco reading from his autobiography. In

4815-760: The Dragon , in 1990, and he wrote his last screenplay, Girls in Prison , in 1994. With his wife, Christa Lang , and Jerry Rudes, Fuller wrote an autobiography A Third Face (published in 2002). This was the culmination of a long career as an author. Among his books are the novels “Burn, Baby, burn” 1935 Test Tube Baby (1936), Make Up and Kiss (1938) and The Dark Page (1944); novelizations of his films The Naked Kiss (1964) and The Big Red One (1980; reissued 2005); and 144 Piccadilly (1971), and Quint's World (1988). A book-length interview of Fuller by Jean Narboni and Noel Simsolo, Il etait une fois ... Samuel Fuller (with

4922-413: The Hamburg region ( Hamburg Metropolitan Region ) is home to 5,107,429 living on 196/km (510/sq mi). There were 915,319 women and 945,440 men in Hamburg. For every 1,000 females, there were 1,033 males. In 2015, there were 19,768 births in Hamburg (of which 38.3% were to unmarried women); 6422 marriages and 3190 divorces, and 17,565 deaths. In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.1% under

5029-480: The Hollywood NAACP chapter, felt the film was inflammatory and should never have been made. The two men provided a write-up of their views for the studio executives, which were passed to producer Jon Davison along with warnings that the studio was afraid the film would be boycotted. Fuller was not told of these discussions, nor given the notes until two weeks before filming was slated to conclude. Known for being

5136-749: The Holocaust . By the end of 1942, the Jüdischer Religionsverband in Hamburg was dissolved as an independent legal entity and its remaining assets and staff were assumed by the Reich Association of Jews in Germany (District Northwest). On 10 June 1943, the Reich Security Main Office dissolved the association by a decree. The few remaining employees not somewhat protected by a mixed marriage were deported from Hamburg on 23 June to Theresienstadt , where most of them perished. The city

5243-659: The Korean War, features a racially mixed cast and contains dialogue about the internment of Japanese-Americans and the segregation of the American military in World War II. A number of Fuller's films, including The Naked Kiss , The Baron of Arizona , Shockproof , House of Bamboo , Forty Guns , and The Big Red One , feature a leading character with the same name, Griff. In the early 1990s, Samuel Fuller, along with his wife, Christa, and their daughter Samantha, settled into

5350-559: The North. Two years later, Hamburg was united with Bremen as the Bishopric of Hamburg-Bremen . Hamburg was destroyed and occupied several times. In 845, 600 Viking ships sailed up the River Elbe and destroyed Hamburg, at that time a town of around 500 inhabitants. In 1030, King Mieszko II Lambert of Poland burned down the city. Valdemar II of Denmark raided and occupied Hamburg in 1201 and in 1214. The Black Death killed at least 60% of

5457-634: The Past: Adventures in Film Noir , Barry Gifford writes: "Of all the 'homage' films made since the 1940s and '50s meant to evoke noir , The American Friend succeeds more than most because of the spaces, the sputters, and sudden shifts of energy that allow the characters to achieve veracity." Highsmith initially disliked the film, but later changed her mind. Joan Schenkar's biography of the author, The Talented Miss Highsmith: The Secret Life and Serious Art of Patricia Highsmith , quotes Wenders as saying: "I

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5564-536: The Patricia Highsmith source novel." Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four, writing: "[Wenders] challenges us to admit that we watch (and read) thrillers as much for atmosphere as for plot. And then he gives us so much atmosphere we're almost swimming in it." David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews had a more mixed reaction, calling the film "occasionally thrilling" and praising "Ganz's subtle, thoroughly compelling performance", but criticizing what he called

5671-683: The River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk , Scharhörn , and Nigehörn , 100 kilometres (60 mi) away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park , are also part of the city of Hamburg. The neighbourhoods of Neuenfelde , Cranz , Francop and Finkenwerder are part of the Altes Land (old land) region, the largest contiguous fruit-producing region in Central Europe. Neugraben-Fischbek has Hamburg's highest elevation,

5778-502: The Western I Shot Jesse James (1949). He would continue to direct several other Westerns and war thrillers throughout the 1950s. Fuller shifted from Westerns and war movies in the 1960s with his low-budget thriller Shock Corridor in 1963, followed by the neo-noir The Naked Kiss (1964). He was inactive in filmmaking for most of the 1970s, before writing and directing the semi-autobiographical war epic The Big Red One (1980), and

5885-546: The age of 12, he began working as a newspaper copyboy. He became a crime reporter in New York City at age 17, working for the New York Evening Graphic . He broke the story of actress Jeanne Eagels ' death. He wrote pulp novels, including The Dark Page (1944; reissued in 2007 with an introduction by Wim Wenders ), which was later adapted into the 1952 movie Scandal Sheet . Late in life he said, "If only

5992-481: The age of 18, and 18.3% were 65 years of age or older. 356 people in Hamburg were over the age of 100. According to the Statistical Office for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein , the number of people with a migrant background is at 34% (631,246). Immigrants come from 200 countries. 5,891 people have acquired German cititzenship in 2016. In 2016, there were 1,021,666 households, of which 17.8% had children under

6099-403: The age of 18; 54.4% of all households were made up of singles. 25.6% of all households were single parent households. The average household size was 1.8. Hamburg has the largest Portuguese community in Germany with about 30,000 people with Portuguese heritage . Many Portuguese sailors and merchants came to Hamburg beginning in the 15th century due to its port . Since the 1970s, there has been

6206-559: The assassins that he expects will soon appear. He and Zimmermann ambush and kill the American gangsters that arrive. Minot, who has been captured and beaten by the Americans, escapes in the chaos. Ripley piles the bodies into the ambulance the gangsters brought, but before he and Zimmermann can leave to dispose of them, Marianne arrives and tells Zimmermann that the French medical reports are fake. Ripley says there will be plenty of time to settle everything later, but he and Zimmermann could use her help with their current situation. The trio head to

6313-528: The boroughs and quarters have been rearranged several times. Each borough is governed by a Borough Council (German: Bezirksversammlung ) and administered by a Municipal Administrator (German: Bezirksamtsleiter ). The boroughs are not independent municipalities: their power is limited and subordinate to the Senate of Hamburg . The borough administrator is elected by the Borough Council and thereafter requires confirmation and appointment by Hamburg's Senate. The quarters have no governing bodies of their own. Since

6420-430: The branching River Elbe at the head of a 110 km (68 mi) estuary to the North Sea , on the mouth of the Alster and Bille . Hamburg is one of Germany's three city-states alongside Berlin and Bremen , and is surrounded by Schleswig-Holstein to the north and Lower Saxony to the south. The Port of Hamburg is Germany's largest and Europe's third-largest , after Rotterdam and Antwerp . The local dialect

6527-711: The category due to the prevailing westerlies. Nearby wetlands enjoy a maritime temperate climate. The amount of snowfall has varied greatly in recent decades. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, heavy snowfall sometimes occurred, the winters of recent years have been less cold, with snowfall just a few days per year. The warmest months are June, July, and August, with high temperatures of 20.1 to 22.5 °C (68.2 to 72.5 °F). The coldest are December, January, and February, with low temperatures of −0.3 to 1.0 °C (31.5 to 33.8 °F). The annual extreme temperatures range from −29.1 °C (−20.4 °F) on 13 February 1940, to 40.1 °C (104.2 °F) on 20 July 2022 , and

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6634-439: The city and the harbour. On 23 July 1943, the Royal Air Force and United States Army Air Force firebombing created a firestorm which spread from the Hauptbahnhof (main railway station) and quickly moved south-east, completely destroying entire boroughs such as Hammerbrook , Billbrook and Hamm South . Thousands of people perished in these densely populated working class boroughs. The raids, codenamed Operation Gomorrah by

6741-403: The city from most of its hinterland and reduced Hamburg's global trade. Since German reunification in 1990, and the accession of several Central European and Baltic countries into the European Union in 2004, the Port of Hamburg has restarted ambitions for regaining its position as the region's largest deep-sea port for container shipping and its major commercial and trading centre. Hamburg

6848-455: The city with the highest number of bridges in Europe, and with 5 of the world's 29 tallest churches standing in Hamburg , it is also the city with the highest number of churches surpassing 100 metres (330 ft) worldwide. Aside from its rich architectural heritage, the city is also home to notable cultural venues such as the Elbphilharmonie and Laeiszhalle concert halls. It gave birth to movements like Hamburger Schule and paved

6955-443: The coalition broke apart on 28 November 2010. On 7 March 2011 Olaf Scholz ( SPD ) became mayor. After the 2015 election the SPD and the Alliance 90/The Greens formed a coalition. Hamburg is made up of seven boroughs (German: Bezirke ) and subdivided into 104 quarters (German: Stadtteile ). There are 181 localities (German: Ortsteile ). The urban organisation is regulated by the Constitution of Hamburg and several laws. Most of

7062-417: The construction of four vessels in the port. The Caledonia , a ship of 600 tons with 56 guns, and the Instuaration (later renamed the St. Andrew ), a vessel of 350 tons, were launched in March 1697. Upon the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Free Imperial City of Hamburg was not incorporated into a larger administrative area while retaining special privileges ( mediatised ), but became

7169-411: The drama White Dog (1982), whose screenplay he co-wrote with Curtis Hanson . Several of his films would prove influential to French New Wave filmmakers, notably Jean-Luc Godard , who gave him a cameo appearance in Pierrot le Fou (1965). Samuel Michael Fuller was born in Worcester, Massachusetts , of Jewish parents, Rebecca (née Baum) and Benjamin Fuller. His father died in 1923 when Samuel

7276-411: The film on his own. Park Row was a labor of love, and served as a tribute to the journalists he knew as a newsboy. His flourishes of style on a very low budget led critics such as Bill Krohn to compare the film to Citizen Kane . Fuller followed this with Pickup on South Street (1953), a film noir starring Richard Widmark , which became one of his best-known films. Other films Fuller directed in

7383-439: The film's examination of the question of whether racism is a treatable problem or an incurable disease. During filming, Paramount Pictures grew increasingly concerned the film would offend African-American viewers, and brought in two consultants to review the work and offer their approval on the way Black characters were depicted. One felt the film had no racist connotations, while the other, Willis Edwards, vice president of

7490-415: The film. When army officials objected to Fuller's American characters executing a prisoner of war , Fuller replied he had seen it done during his own military service. A compromise was reached when the lieutenant threatens the sergeant with a court martial . The film marked the first collaboration between Fuller and actor Gene Evans . The studio wanted a more prominent star such as John Wayne , but Fuller

7597-419: The first constitution of Hamburg . In 1356, the Matthiae-Mahl feast dinner for Hanseatic League cities was celebrated for the first time on 25 February, the first day of spring in medieval times. It continues today as the world's oldest ceremonial meal. In 1529, the city embraced Lutheranism , and it received Reformed refugees from the Netherlands and France. When Jan van Valckenborgh introduced

7704-412: The first being another Korean War film, Fixed Bayonets! , to head off other studio competition copying The Steel Helmet . The U.S. Army assigned Medal of Honor recipient Raymond Harvey as Fuller's technical advisor ; the two struck up a long friendship during filming, and Harvey later returned to advise him on Verboten! . The proposed seventh film, Tigrero , based on a book by Sasha Siemel ,

7811-459: The historical origin of Hamburg. Samuel Fuller Samuel Michael " Sam " Fuller (August 12, 1912 – October 30, 1997) was an American film director, screenwriter, novelist, journalist, actor, and World War II veteran known for directing low-budget genre movies with controversial themes, often made outside the conventional studio system. Fuller wrote his first screenplay for Hats Off in 1936, and made his directorial debut with

7918-583: The latest territorial reform of March 2008, the boroughs are Hamburg-Mitte , Altona , Eimsbüttel , Hamburg-Nord , Wandsbek , Bergedorf , and Harburg . Hamburg-Mitte ("Hamburg Centre") covers mostly the urban centre of the city and consists of the quarters Billbrook , Billstedt , Borgfelde , Finkenwerder , HafenCity , Hamm , Hammerbrook , Horn , Kleiner Grasbrook , Neuwerk , Rothenburgsort , St. Georg , St. Pauli , Steinwerder , Veddel , Waltershof , and Wilhelmsburg . The quarters Hamburg-Altstadt ("old town") and Neustadt ("new town") are

8025-453: The latter was measured at Hamburg-Neuwiedenthal Meteorological Station, on the same day, a high temperature record of 39.1 °C (102.4 °F) was recorded at Hamburg Airport . View climate chart 1986–2016 or 1960–1990 On 31 December 2016, there were 1,860,759 people registered as living in Hamburg in an area of 755.3 km (291.6 sq mi). The population density was 2,464/km (6,380/sq mi). The metropolitan area of

8132-509: The main trade routes of the North Sea and Baltic Sea , quickly made it a major port in Northern Europe. Its trade alliance with Lübeck in 1241 marks the origin and core of the powerful Hanseatic League of trading cities. On 8 November 1266, a contract between Henry III and Hamburg's traders allowed them to establish a hanse in London. This was the first time in history that the word hanse

8239-592: The mid-1980s, Fuller was the first international director guest at the Midnight Sun Film Festival . The festival's hometown, Sodankylä , Finland, named a street "Samuel Fullerin katu" ("Samuel Fuller's street"). The moving image collection of Samuel Fuller is housed at the Academy Film Archive . The archive has preserved several of Samuel Fuller's films, including The Crimson Kimono , Underworld U.S.A. , and Pickup on South Street . Additionally,

8346-555: The office of the mayor, the meeting room for the Senate and the floor for the Hamburg Parliament . From 2001 until 2010, the mayor of Hamburg was Ole von Beust , who governed in Germany's first statewide "black-green" coalition, consisting of the conservative CDU Hamburg and the alternative GAL, which are Hamburg's regional wing of the Alliance 90/The Greens party. Von Beust was briefly succeeded by Christoph Ahlhaus in 2010, but

8453-406: The part. After casting Hopper, an experienced director, Wenders decided to cast all of the gangster roles with directors, including Gérard Blain , Samuel Fuller , Peter Lilienthal , and Daniel Schmid . Additionally, Nicholas Ray was cast as the artist, and Jean Eustache was cast as a friendly Frenchman. American popular music is heard or referenced at several points in the film. Ripley quotes

8560-1007: The population belonged to the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church , the largest religious body, and 9.9% to the Roman Catholic Church . Hamburg is seat of one of the three bishops of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany and seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg . According to the publication Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland (" Muslim life in Germany "), an estimated 141,900 Muslim migrants (from nearly 50 countries of origin) lived in Hamburg in 2008. About three years later (May 2011) calculations based on census data for 21 countries of origin resulted in

8667-563: The population in 1350. Hamburg experienced several great fires in the medieval period. In 1189, by imperial charter, Frederick I "Barbarossa" granted Hamburg the status of a Free Imperial City and tax-free access (or free-trade zone ) up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea. In 1265, an allegedly forged letter was presented to or by the Rath of Hamburg. This charter, along with Hamburg's proximity to

8774-433: The previous Ripley novel, Ripley Under Ground , in the film. Disliking the title Ripley's Game , Wenders shot the film under the title Framed . Another title considered was Rule Without Exception . Wenders credits Hopper's performance and onscreen relationship with Ganz with inspiring the title The American Friend . Initially, Wenders wanted to cast John Cassavetes as Ripley, but he declined, suggesting Hopper for

8881-515: The quarters were former independent cities, towns or villages annexed into Hamburg proper. The last large annexation was done through the Greater Hamburg Act of 1937, when the cities Altona , Harburg , and Wandsbek were merged into the state of Hamburg. The Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg established Hamburg as a state and a municipality. Some of

8988-531: The rank of corporal. Fuller used his wartime experiences as material in his films, especially in The Big Red One (1980), the nickname for the U.S. 1st Infantry Division . After the war, Fuller co-authored a regimental history of the 16th Infantry. Hats Off (1936) marked Fuller's first credit as a screenwriter. He wrote many screenplays throughout his career, such as Gangs of the Waterfront in 1945. He

9095-495: The sea, Ripley in the ambulance, and Marianne driving her exhausted husband in their car. On an isolated beach, Ripley douses the ambulance with gasoline and sets it on fire. Zimmermann gets in the driver's seat of his car and speeds away with Marianne, abandoning Ripley. Moments later, he dies at the wheel and the car goes out of control, but Marianne pulls the emergency brake and survives. At the beach, Ripley says to himself, "Oh well. We made it anyway, Jonathan. Be careful." Wenders

9202-630: The song " Ballad of Easy Rider " from Easy Rider (1969), a film Hopper directed and starred in, and Bob Dylan 's " One More Cup of Coffee " and " I Pity the Poor Immigrant ". Zimmermann plays or sings the songs "Too Much on My Mind" and "Nothin' in the World Can Stop Me Worryin' 'Bout That Girl", both by the Kinks , in his shop; Summer in the City (1970), Wenders's first full-length feature film,

9309-510: The threatened NAACP boycotts and possible bad publicity. After White Dog was shelved by Paramount Pictures, Fuller moved to France in 1982, and never directed another American film. He directed two theatrical French films, Les Voleurs de la nuit in 1984 and Street of No Return in 1989. Les Voleurs de la nuit was entered into the 34th Berlin International Film Festival . He directed his last film, The Madonna and

9416-420: The two begin to form a bond, after Zimmermann apologizes for being rude to Ripley when they first met. Minot visits Ripley to report his satisfaction with Zimmermann's performance. Ripley, who has grown to like Zimmermann, is appalled when Minot wants Zimmermann to kill another American gangster in order to trigger a gang war among his rivals. This time, however, he will be on an international express train, using

9523-624: The way for bands including the Beatles . Hamburg is also known for several theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Pauli 's Reeperbahn is among the best-known European red light districts. Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century AD) reported the first name for the vicinity as Treva . The name Hamburg comes from the first permanent building on the site, a castle which the Emperor Charlemagne ordered constructed in AD 808. It rose on rocky terrain in

9630-502: The world's largest transatlantic shipping company around the start of the 20th century. Shipping companies sailing to South America, Africa, India and East Asia were based in the city. Hamburg was the departure port for many Germans and Eastern Europeans to emigrate to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Trading communities from all over the world established themselves there. A major outbreak of cholera in 1892

9737-522: Was 11. After immigrating to the United States, the family's surname was changed from Rabinovitch to Fuller, a name possibly inspired by Samuel Fuller (Pilgrim) , a doctor who arrived in America on the Mayflower . In his autobiography, A Third Face (2002), he says that he did not speak until he was almost five. His first word was "Hammer!" After his father's death, the family moved to New York City, where at

9844-491: Was a fan of Patricia Highsmith and wanted to make a film based on one of her novels, especially The Cry of the Owl or The Tremor of Forgery . When he learned that the rights to these novels, and Highsmith's others, had been sold, he met with the author, and she offered him the unpublished manuscript of Ripley's Game , which was published in 1974. Although he did not have the rights to do so, Wenders also incorporated elements from

9951-408: Was a range of such Missingsch varieties, the best-known being the low-prestige ones of the working classes and the somewhat more bourgeois Hanseatendeutsch (Hanseatic German), although the term is used in appreciation. All of these are now moribund due to the influences of Standard German used by education and media. However, the former importance of Low German is indicated by several songs, such as

10058-417: Was adamant that Evans be used because he was impressed by his fellow veteran's authentic portrayal of a soldier. After the success of The Steel Helmet , Fuller was sought out by the major studios . All gave him advice on tax shelters , except for Darryl F. Zanuck of 20th Century-Fox , who replied, "We make better movies," the answer Fuller was seeking. Zanuck signed Fuller for a contract for seven films,

10165-542: Was badly handled by the city government, which retained an unusual degree of independence for a German city. About 8,600 died in the largest German epidemic of the late 19th century, and the last major cholera epidemic in a major city of the Western world. Hamburg was a Gau within the administrative division of Nazi Germany from 1934 until 1945. During the Second World War , the Allied bombing of Hamburg devastated much of

10272-443: Was dedicated to the Kinks. Also, Ripley tells Zimmermann that he is "bringing the Beatles back to Hamburg," and Zimmermann quotes the band's song " Drive My Car " later in the film. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , 88% of 25 critics' reviews of the film are positive, with an average score of 7.3/10; the site's "critics consensus: reads: " The American Friend is a slow burning existential thriller that does justice to

10379-494: Was entered into the 1977 Cannes Film Festival . It was selected as the West German entry for Best Foreign Language Film at the 50th Academy Awards , but was not chosen as one of the five final nominees. The film was also nominated for Best Foreign Language Film by the U.S. National Board of Review . The American Friend is the second big-screen adaptation of one of Highsmith's Ripley novels, after Purple Noon (1960). It

10486-494: Was followed by The Talented Mr. Ripley in 1999, Ripley's Game in 2002, and Ripley Under Ground in 2005. These films (all written and directed by different people) do not form an official series, and none were made with the intention of explicitly preceding or following the others. Hamburg Hamburg ( German: [ˈhambʊʁk] , locally also [ˈhambʊɪ̯ç] ; Low Saxon : Hamborg [ˈhambɔːç] ), officially

10593-511: Was not picked up. In 1961, Warner Bros. offered to finance The Big Red One in return for his making Merrill's Marauders . When Fuller had problems with Warner Bros.' editing of his film, the Big Red One fell through. Fuller's films throughout the 1950s and early 1960s generally were lower-budget genre movies exploring controversial subjects. Shock Corridor (1963) is set in a psychiatric hospital , while The Naked Kiss (1964) featured

10700-611: Was present at the liberation of a German concentration camp in Falkenau and shot 16-mm footage, known as V-E +1 , that was later integrated into the French documentary Falkenau: The Impossible (1988). In 2014, the footage was selected for the United States National Film Registry . For his military service, Fuller was awarded the Silver Star , Bronze Star , Purple Heart , and Combat Infantryman Badge . He reached

10807-470: Was really happy with the picture and couldn't wait to have Patricia see it. But then, to my great disappointment, she was quite disturbed by it, didn't conceal that either and didn't have anything good to say about it after the screening. I left utterly frustrated. Months later, I got a letter from her. She said she had seen the film a second time, this time in a public screening on the Champs-Élysées during

10914-625: Was suggested by Portuguese residents to bring visibility to the Portuguese community in Hamburg. Hamburg's Afghan community of about 50,000 people is the largest not only in Germany, but also in Europe. They first came to Hamburg in the 1970s before expanding during the Afghan conflict in the 1980s and 1990s where many Afghan migrants chose to live in Hamburg. After 2015 the Afghan population almost doubled due to

11021-645: Was surrendered to British Forces on 3 May 1945, in the Battle of Hamburg , three days after Adolf Hitler 's death. After the Second World War , Hamburg formed part of the British Zone of Occupation ; it became a state of West Germany in 1949. On 16 February 1962, a North Sea flood caused the Elbe to rise to an all-time high, inundating one-fifth of Hamburg and killing more than 300 people. The inner German border – only 50 kilometres (30 mi) east of Hamburg – separated

11128-578: Was survived by his wife and daughter. Although Fuller's films were not considered great cinema in their times, they gained critical respect in the late 1960s. Fuller welcomed the new-found esteem, appearing in films of other directors and associating himself with younger filmmakers. The French New Wave claimed Fuller as a major stylistic influence, especially Luc Moullet . His visual style and rhythm were seen as distinctly American, and praised for their energetic simplicity. Martin Scorsese praised Fuller's ability to capture action through camera movement. In

11235-406: Was the result of his often lower budgets, but also reflected Fuller's pulp-inspired writing. Fuller was known for using intense close-ups, off-centered framings, and shock editing in many of his films, which were often about men facing death in combat. These scenes were both violent and tragic. Fuller often featured marginalized characters in his films. The protagonist of Pickup on South Street

11342-512: Was unimpressed with Douglas Sirk 's direction of his Shockproof screenplay, and made the jump to writer/director after being asked to write three films by independent producer Robert Lippert . Fuller agreed to write them if he would be allowed to direct them, as well, with no extra fee. Lippert agreed. Fuller's first film under this arrangement was I Shot Jesse James (1949), followed by The Baron of Arizona with Vincent Price . Fuller's third film, The Steel Helmet , established him as

11449-520: Was used for the trading guild of the Hanseatic League . In 1270, the solicitor of the senate of Hamburg , Jordan von Boitzenburg , wrote the first description of civil, criminal and procedural law for a city in Germany in the German language, the Ordeelbook ( Ordeel : sentence). On 10 August 1410, civil unrest forced a compromise (German: Rezeß , literally meaning: withdrawal). This is considered

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