119-398: Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai (17 April 1912 – 10 April 1999), popularly known as Thakazhi after his place of birth, was an Indian novelist and short story writer of Malayalam literature . He wrote over 30 novels and novellas and over 600 short stories focusing on the lives of the oppressed classes. Known for his works such as Kayar (Coir, 1978) and Chemmeen (Prawns, 1956), Pillai
238-618: A " Classical Language in India " in 2013, Malayalam literature developed into the current form mainly by the influence of the poets Cherusseri Namboothiri , Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan , and Poonthanam Nambudiri , in the 15th and the 16th centuries of Common Era . Thunchathu Ezhuthachchan is also known as The father of modern Malayalam literature . Kunchan Nambiar , a poet of 18th century CE, also has contributed much to Malayalam literature in its early form. The Bharathappuzha river, also known as River Ponnani , and its tributaries, have played
357-588: A distinguished fellow of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi by then. In 1994, the Government of Kerala awarded him Ezhuthachan Puraskaram , their highest literary honour. In 1996 he was awarded an honorary doctorate (D.Litt) by Mahatma Gandhi University . India Post issued a commemorative postage stamp depicting his image in 2003, under the Jnanapith Award Winners series. Sahitya Akademi commissioned
476-419: A documentary film on the life of Pillai to be made and M. T. Vasudevan Nair made Thakazhi , a documentary film of 57 minutes length, which was released a year before Pillai's death in 1998. The Government of Kerala acquired Sankaramanagala, the ancestral home of Pillai, in 2000 and a museum, Thakazhi Memorial Museum was set up in 2001, honoring the writer's memory. Malayalam literature Malayalam ,
595-741: A doyen of Kathakali and Aripurathuveettil Parvathy Amma. After early tutoring by his father and Chakkampurathu Kittu Asan, a local teacher, Pillai had his primary education at a local school in Thakazhi and passed 7th standard examination from the English School in Ambalappuzha . Subsequently, he did his high school education, first at a high school in Vaikom and later at the NSS High school in Karuvatta , where he had
714-455: A fresh start in the history of longer fiction in Malayalam as in many other Indian languages, parallel to the evolution of post-world war fiction in other parts of the world. It was both a break and a continuation. P. Kesava Dev , who was a Communist in the thirties and forties turned away from diehard ideologies and wrote a symbolic novel called Arku Vendi? (For Whose Sake?) in 1950, challenging
833-462: A little background music and dance-like swinging movement to wean the people away from the Chakkiyar Koothu , which was the art form popular till then. He used pure Malayalam as opposed to the stylised and Sanskritised Malayalam language of Chakkiyar Koothu. He also adopted many elements from Padayani and Kolam Thullal and certain local folk arts. There are three kinds of Tullal distinguished on
952-479: A major role in the development of modern Malayalam Literature. There were also other important works, in Arabi Malayalam like Muhyadheen Mala , which was also produced in 16th-17th centuries of Common Era. The growth of Arabi Malayalam literature eventually lead to Mappila Songs . The words used in many of the Arabi Malayalam works those date back to 16th-17th centuries of Common Era are also very closer to
1071-492: A new kind of prose tale, which perhaps only Basheer could handle with dexterity. The fifties thus mark the evolution of a new kind of fiction, which had its impact on the short stories as well. This was the auspicious moment for the entry of M. T. Vasudevan Nair and T. Padmanabhan upon the scene. Front runners in the post-modern trend include Kakkanadan , O. V. Vijayan , E. Harikumar , M. Mukundan and Anand . The travelogues written by S. K. Pottekkatt were turning point in
1190-466: A performance. As if irritated by this imitation plays of low quality, P. Rama Kurup wrote Chakki Chankaram (1893). Kerala Varma's nephew A. R. Raja Raja Varma went a step further than his uncle in the promotion of a synthesis between the different trends current in the literature of his time. A professor in the His Highness Maharaja's University College, Thiruvananthapuram , he had to modernise
1309-461: A translation of Hana Catherine Mullens 's Bengali novel Fulmoni O Korunar Biboron by Rev. Joseph Peet, is believed to be the first novel printed and released in Malayalam (1858). Ghathakawadham ( Ghātakavadhaṁ , 1877) by Rev. Richard Collins was the first novel printed and published in Malayalam with a story based in Kerala and around Malayalis . The first novel conceived and published in Malayalam
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#17328558658511428-546: A west coast dialect until c. 9th century CE or a little later. The origin of Malayalam calendar dates back to year 825 CE. The formation of the language is mainly attributed to geographical separation of Kerala from the Tamil country . It is generally agreed that the western coastal dialect of Tamil began to separate, diverge, and grow as a distinct language, mainly due to the heavy influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit , those became common prominent languages on Malabar Coast , when
1547-529: A while and influenced even others who were not members of the group like Velutheri Kesavan Vaidyar (1839–1897) and Perunlli Krishnan Vaidyan (1863–1894). The Venmani school pioneered a style of poetry that was associated with common day themes, and the use of pure Malayalam rather than Sanskrit. The poetry was therefore easily understood by the common man. The works were known for its humour, wit, and lyrical metre. Contemporary Malayalam poetry deals with social, political, and economic life context. The tendency of
1666-522: Is Ayyappilli Asan who lived sometime about 1400 CE at Auvatutura near Kovalam and whom P. K. Narayana Pillai, who discovered the full text of the book in 1965, calls "the Homer of Malayalam." Ramakathapattu contains 3163 songs in 279 Vrittas or parts. While the Manipravala poetry flourished as a diversion from the mainstream, the tradition set up by Cheeraman of Ramacharitam and the more enlightened among
1785-469: Is a Malayalam novel written by Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai in 1956. Chemmeen tells the story of the relationship between Karuthamma, the daughter of a Hindu fisherman, and Pareekutti, the son of a Muslim fish wholesaler. The theme of the novel is a myth among the fishermen communities along the coastal Kerala State in the Southern India. The myth is about chastity. If the married fisher woman
1904-493: Is awakened ... Palani, at sea, alone and baiting a large shark, is caught in a huge whirlpool and is swallowed by the sea. Next morning, Karuthamma and Parekutty, are also found dead hand in hand, washed ashore. At a distance lie the washed-up corpse of Palani's baited shark. The novel was an immediate success although the critical reaction was mixed. Some critics wrote that the novel is the best social novel written in Malayalam since O. Chandhu Menon 's Sarada . Some thought that
2023-611: Is believed that they all belonged to the same Kannassa family and that Madhava Panikkar and Sankara Panikkar were the uncles of Rama Panikkar, the youngest of the three. Their most important work is Kannasa Ramayanam which is an important link between Ramacharitam , Ramakathapattu and Ezhuthachan 's Adhyathmaramayanam . Ulloor has said that Rama Panikkar holds the same position in Malayalam literature that Edmund Spenser has in English literature. The 15th century CE saw two paralleled movements in Malayalam literature: one spearheaded by
2142-461: Is considered a book written during the formative years of Malayalam. According to Rev. Dr. Hermann Gundert , who compiled the first dictionary of the Malayalam language, Ramacharitham shows the ancient style of the Malayalam language. While the Pattu school flourished among certain sections of the society, the literature of the elite was composed in the curious mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam which
2261-548: Is considered by historians and literary experts as the first short story in Malayalam literature. It was published in Vidyavinodini in 1891. Along with Nayanar, the pioneers of short stories in Malayalam were Oduvil Kunhikrishna Menon , C. S. Gopala Panicker , Ambadi Narayana Poduval , Chenkulath Cheriya Kunhirama Menon (M. R. K. C.) and Moorkoth Kumaran . Fulmoni Ennum Koruna Ennum Peraya Randu Sthreekalude Katha (Phulmōni ennuṁ kōruṇa ennuṁ pērāya ranṭu strīkaḷuṭe katha),
2380-555: Is not known and only a portion of the works is now available. Unniyadi Charitam , which also exists in a fragmented form, is supposed to be written by Damodara Chakkiar. The Sandesa Kavyas are an important poetic genre in Sanskrit, and on the model of Kalidasa 's Meghadūta and Lakshmidasa's Sukasandesa , a number of message poems came to be written first in Manipravalam and later in pure Malayalam. The best known among these sandesas
2499-620: Is one of the most famous works in this genre. Margamkali was the form of ritual and entertainment among the Syrian Christians corresponding to the Sanghakali of the Brahmins. Margamkalippattu is the song for this performance depicting the story of Thomas the Apostle . This was one of the numerous pieces of Christian literature that must have gained currency in the 16th and 17th centuries. In
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#17328558658512618-512: Is perhaps Unnuneeli Sandesam written in the 14th century. The poem is written under the pen-name Amruthanilakshi, and some believe that it was written in 1362 CE. The exact identity of the author remains a mystery, but it is widely believed that one of the members of the Travancore Royal Family wrote it. The next work to be mentioned is Ramakathapattu , as it is popularly known, though the author calls it Ramayanakavyam . The author
2737-543: Is perhaps the greatest spokesman of the Bhakti movement in Malayalam but he is more than a writer of devotional hymns. K. Ayyappa Paniker has noted that "the transition from Cherrusseri to Ezhuthachan marks the triumph of modernism over medievalism." Another important poet of this period was Poonthanam Nambudiri (1547–1640). His chief poems are Jnanappana (The Song of Divine Wisdom), Bhasha Karnamritam and Kumaraharanam or Santanagopalam Pana . The 16th century also saw
2856-547: Is predominantly used in Malaysia and Singapore by the migrant Muslim community. The Middle Malayalam ( Madhyakaala Malayalam ) was succeeded by Modern Malayalam ( Aadhunika Malayalam ) by the 15th century CE. The poem Krishnagatha written by Cherusseri Namboothiri , who was the court poet of the king Udaya Varman Kolathiri (1446 – 1475) of Kolathunadu , is written in modern Malayalam. The language used in Krishnagatha
2975-486: Is referred to as Manipravalam , mani meaning ruby (Malayalam) and pravalam meaning coral (Sanskrit). Lilathilakam , a work on grammar and rhetoric, written in the last quarter of the 14th century discusses the relationship between Manipravalam and Pattu as poetic forms. It lays special emphasis on the types of words that blend harmoniously. It points out that the rules of Sanskrit prosody should be followed in Manipravalam poetry. This particular school of poetry
3094-449: Is the modern spoken form of Malayalam. During the 16th century CE, Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan from the Kingdom of Tanur and Poonthanam Nambudiri from the Kingdom of Valluvanad followed the new trend initiated by Cherussery in their poems. The Adhyathmaramayanam Kilippattu and Mahabharatham Kilippattu written by Ezhuthachan and Jnanappana written by Poonthanam are also included in
3213-403: The Kingdom of Tanur and Poonthanam Nambudiri from the Kingdom of Valluvanad followed the new trend initiated by Cherussery in their poems. The Adhyathmaramayanam Kilippattu and Mahabharatham Kilippattu written by Ezhuthachan and Jnanappana written by Poonthanam are also included in the earliest form of Modern Malayalam. It is Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan who is also credited with
3332-517: The Manipravalam school is Vaisika Tantram written in the 13th century. It contains about 200 quatrains in Sanskrit metres and is in the form of professional advice given to a prostitute or courtesan by her mother. Each quatrain is composed with care and due weight is given to the rules of rhetoric. Several quatrains of this type are quoted in Lilathilakam by way of illustration for the several rules of grammar and rhetoric. The most representative of
3451-518: The Manipravalam works, especially the Champus , and the other emanating from the Pattu school and adumbrated in Cherusseri 's magnum opus, Krishnagatha (Song of Krishna). The language of the later Champus reads more like modern Malayalam than that of the earlier Champus and Sandesa Kavyas . Champus were mostly works of satire and hyperbole was a regular feature of it. The greatest Champus of
3570-584: The Mappila songs , which is a genre of the Arabi Malayalam literature. The Arabi Malayalam script , otherwise known as the Ponnani script, is a writing system - a variant form of the Arabic script with special orthographic features - which was developed during the early medieval period and used to write Arabi Malayalam until the early 20th century CE. Though the script originated and developed in Kerala , today it
3689-535: The National Film Awards in 1958. In 1956, Pillai published his love epic Chemmeen (Prawns), which was a departure from his earlier line of realism and the novel received critical acclaim, becoming the first post-colonial Indian novel to be translated into English; the English translation was accepted into the Indian Series of UNESCO Collection of Representative Works. It told a tragic love story against
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3808-794: The Niranam poets who lived between 1350 and 1450, are representative of this language. The Champu Kavyas written by Punam Nambudiri, one among the Pathinettara Kavikal (Eighteen and a half poets) in the court of the Zamorin of Calicut , also belong to Middle Malayalam. The literary works of this period were heavily influenced by Manipravalam , which was a combination of contemporary Malayalam and Sanskrit . The scripts of Kolezhuthu and Malayanma were also used to write Middle Malayalam , in addition to Vatteluthu and Grantha script those were used to write Old Malayalam . The Middle Malayalam
3927-538: The Ramayana . It was written by a poet with the pen name Cheeramakavi who, according to poet Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer, was Sree Veerarama Varman, a king of southern Kerala from AD 1195 to 1208. However the claim that it was written in Southern Kerala is expired on the basis of new discoveries. Other experts, like Chirakkal T Balakrishnan Nair, Dr. K.M. George, M. M. Purushothaman Nair, and P.V. Krishnan Nair, state that
4046-581: The Tamil script ). The language used in the Arabi Malayalam works of 16th-17th century CE is a mixture of Modern Malayalam and Arabic . They follow the syntax of modern Malayalam, though written in a modified form of Arabic script , which is known as Arabi Malayalam script . Kunchan Nambiar introduced a new literary form called Thullal , and Unnayi Variyar introduced reforms in Attakkatha literature . Modern literary movements in Malayalam literature began in
4165-635: The Voiced retroflex approximant (/ɻ/) (which is unique to Dravidian languages in India) and the letters unique to Sanskrit (those are not there in the Tamil script ). Malayalam literature passed through a tremendous process of development in the 15th and 16th centuries. Cherusseri 's Krishnagatha bore witness to the evolution of modern Malayalam language as a proper medium for serious poetic communication. Alongside this, there flourished numerous Sanskrit poets who were very active during this period. The greatest of them
4284-737: The lingua franca of the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puduchery , is one of the six classical languages of India . Malayalam literature comprises those literary texts written in Malayalam , a South-Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala . The first travelogue in any Indian language is the Malayalam Varthamanappusthakam , written by Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar in 1785. Malayalam literature has been presented with 6 Jnanapith awards ,
4403-546: The munsif court of Ambalappuzha. It was during this time, he was attracted by the communist movement and he participated in the functioning of the Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham (Writers' Cooperative Society). He presided Kerala Sahitya Akademi and was also associated with Sahitya Akademi as a member of its general council. Pillai married Thekkemuri Chembakasseril Chirakkal Kamalakshy Ammai, affectionately called by him as Katha , in 1934 and
4522-514: The 15th century is Punam Nambudiri's Ramayanam which uses Puranic themes and episodes unlike the 14th century Champus which were tales of the courtesans. Punam was a court poet of the Zamorin of Calicut . Punam also wrote a Bharatam Champoo . There are also many others, the authorship of which is ascribed to him. The later Champus came to be used for dramatic oral narration by performing artists in their Koothu and Patakam . Mahishamangalam (or Mazhamangalam) Narayanan Nambudiri who lived in
4641-452: The 16th century is the author of some of the best Champus of all time. The most widely known of these is Naishadham followed by Rajaratnavaliyam and Kodia Viraham . Chandrotsavam , whose authorship is unknown, is a long narrative poem written in Manipravalam . The elitist Manipravala Champu school disappeared by the end of the 16th century. The average readers without much grounding in Sanskrit had their favourite poems and poets in
4760-425: The 18th century. Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar (1737–1799) wrote the first travelogue in Malayalam, Varthamanapustakam (Book of News). The works of Christian missionaries like Arnos Patiri (Johann Ernst Hanxleden) , 1699–1732) and Paulinose Patiri (John Philip Wesdin, 1748–1806) also led to a widening of the range of topics and themes in Malayalam literature. The third quarter of the nineteenth century bore witness to
4879-496: The Ladder ), published in 1964, which traces the careerism of an ambitious bureaucrat whose lust for power and position becomes his own undoing. The novel was adapted into a movie in 1973 by Thoppil Bhasi . Anubhavangal Paalichakal , another novel he published in 1966, was also made into a feature film by K. S. Sethumadhavan , in 1971, with Sathyan , Prem Nazir and Sheela in the lead roles. The story " Vellapokkathil ", written in
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4998-818: The Portuguese-Dutch colonisation in the Malabar Coast . Folk songs are the oldest literary form in Malayalam. They were just oral songs. Many of them were related to agricultural activities, including Pulayar Pattu , Pulluvan Pattu , Njattu Pattu , Koythu Pattu , etc. Other Ballads of Folk Song period include the Vadakkan Pattukal (Northern songs) in North Malabar region and the Thekkan Pattukal (Southern songs) in Southern Travancore . Some of
5117-477: The ancient Chera kingdom was different from that spoken in the Tamil -mainland. The generally held view is that Malayalam was the western coastal dialect Middle Tamil and started separation from Proto-Tamil-Malayalam sometime in the 8th century CE. The renowned poets of Classical Tamil such as Paranar (1st century CE), Ilango Adigal (2nd-3rd century CE), and Kulasekhara Alvar (9th century CE) were Keralites . The Sangam literature can be considered as
5236-422: The ancient predecessor of Malayalam. Some scholars however believe that both Tamil and Malayalam developed during the prehistoric period from a common ancestor, 'Proto-Tamil-Malayalam', and that the notion of Malayalam being a 'daughter' of Tamil is misplaced. This is based on the fact that Malayalam and several Dravidian languages on the western coast have common archaic features which are not found even in
5355-415: The anonymous folk poets was resumed and replenished by three writers commonly referred to as Niranam poets , being Madhava Panikkar , Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar . They were influenced by the Bhakti movement . The Bhakti school was thus revived, and in the place of the excessive sensuality and eroticism of the Manipravalam poets, the seriousness of the poetic vocation was reasserted by them. It
5474-415: The aspiring writer in his career, it was the latter who introduced him to European literature. His first short story was Daridran (The Poor) which was published in 1929. In 1934 came out Thakazhi's first published volume, Puthumalar ( New Blossoms ) which was a collection of short stories. This was soon followed by his first novel Thyagathinu Prathiphalam ( Fruits of Sacrifice ) which primarily dealt with
5593-557: The awakening of social and political consciousness: these constitute the giant strides towards modernisation. Like his predecessors Swathi Thirunal and Uthram Thirunal , Ayilyam Thirunal (1832–1880) and Visakham Thirunal (1837–1885) were great patrons of letters and were themselves talented writers. Christian missionaries Benjamin Bailey (1805–1871), Joseph Peet, Richard Collins and George Mathen (1819–1870) were responsible for many works on Malayalam language based on western models. Perhaps
5712-524: The backdrop of a fishing village in Alappuzha . The novel and its film adaptation, also titled Chemmeen (1965), earned him national and international fame. Chemmeen was translated into 19 world languages and adapted into film in 15 countries. The film adaptation, directed by Ramu Kariat , won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in 1965. His next notable work was Enippadikal ( Rungs of
5831-434: The basis of the performer's costume and the style of rendering, viz., Ottan, Sitankan and Parayan . Dravidian metres are used throughout although there is a quatrain in a Sanskrit metre. There was a great lull in the field of literary creation in Malayalam for nearly a century after the death of Kunchan Nambiar. There was however a consistent and steady development of prose at this time. The evolution of prose literature in
5950-410: The boat will be sold to him. Chembankunju's pretty daughter Karuthamma and Pareekutty love each other. Karuthamma's mother, Chakki, knows about it and reminds her daughter about the life they lead within the boundaries of strict social tradition. Karuthamma sacrifices her love for Pareekutty and marries Palani, an orphan discovered by Chembankunju in the course of one of his fishing expeditions. Following
6069-739: The caste system became strong in Kerala under Nambudiri Brahmins . The Old Malayalam language was employed in several official records and transactions (at the level of the Chera Perumal kings as well as on the village temples). Most of the inscriptions in Old Malayalam were found from the northern districts of Kerala , those lie adjacent to Tulu Nadu . Old Malayalam was mostly written in Vatteluttu script (with Pallava/Southern Grantha characters). Old Malayalam had several features distinct from
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#17328558658516188-450: The central cord of superstition is a myth. Some critics wrote that the novel shows Thakazhi's decline as a progressive writer, as the story of Chemmeen is essentially romantic and does not bring in class struggle like Thakazhi's earlier novels Thottiyude Makan or Randidangazhi . Chemmeen is Pillai's best novel which expresses the aspirations, struggle and grief in the lives of the fishermen of Kerala. Chemmeen has so much to offer to
6307-576: The contemporary Tamil, which include the Nasalisation of adjoining sounds, Substitution of palatal sounds for dental sounds, Contraction of vowels, and the Rejection of gender verbs. The Old Malayalam got gradually developed into Middle Malayalam ( Madhyakaala Malayalam ) by the 13th century CE. The Malayalam literature also completely got diverged from Tamil literature by this period. Kannassa Ramayanam and Kannassa Bharatham by Rama Panikkar of
6426-411: The continuity is marked in the former's Vishakanyaka (Poison Maid, 1948) and the latter's Ntuppuppakkoranendarnnu (My Grandpa had an Elephant, 1951). The non-political social or domestic novel was championed by P. C. Kuttikrishnan (Uroob) with his Ummachu (1955) and Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum (Men and Women of Charm, 1958). In 1957 Basheer's Pathummayude Aadu (Pathumma's Goat) brought in
6545-476: The couple had one son and four daughters. He died on 10 April 1999, at the age of 86 (A week before his 87th birthday), survived by his wife, who died on 1 June 2011, and their five children. Pillai, whose works would later earn him the moniker, Kerala Maupassant , started writing at an early age and his associations with Kainikkara Kumara Pillai during his school days and with Kesari Balakrishna Pillai during his Thiruvananthapuram days are known to have helped
6664-486: The court of Travancore king Marthanda Varma (1706–1758) and his successor Dharma Raja Kartika Tirunal Rama Varma , there flourished a number of poets distinguished in several ways. Ramapurathu Warrier (1703–1753), the author of Kuchela Vrittam Vanchippattu , was one of them. The Vanchippattu or Boat song is a poetic form of folk origin composed entirely in the Dravidian metre nathonnata . Kunchan Nambiar (1705–1770),
6783-468: The development of Malayalam script into the current form through the intermixing and modification of the erstwhile scripts of Vatteluttu , Kolezhuthu , and Grantha script , which were used to write the inscriptions and literary works of Old and Middle Malayalam. He further eliminated excess and unnecessary letters from the modified script. Hence, Ezhuthachan is also known as The Father of modern Malayalam . The development of modern Malayalam script
6902-660: The dialect spoken in North Malabar ( Kasaragod - Kannur region). Furthermore, the Thiruvananthapuram mentioned in Ramacharitham is not the Thiruvananthapuram in Southern Kerala. But it is Ananthapura Lake Temple of Kumbla in the northernmost Kasaragod district of Kerala. The word Thiru is used just by the meaning Honoured . Today it is widely accepted that Ramacharitham was written somewhere in North Malabar (most likely near Kasaragod ). Ramacharitham
7021-738: The earliest Mappila songs (Muslim songs) were also folk songs. For the first 600 years of the Malayalam calendar , Malayalam literature remained in a preliminary stage. During this time, Malayalam literature consisted mainly of various genres of songs ( Pattu ). Prominent were songs praising the goddesses of the land, ballads of brave warriors, songs related to the work of a particular caste and songs intended just for entertainment. Bhadrakali pattu, thottam pattu,Mappila pattu, mavaratham pattu, sasthanga pattu, nizhalkoothu pattu, sarpa pattu, sastham pattu, thiyyattu pattu, pulluvar pattu, mannar pattu, panar pattu, krishi pattu, thamburan pattu, pada pattu, villadichan pattu, onappattu, kummi and lullaby were some of
7140-430: The earliest form of Modern Malayalam. It is Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan who is also credited with the development of Malayalam script into the current form through the intermixing and modification of the erstwhile scripts of Vatteluttu , Kolezhuthu , and Grantha script , which were used to write the inscriptions and literary works of Old and Middle Malayalam. He further eliminated excess and unnecessary letters from
7259-546: The early Manipravalam works are the tales of courtesans ( Achi Charitams ) and the Message Poems ( Sandesa Kavyas ). Unniyachi Charitam, Unnichiruthevi Charitam and Unniyadi Charitam are examples of the former type which is known by the name champu . The Padya (verse) portion is in Sanskrit metres and the Gadya (prose) portion is mostly in Dravidian metres. Authorship of Unniyachi Charitam and Unnichiruthevi Charitam
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#17328558658517378-462: The early centuries was a very slow process. In the wake of Bhashakautaliyam several translations began to appear in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The prose of Attaprakarams was meant to aid the Chakiyars in learning the art of Koodiyattom . Doothavakyam (14th century CE) is one of the earliest of these works. 15th century Malayalam prose is represented by Brahmanda Puranam , a summary of
7497-466: The end of the century were laid during this period. The establishment of colleges for imparting English education, the translation of the Bible and other religious works, the compilation of dictionaries and grammars, the formation of the text book committee, the growth of printing presses, the starting of newspapers and periodicals, the introduction of science and technology, the beginning of industrialisation and
7616-462: The family profession was published in 1947 and is known to be the first realistic novel in Malayalam literature . His political novel , Randidangazhi (Two Measures, 1948), projected the evils of the feudal system that prevailed in Kerala then, especially in Kuttanad. The film adaptation, directed and produced by P. Subramaniam from a screenplay by Thakazhi himself, received a certificate of merit at
7735-487: The founder of Thullal and its rich literature, is often considered as the master of Malayalam satirist poetry. Born in Killikkurussimangalam , he spent his boyhood at Kudamalur and youth at Ambalappuzha . 1748 he moved to the court of Marthanda Varma and later to the court of his successor Dharma Raja. The word "Thullal" literally means "dance", but under this name Nambiar devised a new style of verse narration with
7854-429: The history of Venad ( Travancore ) during the final period of Rajah Rama Varma 's reign and subsequently to the accession of Marthanda Varma . The novel had a film adaptation of the same name in 1933 and was the first Malayalam novel to be adapted into film. During the early 20th century, Malayalam received outstanding novels, either as translations or adaptations of Western literature. The post-independence period saw
7973-500: The human significance of social progress . Contemporary Malayalam poetry deals with social, political, and economic life context. The tendency of the modern poetry is often towards political radicalism . In the second half of the 20th century, Jnanpith winning poets and writers like G. Sankara Kurup , S. K. Pottekkatt , Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai , Edasseri Govindan Nair , M. T. Vasudevan Nair , O. N. V. Kurup , and Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri , had made valuable contributions to
8092-445: The late 19th century with the rise of the famous Modern Triumvirate consisting of Kumaran Asan , Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer and Vallathol Narayana Menon . Kumaran Asan was temperamentally a pessimist —a disposition reinforced by his metaphysics —yet all his life was active in promoting his downtrodden Hindu - Ezhava community. Ullor wrote in the classical tradition , appealing for universal love , while Vallathol responded to
8211-572: The late 19th century with the rise of the famous Modern Triumvirate consisting of Kumaran Asan , Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer and Vallathol Narayana Menon . The printing, prose literature, and Malayalam journalism , developed after the latter-half of the 18th century CE. In the second half of the 20th century, Jnanpith winning poets and writers like G. Sankara Kurup , S. K. Pottekkatt , Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai , Edasseri Govindan Nair , M. T. Vasudevan Nair , O. N. V. Kurup , and Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri , had made valuable contributions to
8330-413: The libretto used for a Kathakali performance. The origins of aattakatha literature dates back to the 12th century and it emerged as a literary genre in the 17th century. The earliest of the aattakathas is believed to be a cycle of eight Ramayana stories (collectively known as Ramanattam ), composed by Kottarakkara Tampuran and about whose date there is an ongoing controversy. Next in importance are
8449-495: The main character in this novel, a beautiful, well educated Nair lady of 18 years. C. V. Raman Pillai 's Marthandavarma (1891) had many distinctions: it was the first historical novel in any South Indian languages, first novel from Travancore , first Malayalam novel to be a part of a trilogy and the first Malayalam novel to have a masculine title. Marthandavarma was completed even before Indulekha but could not be published until 1891 owing to lack of finance. The novel recounted
8568-472: The major subgenres. These names were not used historically, but are used in modern times to describe the song genres of that time. Ramacharitham is a collection of poems written at the end of the preliminary stage. It is the oldest Malayalam book available, with a possible exception of Thirunizhalmala . The collection has 1,814 poems in it. Ramacharitham mainly consists of stories from the Yuddha Kanda of
8687-414: The marriage, Karuthamma accompanies her husband to his village, despite her mother's sudden illness and her father's repeated requests to stay. In his fury, Chembankunju disowns her. On acquiring a boat and a net and subsequently adding one more, Chembankunju becomes more greedy and heartless. With his dishonesty, he drives Pareekutty to bankruptcy. After the death of his wife, Chembankunju marries Pappikunju,
8806-765: The mid-1960s, is considered one of his best stories. It was adapted into a short film of the same name by Jayaraj in 2007. Pillai wrote Kayar (Coir) in 1978, a long novel extending to over 1000 pages, covering the history of several generations in Kuttanad for over 200 years and is considered by many as his masterpiece, n spite of the popularity of Chemmeen . The novel deals with hundreds of characters over four generations, bringing back to life an axial period (1885–1971) during which feudalism , matriliny , and bonded labour gave way to conjugal life and to universal access to land ownership, and later, to decolonisation . Pillai wrote his only play in 1946 titled Thottilla , which
8925-448: The modern Malayalam language. Ezhuthachan , a strong proponent of Bhakti movement , is known as the father of Malayalam. His poems are classified under the genre of kilippattu . The prose literature, criticism, and Malayalam journalism began after the latter half of the 18th century CE. Contemporary Malayalam literature deals with social, political, and economic life context. Modern literary movements in Malayalam literature began in
9044-648: The modern Malayalam literature. Later, writers like O. V. Vijayan , Kamaladas , M. Mukundan , Arundhati Roy , Vaikom Muhammed Basheer , have gained international recognition. Kerala has the highest media exposure in India with newspapers publishing in nine languages, mainly English and Malayalam . List of early prose literature in the 19th century. Writers like Edasseri Govindan Nair , N. N. Pillai , Cherukad , Thoppil Bhasi , Kavalam Narayana Panicker have contributed much to Malayalam drama. Chemmeen (novel) Chemmeen ( Malayalam : ചെമ്മീൻ , cemmīn [t͡ʃemmiːn] , lit. prawn)
9163-540: The modern Malayalam literature. Later, writers like O. V. Vijayan , Kamaladas , M. Mukundan , Arundhati Roy , Vaikom Muhammed Basheer , have gained international recognition. Malayalam has also borrowed a lot of its words from various foreign languages, mainly from the Semitic languages including Arabic , and the European languages including Dutch and Portuguese , due to the long heritage of Indian Ocean trade and
9282-420: The modern Malayalam literature. Later, writers like O. V. Vijayan , Kamaladas , M. Mukundan , Arundhati Roy , and Vaikom Muhammed Basheer , have gained international recognition. The modern Malayalam grammar is based on the book Kerala Panineeyam written by A. R. Raja Raja Varma in the late 19th century CE. The western dialect of Old Tamil spoken in the southwestern Malabar Coast of India
9401-403: The modern poetry is often towards political radicalism . Nineteenth century was not a very creative period for Malayalam literature (except towards the end) from the point of view of imaginative writing. The modern Malayalam grammar is based on the book Kerala Panineeyam written by A. R. Raja Raja Varma in the late 19th century CE. But the foundations for the great renaissance that began at
9520-519: The modified script. Hence, Ezhuthachan is also known as The Father of modern Malayalam . The development of modern Malayalam script was also heavily influenced by the Tigalari script , which was used to write the Tulu language , due to the influence of Tuluva Brahmins in Kerala. The language used in the Arabi Malayalam works of 16th-17th century CE is a mixture of Modern Malayalam and Arabic . They follow
9639-549: The most important of these missionaries was Herman Gundert (1814–1893). Born in Stuttgart in Germany and educated at Tübingen and Switzerland , Gundert came to India in 1836. He wrote over twenty books in Malayalam, the most important of which are A Malayalam-English Dictionary, A Grammar of Malayalam, Keralappazhama and Pazhamcholmala . The first authoritative grammar of Malayalam was also Gundert's contribution (1851). This led to
9758-465: The national honor. Chemmeen was translated to more than 30 languages which include major Indian languages and foreign languages. The novel was accepted as part of the UNESCO collection of Representative Works - Indian series. Chembankunju's only aim in life is to own a boat and a net. He finally succeeds in buying both with the help of Pareekutty, a young Muslim trader, on condition that the fish hauled by
9877-502: The oldest historical forms of literary Tamil. However they share few striking innovations with Middle Tamil thus making independent descent impossible. Old Malayalam ( Pazhaya Malayalam ), an inscriptional language found in Kerala from c. 9th to c. 13th century CE, is the earliest attested form of Malayalam . The start of the development of Old Malayalam from a western coastal dialect of contemporary Tamil ( Middle Tamil ) can be dated to c. 7th - 8th century CE. It remained
9996-480: The opportunity to study under Kainikkara Kumara Pillai , who was the headmaster of the school during that period. After passing 10th standard, he moved to Thiruvananthapuram and passed the pleader examination from the Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram . He started his career as a reporter at Kerala Kesari daily but moved to legal career by practising under a lawyer named P. Parameshwaran Pillai at
10115-581: The origin of the book is in Kasaragod district in North Malabar region. They cite the use of certain words in the book and also the fact that the manuscript of the book was recovered from Nileshwaram in North Malabar . The influence of Ramacharitam is mostly seen in the contemporary literary works of Northern Kerala. The words used in Ramacharitam such as Nade ( Mumbe ), Innum ( Iniyum ), Ninna ( Ninne ), Chaaduka ( Eriyuka ) are special features of
10234-450: The original in Sanskrit. A large number of prose works appeared during this period, most of which are either narrative based on puranas and religious works in Sanskrit or commentaries on similar works. With the starting of the first printing presses in the 16th century by Christian missionaries, prose literature received a great boost. Several regional versions of Keralolpathi , tracing the beginnings of Kerala history, began to appear in
10353-548: The philosophy of Stalinist liquidation of political enemies. It had a special significance in the context of the 'Calcutta thesis'. After portraying the class struggle of farm labourers in Randidangazhi (Two Measures) in 1949, Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai turned away from party politics and produced a moving romance in Chemmeen (Shrimps) in 1956. For S. K. Pottekkatt and Vaikom Muhammad Basheer , who had not dabbled in politics,
10472-972: The process of teaching Malayalam language and literature; this made him write books on grammar and rhetoric (which earned him the title of Kerala Panini ) and eventually prepare the ground for an enlightened renaissance in Malayalam poetry and literary criticism. A close associate of both Kerala Varma and Raja Raja Varma, K. C. Kesava Pillai wrote Kesaviyam (a mahakavya ) and a number of attakkathas . Azhakathu Padmanabha Kurup (1869–1932: author of Ramachandravilasam ), Pandalam Kerala Varma (1879–1919: author of Rukmangatha Charitam ), Kattakkayam Cherian Mappila (1859 – 1937: author of Sri Yesu Vijayam ), Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer (1877–1949 : author of Umakeralam ) and Vallathol Narayana Menon (1879–1958: author of Chitrayogam ), all paid their obeisance to this neoclassicist trend. The developments in prose at this time were very significant, Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar (1861–1895), more famous under his pseudonym Kesari,
10591-475: The production of a number of grammatical works in Malayalam. Vaikkam Patchu Moothathu (1814–1883) published his Grammar of Malayalam in 1876, Kerala Kaumudi by Kovunni Nedungadi (1831–1889) came out in 1878. This was soon followed by the first history of the language by P. Govinda Pillai (1849–1897) published in 1881. The first work on rhetoric in Malayalam on the European model was brought out by Father Gerad under
10710-480: The quality of a fable in which life in the fishermen's community is depicted with great emotional detail. The customs, taboos, beliefs, rituals and the day-to-day business of living through the pain of stark existence come alive magically through Thakazhi's pen. Chemmeen won the Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award , India's second highest literary prize, in 1957, becoming the first Malayalam novel to receive
10829-548: The readers. This critical study will help students of advanced degree courses of various universities as well as general readers to understand various aspects related to this novel. The tragedy of the poor fisherman has been depicted on the epical scale. Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai's (Malayalam) novel Chemmeen, accepted as part of the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works - Indian Series, was translated by V.K.Narayana Menon, and published by Victor Gollancz, London in 1962. It
10948-618: The rise of a new school of poets devoted to the observation of life around them and the use of pure Malayalam ( Pachcha Malayalam ). The major poets of the Venmani school were Venmani Achhan Nambudiripad (1817–1891), Venmani Mahan Nambudiripad (1844–1893), Poonthottam Achhan Nambudiri (1821–1865), Poonthottam Mahan Nambudiri (1857–1896) and the members of the Kodungallur Kovilakam (Royal Family) such as Kodungallur Kunjikkuttan Thampuran . The style of these poets became quite popular for
11067-613: The second-most for any Dravidian language and the third-highest for any Indian language. The Sangam literature can be considered as the ancient predecessor of Malayalam. The origin of Malayalam calendar dates back to year 825 CE. It is generally agreed that the Quilon Syrian copper plates of 849/850 CE is the available oldest inscription written in Old Malayalam . The earliest known literary works in Malayalam are Ramacharitam (late 12th or early 13th century) and Thirunizhalmala , two epic poems written in Old Malayalam . In
11186-439: The so-called Pattu school. With the writing of Krishnagatha by Cherusseri , the validity of the use of spoken Malayalam for literary purposes received its ultimate justification. Unlike the language of Ramacharitam and the works of the Niranam poets , the language of Krishnagatha marks the culmination of a stage of evolution. There is some dispute about the author's name and his identity. Some scholars are of opinion that he
11305-400: The social injustices prevalent during that time. This was the first of his 39 novels; he also published 21 anthologies composed of over 600 short stories, two plays and four memoirs. Pillai's literary works are known to portray the society in Kerala in the mid-20th century. Thottiyude Makan (Scavenger's Son), a story about a scavenger who strives unsuccessfully to keep his son from continuing
11424-455: The style of Malayalam language and it was during his period that Malayalam literature attained its individuality and Malayalam became a fully fledged independent language. Today he is known as the father of Malayalam language and its literature. The Kilippattu form he adopted in Ramayanam and Bharatam may be a pointer to his recognition of the importance of sound effect in poetry. Ezhuthachan
11543-413: The subsequent centuries, besides a popular Pattu ("song") literature, the manipravalam poetry also flourished. Manipravalam (translates "ruby coral") style consisted of poetry in an admixture of Malayalam and Sanskrit . Then came works such as champus and sandeshakavyas in which prose and poetry were interspersed. Later, poets like Cherusseri introduced poems on devotional themes. Designated
11662-571: The syntax of modern Malayalam, though written in a modified form of Arabic script , which is known as Arabi Malayalam script . P. Shangunny Menon ascribes the authorship of the medieval work Keralolpathi , which describes the Parashurama legend and the departure of the final Cheraman Perumal king to Mecca , to Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan. The currently adopted Malayalam script , adopted by Ezhuthachan can be used to write any other language of India as it contain letters to denote both of
11781-463: The title Alankara Sastram in the same year. By the end of the 19th century two different traditions could be clearly distinguished in Malayalam literature: the western school and the oriental or traditionalist school. Writers such as Kerala Varma Valiya Koyithampuran represent the confluence of these two major traditions. His major works include Mayurasandesam (Peacock Message) and the translations of Kalidasa 's Abhijñānaśākuntalam (which got him
11900-569: The title of Kerala Kalidasa), and of Von Limburg Brower's Akbar . Meanwhile, many literary magazines were established to encourage all kinds of writers and writings, such as C. P. Achutha Menon's Vidyavinodini , Kandathil Varghese Mappillai 's Bhashaposhini and Appan Thampuran's Rasikaranjini . In the wake of Kerala Varma's translation of Abhijñānaśākuntalam , several attempts were made to translate numerous plays from Sanskrit and English into Malayalam. These plays were seldom acted. The stage conditions of those days were crude and unfit to project
12019-401: The travelogue literature. Prominent literary critics of twentieth century include Kuttikrishna Marar . In the second half of the 20th century, Jnanpith winning poets and writers like G. Sankara Kurup , S. K. Pottekkatt , Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai , Edasseri Govindan Nair , M. T. Vasudevan Nair , O. N. V. Kurup , and Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri , had made valuable contributions to
12138-509: The widow of the man from whom he had bought his first boat. Panchami, Chembankunju's younger daughter, leaves home to join Karuthama, on arrival of her step mother. Meanwhile, Karuthamma has endeavoured to be a good wife and mother. But scandal about her old love for Pareekutty spreads in the village. Palani's friends ostracize him and refuse to take him fishing with them. By a stroke of fate, Karuthamma and Pareekutty meet one night and their old love
12257-443: The works of Kottayathu Tampuran whose period is about the middle of the seventeenth century. Since the four aattakatha s he wrote Bakavadham, Kalyanasaugandhikam, Kirmeeravadham and Kalakeyavadham punctiliously conform to the strict rules of Kathakali, they are particularly favoured by orthodox artistes and their patrons. Another poet of this category is Irayimman Thampi (1783–1863). Unnayi Variyar 's Nalacharitham Aattakatha
12376-411: The writing of some dramatic works in Manipravalam and pure Malayalam, Bharatavakyam , often described as a choral narration, is a work in Manipravalam which was used for stage performance. The main development in the cultural field in Kerala in the 17th century was the growth of a new form of visual art called Kathakali , which brought into being a new genre of poetry called Attakkatha consisting of
12495-419: Was Appu Nedungadi 's Kundalatha (1887). Though Kundalatha is not considered a major novel, it gets the pride of place as the first work in the language having the basic characteristics of a novel. O. Chandhu Menon 's Indulekha was the first major novel in Malayalam language. It was a landmark in the history of Malayalam literature and initiated the novel as a new flourishing genre. The title refers to
12614-439: Was Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri (1559–1665), the author of Narayaniyam . The most significant development of the time took place in the field of Malayalam poetry. Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan wrote his two great epics Adhyathmaramayanam and Srimahabharatam and two shorter pieces, Irupathinalu Vrittam and Harinama Kirtanam and thereby revolutionised Malayalam language and literature at once. Ezhuthachan refined
12733-589: Was a recipient of the Padma Bhushan , the third highest Indian civilian award. He was also a recipient of the Jnanpith Award , India's highest literary award, awarded in 1984 for the novel Kayar . Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai was born on 17 April 1912 in Thakazhy , a small village in Kuttanad in present-day Alappuzha district of Kerala to Poypallikalathil Sankara Kurup, who was the brother of Guru Kunchu Kurup ,
12852-559: Was a social drama; it was performed on many stages by Kerala People's Arts Club . He published four autobiographical books and two other works. Four of his short stories were the base of a film, Naalu Pennungal , made by Adoor Gopalakrishnan in 2007, which he termed as his homage to the writer. Pillai received the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1957 for the love epic, Chemmeen . Kerala Sahitya Akademi selected Enippadikal for their annual award for novels in 1965. His Novel, Kayar
12971-515: Was adulterous when her husband was in the sea, the Sea Goddess ( Kadalamma literally means Mother Sea) would consume him. It is to perpetuate this myth that Thakazhi wrote this novel. It was adapted into a film of same name , which won critical acclaim and commercial success. Thakazhi made a departure from his a vowed commitment to realism as it appeared in his works till then he brought in a fresh breeze of lyricism and romanticism. The novel acquires
13090-416: Was also heavily influenced by the Tigalari script , which was used to write the Tulu language . The currently adopted Malayalam script is the only script in India that can be used to write any other language of India as it contain letters to denote both of the Voiced retroflex approximant (/ɻ/) (which is unique to Tamil and Malayalam in India) and the letters unique to Sanskrit (those are not there in
13209-420: Was known as Malanaattu Tamil / Malabar Tamil (Meaning the Tamil of the hilly region /the Tamil of Malabar ) since the ancient Sangam period (300 BCE - 300 CE). Due to the geographical separation of the Malabar Coast from Tamil Nadu , and the presence of Western Ghats mountain ranges in between these two geographical regions, the dialect of Tamil spoken in the territory of the western Malabar Coast of
13328-501: Was one of the first to explore the essay form in Malayalam. He was closely associated with periodicals like Kerala Chandrika (started in 1879 at Thiruvananthapuram ), Kerala Patrika (started in 1884 by C. Kunhiraman Menon (1854–1936) and Appu Nedungadi (1866–1934) at Kozhikode ), Kerala Sanchari (after 1898 under the editorship of Murkoth Kumaran) and the English Journal Malabar Spectator . His Vasanavikriti
13447-630: Was patronised by the upper classes, especially the Nambudiris . Dramatic performances given in Koothambalams , known by the names of Koothu and Koodiyattom , often used Sanskrit and Malayalam. In Koodiyattom , the clown ( vidooshaka ) is allowed to use Malayalam while the hero recites slokas in Sanskrit. Tholan , a legendary court poet in the period of the Kulasekhara kings, is believed to have started this practice. The earliest of these works in
13566-459: Was published. The translation was done by Bharati Vidyarthi. Chemmeen has been translated into English many times. Narayana Menon's translation titled Anger of the Sea-Goddess remains very popular even to this day. Another English translation is by Anita Nair , titled Chemmeen as in Malayalam. It has gone into several editions and is readily available at bookshops all over India. The novel
13685-464: Was selected for the Vayalar Award in 1984, and he received the highest Indian literary award, Njanapeedam in 1984 and a year later, the Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan . In 1986 he was conferred with an honorary doctorate ( D.Litt ) by University of Kerala . Sahitya Akademi elected him as a distinguished fellow in 1989; he had already been
13804-405: Was succeeded by Modern Malayalam ( Aadhunika Malayalam ) by the 15th century CE. The poem Krishnagatha written by Cherusseri Namboothiri , who was the court poet of the king Udaya Varman Kolathiri (1446 – 1475) of Kolathunadu , is written in modern Malayalam. The language used in Krishnagatha is the modern spoken form of Malayalam. During the 16th century CE, Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan from
13923-422: Was the first significant Malayalam novel to be translated into English after Independence or, rather, during the early post-colonial era. Widely successful, Chemmeen was translated into English , Hindi , Russian , German , Italian , Arabic and French along with several Indian languages. Three years after the original publication, a translated Hindi version, titled मछुवारे/Machhuware (lit. fisherfolks)
14042-608: Was the same as the Punam Nambudiri of the Champus . It is widely believed that Cherusseri lived in the 15th century CE and was the court poet of Udayavarma of Kolathunadu . The Arabi Malayalam (also called Mappila Malayalam and Moplah Malayalam) was the traditional Dravidian language of the Mappila Muslim community in Malabar Coast . The poets like Moyinkutty Vaidyar and Pulikkottil Hyder have made notable contributions to
14161-414: Was translated into Gujarati by Kamal Jasapara, published in 1980. Chemmeen has been translated into Arabic as well by Muhiyudheen Aluway titled as Shemmeen . It was adapted into a film in 1965, which won critical acclaim and commercial success. The film, titled Chemmeen itself, was directed by Ramu Kariat . Sheela , Madhu , Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair and Sathyan played the lead characters in
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