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85-443: The realized films had 300 to 700 transparent pictures of successive phases of moving figures with black backgrounds. The pictures were hand painted by Reynaud in aniline inks directly on 6 x 6 cm gelatin plates. The plates were coated with shellac and framed in a cardboard strip of which the sides were clad in fabric bands attached with split pins. The horizontal film strip could be up to 50 meters long, with black leader tape at

170-441: A Photo-Scenographe and from 1896 he included two Photo-Peinture Animée films in his Pantomimes Lumineuses programs, but these only premiered after cinematographic films had been introduced. Reynaud not only had a piano score composed for his films, but also used some synchronized sound effects. Most early film screenings, including that of Lumière's cinematograph introduction, only had (improvised) piano accompaniment. Using

255-531: A British patent for the system on February 8. The system was displayed at the world's fair Exposition Universelle (May-October, 1889) in Paris . Reynaud tried to sell the system with his films between 1889 and 1892 and offered demonstrations at his address in Paris. When it didn't sell, he decided to exploit it with theatrical screenings in 1892. La Nature No. 999 of 23 July 1892 featured an enthusiastic article about

340-413: A base that he named benzidam . In 1843, August Wilhelm von Hofmann showed that these were all the same substance, known thereafter as phenylamine or aniline . In 1856, while trying to synthesise quinine , von Hofmann 's student William Henry Perkin discovered mauveine . Mauveine quickly became a commercial dye. Other synthetic dyes followed, such as fuchsin , safranin , and induline . At

425-496: A derived substance) is an organic compound with the formula C 6 H 5 NH 2 . Consisting of a phenyl group ( −C 6 H 5 ) attached to an amino group ( −NH 2 ), aniline is the simplest aromatic amine . It is an industrially significant commodity chemical , as well as a versatile starting material for fine chemical synthesis. Its main use is in the manufacture of precursors to polyurethane , dyes, and other industrial chemicals. Like most volatile amines, it has

510-521: A former Major League Baseball team, was named for the 1967 fair). From World Expo 88 in Brisbane onwards, countries started to use expositions as a platform to improve their national image through their pavilions. Finland, Japan, Canada, France, and Spain are cases in point. A major study by Tjaco Walvis called "Expo 2000 Hanover in Numbers" showed that improving national image was the main goal for 73% of

595-584: A fuel, with nitric acid as an oxidizer. The combination is hypergolic , igniting on contact between fuel and oxidizer. It is also dense, and can be stored for extended periods. Aniline was later replaced by hydrazine . Aniline is toxic by inhalation of the vapour, ingestion, or percutaneous absorption. The IARC lists it in Group 2A ( Probably carcinogenic to humans ), and it has specifically been linked to bladder cancer. Aniline has been implicated as one possible cause of forest dieback . Many methods exist for

680-622: A geographical block to share space (i.e. Plaza of the Americas at Seville '92). In the 21st century the BIE has moved to sanction World Expos every five years; following the numerous expos of the 1980s and 1990s, some see this as a means to cut down potential expenditure by participating nations. The move was also seen by some as an attempt to avoid conflicting with the Summer Olympics . World Expos are restricted to every five years, with Specialized Expos in

765-615: A hammer and threw five of his seven films into the Seine. A few days later he would be visited by a French inventor and producer Léon Gaumont , to buy the invention and donate it to the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. The moving picture shows of Émile Reynaud have been inscribed in Memory of the World Register of UNESCO in 2015. The Pantomimes Lumineuses premiere on 28 October 1892 marks

850-497: A mechanical motor to move the film. illumination and optical arrangements could be made for either direct-viewing or for projection on a screen. In a prospectus Reynaud offered the Théâtre Optique in different versions and with separately available parts; one version came installed on an 80 x 100 cm mahogany table and another on a two part iron frame that could be stored inside two wooden boxes (85 x 85 x 25 cm). Copies of

935-444: A precise theme—such as "Green Desert, Better Environment" ( International Horticultural Expo 2023 Doha Qatar ), "Growing Green Cities" ( Floriade 2022 ), or "Building a Beautiful Home Featuring Harmonious Coexistence between Man and Nature" ( Expo 2019 ). The purpose of these exhibitions is to foster cooperation and the sharing of knowledge and solutions between countries, horticultural producers and agricultural industries by addressing

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1020-418: A rapid successive substitution of sequential images to create a lifelike moving picture. A few animation projectors had been available for a few decades using the stroboscopic effect invented with the phénakisticope , but these projected very short animation loops. The Théâtre Optique was a further development of the projection version of Reynaud's praxinoscope animation toy, which had already been covered in

1105-399: A separate image for a motionless background - rather than drawing the background into each frame together with the moving characters - became a standard technique in cel animation, dominant for many decades from soon after it was patented in 1914 until it was surpassed by digital techniques. After the introduction of the cinématographe, it took over 10 years before animated films returned to

1190-405: A substance from coal tar that turned a beautiful blue color when treated with chloride of lime . He named it kyanol or cyanol . In 1840, Carl Julius Fritzsche (1808–1871) treated indigo with caustic potash and obtained an oil that he named aniline , after an indigo-yielding plant, anil ( Indigofera suffruticosa ). In 1842, Nikolay Nikolaevich Zinin reduced nitrobenzene and obtained

1275-569: A typical universal exposition: national pavilions and exhibits concerning technology and/or the future, along with more typical amusement park rides. Meanwhile, several of the 1964 attractions that were relocated to Disneyland have been duplicated at the Walt Disney World Resort . Occasionally other mementos of the fairs remain. In the New York City Subway system, signs directing people to Flushing Meadows–Corona Park remain from

1360-453: A variety of polyanilines . These polymers exhibit rich redox and acid-base properties. Like phenols , aniline derivatives are highly susceptible to electrophilic substitution reactions. Its high reactivity reflects that it is an enamine , which enhances the electron-donating ability of the ring. For example, reaction of aniline with sulfuric acid at 180 °C produces sulfanilic acid , H 2 NC 6 H 4 SO 3 H . If bromine water

1445-426: Is acetanilide . At high temperatures aniline and carboxylic acids react to give the anilides. N -Methylation of aniline with methanol at elevated temperatures over acid catalysts gives N -methylaniline and N , N -dimethylaniline : N -Methylaniline and N , N -dimethylaniline are colorless liquids with boiling points of 193–195 °C and 192 °C, respectively. These derivatives are of importance in

1530-458: Is benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate . Through these intermediates, the amine group can be converted to a hydroxyl ( −OH ), cyanide ( −CN ), or halide group ( −X , where X is a halogen ) via Sandmeyer reactions . This diazonium salt can also be reacted with NaNO 2 and phenol to produce a dye known as benzeneazophenol , in a process called coupling . The reaction of converting primary aromatic amine into diazonium salt

1615-454: Is added to aniline, the bromine water is decolourised and a white precipitate of 2,4,6-tribromoaniline is formed. To generate the mono-substituted product, a protection with acetyl chloride is required: The reaction to form 4-bromoaniline is to protect the amine with acetyl chloride, then hydrolyse back to reform aniline. The largest scale industrial reaction of aniline involves its alkylation with formaldehyde . An idealized equation

1700-399: Is called diazotisation. In this reaction primary aromatic amine is allowed to react with sodium nitrite and 2 moles of HCl , which is known as "ice cold mixture" because the temperature for the reaction was as low as 0.5 °C. The benzene diazonium salt is formed as major product alongside the byproducts water and sodium chloride . It reacts with nitrobenzene to produce phenazine in

1785-534: Is combined with glacial acetic acid (GAA, essentially distilled vinegar) in a 50:50 solution. GAA is a much safer, less reactive acid. This single combined reagent is relatively stable over time. A single spot or line applied to the pileus (or other surface). In my experience the newer formulation works as well as Schaffer's while being safer and more convenient." Aniline was first isolated in 1826 by Otto Unverdorben by destructive distillation of indigo . He called it Crystallin . In 1834, Friedlieb Runge isolated

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1870-539: Is pure aniline; aniline oil for red, a mixture of equimolecular quantities of aniline and ortho- and para-toluidines ; and aniline oil for safranine , which contains aniline and ortho- toluidine and is obtained from the distillate (échappés) of the fuchsine fusion. Many analogues and derivatives of aniline are known where the phenyl group is further substituted. These include toluidines , xylidines , chloroanilines , aminobenzoic acids , nitroanilines , and many others. They also are usually prepared by nitration of

1955-553: Is quite similar to Reynaud's technique of moving the film back and forth during projection. A rêve au coin du feu made use of a flashback for the first time as a narrative element to explain the past of the protagonist when his house was devoured by the flames. Dates given are for the Pantomimes Illumineuses performances at Musée Grevin. Photo-Peintures animée : Aniline Aniline (from Portuguese anil  ' indigo shrub ', and -ine indicating

2040-431: Is shown: The resulting diamine is the precursor to 4,4'-MDI and related diisocyanates. Aniline is a weak base . Aromatic amines such as aniline are, in general, much weaker bases than aliphatic amines. Aniline reacts with strong acids to form the anilinium (or phenylammonium) ion ( C 6 H 5 −NH + 3 ). Traditionally, the weak basicity of aniline is attributed to a combination of inductive effect from

2125-515: Is the other main ingredient. Aniline is predominantly used for the preparation of methylenedianiline and related compounds by condensation with formaldehyde. The diamines are condensed with phosgene to give methylene diphenyl diisocyanate , a precursor to urethane polymers. Other uses include rubber processing chemicals (9%), herbicides (2%), and dyes and pigments (2%). As additives to rubber, aniline derivatives such as phenylenediamines and diphenylamine , are antioxidants. Illustrative of

2210-641: The 1964 New York World's Fair (which was held over into 1965) were moved to Disneyland after the closing of the Fair. Many of the rides, including " It's a Small World ", and " Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln ", as well as the building that housed the Carousel of Progress are still in operation. The concept of a permanent world's fair came to fruition with the Disney Epcot theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort , near Orlando, Florida . Epcot has many characteristics of

2295-712: The Eiffel Tower , built for the Exposition Universelle (1889) . Although it is now the most recognized symbol of its host city Paris , there were contemporary critics opposed to its construction, and demands for it to be dismantled after the fair's conclusion. Other structures that remain from these fairs: Some world's fair sites became (or reverted to) parks incorporating some of the expo elements, such as: Some pavilions have been transported overseas intact: The Brussels Expo '58 relocated many pavilions within Belgium :

2380-567: The Milan Triennial . Astana , Kazakhstan , held the most recent Specialised Expo in 2017 while Dubai , United Arab Emirates , hosted World Expo 2020 (which was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic ) and Doha , Qatar hosted Horticultural Expo in 2023 . In 1791, Prague organized the first World's Fair in Bohemia (modern-day Czech Republic ). The first industrial exhibition

2465-566: The Pantomimes Lumineuses and later were allowed to see the machine at Reynaud's workshop. One day, he would have complained to his family that the Lumières came to visit the apparatus a bit too often. Reynaud covered the use of photographic pictures in the 1888 patent. The July 1892 article in La Nature saw its future especially in the combination with photography. In 1895 Reynaud worked on

2550-536: The Wohl–Aue reaction . Hydrogenation gives cyclohexylamine . Being a standard reagent in laboratories, aniline is used for many niche reactions. Its acetate is used in the aniline acetate test for carbohydrates, identifying pentoses by conversion to furfural . It is used to stain neural RNA blue in the Nissl stain . In addition, aniline is the starting component in the production of diglycidyl aniline . Epichlorohydrin

2635-457: The telephone were first presented during this era. This era set the basic character of the world fair. The 1939–1940 New York World's Fair , and those that followed, took a different approach, one less focused on technology and aimed more at cultural themes and social progress. For instance, the theme of the 1939 fair was "Building the World of Tomorrow"; at the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair , it

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2720-648: The "Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations" was held in the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London , United Kingdom. The Great Exhibition , as it is often called, was an idea of Prince Albert , Queen Victoria 's husband, and is usually considered to be the first international exhibition of manufactured products. It influenced the development of several aspects of society, including art-and-design education, international trade and relations, and tourism. This expo

2805-648: The Cabinet Fantastique of the Musée Grévin in Paris . The show included three Pantomimes Illumineuses films, Pauvre Pierrot ! , Un bon bock , and Le Clown et ses chiens . Reynaud acted as the projectionist and the show was accompanied by Gaston Paulin on the piano. Paulin had written the music especially for the shows, including a song that he sung as Pierrot's serenade to Colombine in Pauvre Pierrot! . Occasionally two assistants would provide dialogue for

2890-669: The C–N bond and the bisector of the H–N–H angle is 142.5°. For comparison, in more strongly pyramidal amine group in methylamine , this value is ~125°, while that of the amine group in formamide has an angle of 180°. Industrial aniline production involves hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (typically at 200–300 °C) in the presence of metal catalysts : Approximately 4 billion kilograms are produced annually. Catalysts include nickel, copper, palladium, and platinum, and newer catalysts continue to be discovered. The reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline

2975-499: The C−N bond length is 1.41 Å , compared to the C−N bond length of 1.47 Å for cyclohexylamine , indicating partial π-bonding between C(aryl) and N. The length of the chemical bond of C( aryl )−NH 2 in anilines is highly sensitive to substituent effects . The C−N bond length is 1.34 Å in 2,4,6-trinitroaniline vs 1.44 Å in 3-methylaniline . The amine group in anilines is a slightly pyramidalized molecule, with hybridization of

3060-543: The Dutch economy. It also identified several key success factors for world-exposition pavilions in general. At present there are two types of international exhibition: World Expos (formally known as International Registered Exhibitions) and Specialised Expos (formally known as International Recognised Exhibitions). World Expos, previously known as universal expositions, are the biggest category events. At World Expos, participants generally build their own pavilions. They are therefore

3145-565: The N lone pair into the aryl ring favors planarity (a lone pair in a pure p orbital gives the best overlap with the orbitals of the benzene ring π system). Consistent with these factors, substituted anilines with electron donating groups are more pyramidalized, while those with electron withdrawing groups are more planar. In the parent aniline, the lone pair is approximately 12% s character, corresponding to sp hybridization. (For comparison, alkylamines generally have lone pairs in orbitals that are close to sp .) The pyramidalization angle between

3230-618: The Théâtre Optique. Gaston Tissandier described how it enabled uninterrupted projection of a considerable series of actions and wrote that Reynaud had composed very amusing scenes with characters "who engage in lively scenes and execute rapid movements of a charming effect" (translated from French). He sensed that the system provided new possibilities and thought it would undoubtedly have a future with photographed series of poses, when it would become technically and economically more feasible to produce photographic strips. On October 28, 1892, Reynaud debuted his Pantomimes Lumineuses animation films at

3315-554: The adoption of the 1928 Convention Relating to International Exhibitions, the Paris-based Bureau International des Expositions has served as an international sanctioning body for international exhibitions; four types of international exhibition are organised under its auspices: World Expos, Specialised Expos, Horticultural Expos (regulated by the International Association of Horticultural Producers ), and

3400-422: The beginning. Central perforations in the cardboard between the images engaged with metal notches protruding from a large central turning wheel. The wheel transferred the strip between two copper 25 cm spools. The film was guided further by pinch rollers at the corners of the table and passed in front of a magic lantern . The magic lantern projected each image in turn towards one of the 36 rectangular mirrors at

3485-573: The box office. Reynaud was required to direct each performance and was responsible for the maintenance of the strips, which did not endure the heavy usage very well. He reinforced the strips with metal rods, but eventually had to remake one of the films entirely. Émile Reynayd also presented his Pantomimes Lumineuses in Rouen in December 1892. Reynaud ended up ruined, forgotten and disillusioned. Around 1913 Reynaud destroyed his last Théâtre Optique machine with

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3570-405: The center of the turning wheel. Each image was in turn reflected to another mirror, which reflected it through a focusing lens towards a movable mirror. The movable mirror could be adjusted to project the moving characters at the desired place within an immobile background image on the screen. The background was projected with a second magic lantern from a painted glass plate. Reynaud would manipulate

3655-584: The characters. The show was immediately successful with hundreds of visitors for the five daily shows. Although the films shown by the Lumière Brothers in 1895 eclipsed it, the show stayed at the Musée Grévin until March 1900. Over 500,000 people had seen it. The entrance fee was 50 centimes, currently roughly equivalent to U.S. $ 5. According to his unfortunate contract with Musée Grevin, signed on 8 October 1892, Reynaud received 500 francs per month plus 10% of

3740-576: The chemotherapeutic approach, overlooked Alexander Fleming 's report in 1928 on the effects of penicillin . In 1932, Bayer sought medical applications of its dyes. Gerhard Domagk identified as an antibacterial a red azo dye, introduced in 1935 as the first antibacterial drug, prontosil , soon found at Pasteur Institute to be a prodrug degraded in vivo into sulfanilamide – a colorless intermediate for many, highly colorfast azo dyes – already with an expired patent, synthesized in 1908 in Vienna by

3825-400: The color industry. Boiled with carbon disulfide , it gives sulfocarbanilide (diphenyl thiourea ) ( S=C(−NH−C 6 H 5 ) 2 ), which may be decomposed into phenyl isothiocyanate ( C 6 H 5 −N=C=S ), and triphenyl guanidine ( C 6 H 5 −N=C(−NH−C 6 H 5 ) 2 ). Aniline and its ring-substituted derivatives react with nitrous acid to form diazonium salts . One example

3910-613: The countries participating in Expo 2000 . Pavilions became a kind of advertising campaign, and the Expo served as a vehicle for "nation branding". According to branding expert Wally Olins , Spain used Expo '92 and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona in the same year to underscore its new position as a modern and democratic country and to show itself as a prominent member of the European Union and

3995-428: The detection of aniline. Exposure of rats to aniline can elicit a response that is toxic to the spleen , including a tumorigenic response. Rats exposed to aniline in drinking water, showed a significant increase in oxidative DNA damage to the spleen, detected as a 2.8-fold increase in 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in their DNA . Although the base excision repair pathway was also activated, its activity

4080-455: The drugs prepared from aniline is paracetamol (acetaminophen, Tylenol ). The principal use of aniline in the dye industry is as a precursor to indigo , the blue of blue jeans . Aniline oil is also used for mushroom identification. Kerrigan's 2016 Agaricus of North America P45: (Referring to Schaffer's reaction) "In fact I recommend switching to the following modified test. Frank (1988) developed an alternative formulation in which aniline oil

4165-403: The duration of the Pantomimes Lumineuses exceeds the early cinematographic films (they contained up to 700 frames, but were used with repetition of movements for up to 15 minutes), they were in color, had some synchronized sound effects and a specially composed score with a song (performed live), and some dialogue (performed live). It would take years before cinematographic films began to approach

4250-428: The film band to be of indefinite length and of any material, opaque or transparent (the reflection of a brightly lit opaque picture could also be projected). The band could be fully flexible or only between the pictures. The pictures could be hand-drawn, printed or "obtained by photography from nature". The amount of praxinoscope mirrors could differ per model. Either a spool or the central wheel could be rotated by hand or

4335-422: The first occurrence of public theatrical exhibition of motion pictures on film. The films have often been ignored in summaries of the history of film, presumably because the pictures were painted (rather than photographed) and the materials and technique differed from what would be film standards. However, the cinematographic films that are often seen as the first films lack several qualities that Reynaud's films had:

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4420-459: The first praxinoscope patent as registered on 30 August 1877. Reynaud in the 1888 patent: "The aim of the apparatus is to obtain the illusion of motion, which is no longer limited to the repetition of the same poses at each turn of the instrument, as is necessary in all known apparatus (Zootropes, Praxinoscopes, etc.), but Having, on the contrary, an indefinite variety and duration, and thus producing real scenes animated by unlimited development. Hence

4505-485: The first systemic antibiotic drug, penicillin G . ( Gramicidin , developed by René Dubos at Rockefeller Institute in 1939, was the first antibiotic, yet its toxicity restricted it to topical use.) After World War II, Cornelius P. Rhoads introduced the chemotherapeutic approach to cancer treatment. Some early American rockets, such as the Aerobee and WAC Corporal , used a mixture of aniline and furfuryl alcohol as

4590-650: The formation of new C-N bonds. In alkaline solution, azobenzene results, whereas arsenic acid produces the violet-coloring matter violaniline. Chromic acid converts it into quinone , whereas chlorates , in the presence of certain metallic salts (especially of vanadium ), give aniline black . Hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate give chloranil . Potassium permanganate in neutral solution oxidizes it to nitrobenzene ; in alkaline solution to azobenzene , ammonia, and oxalic acid ; in acid solution to aniline black. Hypochlorous acid gives 4-aminophenol and para-amino diphenylamine . Oxidation with persulfate affords

4675-471: The formation of strongly colored, oxidized impurities. Aniline can be diazotized to give a diazonium salt, which can then undergo various nucleophilic substitution reactions. Like other amines, aniline is both a base (p K aH = 4.6) and a nucleophile , although less so than structurally similar aliphatic amines. Because an early source of the benzene from which they are derived was coal tar , aniline dyes are also called coal tar dyes . In aniline,

4760-502: The global community. At Expo 2000 Hanover, countries created their own architectural pavilions, investing, on average, €12 million each. Given these costs, governments are sometimes hesitant to participate, because the benefits may not justify the costs. However, while the effects are difficult to measure, an independent study for the Dutch pavilion at Expo 2000 estimated that the pavilion (which cost around €35 million) generated around €350 million of potential revenues for

4845-650: The host committee and participants because the architectural fees are lower and they only have to customize pavilion space provided free of charge from the Organiser, usually with the prefabricated structure already completed. Countries then have the option of "adding" their own colours, design etc. to the outside of the prefabricated structure and filling in the inside with their own content. Horticultural Expos (formally known as A1 International Horticultural Exhibitions) are co-regulated by International Association of Horticultural Producers . Like Specialised Expos are organized in

4930-491: The in-between years. Specialized Expos (formally known as International Recognized Exhibitions) are usually united by a precise theme—such as "Future Energy" ( Expo 2017 Astana ), "The Living Ocean and Coast" ( Expo 2012 Yeosu ), or "Leisure in the Age of Technology" ( Brisbane , Expo '88 ). Such themes are more specific than the wider scope of world expositions. Specialized Expos are usually smaller in scale and cheaper to run for

5015-499: The legacy of the synthetic dye industry, built via aniline dyes and extended via the related azo dyes . The first azo dye was aniline yellow . In the late 19th century, derivatives of aniline such as acetanilide and phenacetin emerged as analgesic drugs, with their cardiac-suppressive side effects often countered with caffeine . During the first decade of the 20th century, while trying to modify synthetic dyes to treat African sleeping sickness , Paul Ehrlich – who had coined

5100-555: The more electronegative sp carbon and resonance effects, as the lone pair on the nitrogen is partially delocalized into the pi system of the benzene ring. (see the picture below): Missing in such an analysis is consideration of solvation . Aniline is, for example, more basic than ammonia in the gas phase, but ten thousand times less so in aqueous solution. Aniline reacts with acyl chlorides such as acetyl chloride to give amides . The amides formed from aniline are sometimes called anilides , for example CH 3 −C(=O)−NH−C 6 H 5

5185-682: The most extravagant and most expensive expos. Their duration may be between six weeks and six months. Since 1995, the interval between two World Expos has been at least five years. World Expo 2015 was held in Milan, Italy, from 1 May to 31 October 2015. Specialised Expos are smaller in scope and investments and generally shorter in duration; between three weeks and three months. Previously, these Expos were called Special Exhibitions or International Specialized Exhibitions but these terms are no longer used officially. Their total surface area must not exceed 25 hectares (62 acres) and organizers must build pavilions for

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5270-438: The name of Optical Theater given by the inventor to this apparatus" (translated from French). The term had been used occasionally for a theatrical variation of peep shows or dioramas with moving figures since at least the 18th century. In 1877 Reynaud had created the praxinoscope , an improvement of the zoetrope . The praxinoscope replaced the narrow viewing slits of the zoetrope with an inner circle of 12 mirrors (equal to

5355-622: The narrative and aesthetic quality of the Pantomimes Lumineuses . The Théâtre Optique patent of 1 December 1888 introduced the idea of film perforations . It has been suggested that Thomas Edison may have picked up this idea for the development of the Kinetoscope when he visited the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1889, where Reynaud won a bronze medal for all his works and purportedly exhibited his Théâtre Optique. According to Émile Reynaud's son, Auguste and Louis Lumière visited

5440-531: The nitrogen somewhere between sp and sp . The nitrogen is described as having high p character. The amino group in aniline is flatter (i.e., it is a "shallower pyramid") than that in an aliphatic amine, owing to conjugation of the lone pair with the aryl substituent. The observed geometry reflects a compromise between two competing factors: 1) stabilization of the N lone pair in an orbital with significant s character favors pyramidalization (orbitals with s character are lower in energy), while 2) delocalization of

5525-462: The number of images), allowing a brighter and clearer view of the moving image. After Reynaud licensed his invention in 1877, it sold well in a number of the large Paris department stores. Reynaud applied for a French patent (Brevet d'invention N° 194 482) for the Théâtre Optique on 1 December 1888. On January 14, 1889, Reynaud received a French patent for the Théâtre Optique. He also received

5610-446: The odor of rotten fish . It ignites readily, burning with a smoky flame characteristic of aromatic compounds. It is toxic to humans. Relative to benzene, aniline is "electron-rich". It thus participates more rapidly in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Likewise, it is also prone to oxidation : while freshly purified aniline is an almost colorless oil, exposure to air results in gradual darkening to yellow or red, due to

5695-463: The paramount issues of healthy lifestyles, green economies, sustainable living, education and innovation. List of official world expositions (Universal and International/Specialised/Horticultural) according to the Bureau International des Expositions . Most of the structures are temporary and are dismantled after the fair closes, except for landmark towers. By far the most famous of these is

5780-493: The participating states, free of rent, charges, taxes and expenses. The largest country pavilions may not exceed 1,000 m ( 1 ⁄ 4 acre). Only one Specialised Expo can be held between two World Expos. An additional two types of international exhibition may be recognized by the BIE: horticultural exhibitions, which are joint BIE and AIPH-sanctioned 'garden' fairs in which participants present gardens and garden pavilions; and

5865-475: The pavilion of Jacques Chocolats moved to the town of Diest to house the new town swimming pool. Another pavilion was relocated to Willebroek and has been used as dance hall Carré ever since. One smaller pavilion still stands on the boulevard towards the Atomium : the restaurant "Salon 58" in the pavilion of Comptoir Tuilier. Many exhibitions and rides created by Walt Disney and his WED Enterprises company for

5950-464: The researcher Paul Gelmo for his doctoral research. By the 1940s, over 500 related sulfa drugs were produced. Medications in high demand during World War II (1939–45), these first miracle drugs , chemotherapy of wide effectiveness, propelled the American pharmaceutics industry. In 1939, at Oxford University , seeking an alternative to sulfa drugs, Howard Florey developed Fleming's penicillin into

6035-555: The semi-regular Milan Triennial (not always held every third year) art and design exhibition, held in Milan, Italy , with the BIE granting official international exhibition status to 14 editions of the Triennale between 1996 and 2016. World Expos (formally known as International Registered Exhibitions) encompass universal themes that affect the full gamut of human experience, and international and corporate participants are required to adhere to

6120-467: The speed of the film by hand and repeat movements to produce a visual story that could last longer than 10 minutes. The projectionist operated the machine behind the screen, with only the projection visible to the audience. Some synchronized sound effects were automated at key moments marked with silver tabs on the flexible band to activate an electromagnet. The magnet in turn triggered a buzzer, small drums or other acoustic devices. The 1888 patent covered

6205-592: The substituted aromatic compounds followed by reduction. For example, this approach is used to convert toluene into toluidines and chlorobenzene into 4-chloroaniline . Alternatively, using Buchwald-Hartwig coupling or Ullmann reaction approaches, aryl halides can be aminated with aqueous or gaseous ammonia. The chemistry of aniline is rich because the compound has been cheaply available for many years. Below are some classes of its reactions. The oxidation of aniline has been heavily investigated, and can result in reactions localized at nitrogen or more commonly results in

6290-463: The term chemotherapy for his magic bullet approach to medicine – failed and switched to modifying Béchamp 's atoxyl , the first organic arsenical drug, and serendipitously obtained a treatment for syphilis – salvarsan – the first successful chemotherapy agent. Salvarsan's targeted microorganism , not yet recognized as a bacterium, was still thought to be a parasite, and medical bacteriologists, believing that bacteria were not susceptible to

6375-498: The theatres (with Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906) by J. Stuart Blackton ). The animated segment in Winsor McCay's Little Nemo (1911) was probably the first animation to use more hand-drawn images than the 700 images of Reynaud's Un Bon Bock . While most early animations were black and white, a version of Little Nemo was hand-colored by McCay. Winsor McCay also used short loops of repeated images in several films, which

6460-432: The theme in their representations. Registered expositions are held every 5 years because they are more expensive as they require total design of pavilion buildings from the ground up. As a result, nations compete for the most outstanding or memorable structure—for example Japan, France, Morocco, and Spain at Expo '92 . Sometimes prefabricated structures are used to minimize costs for developing countries, or for countries from

6545-434: The three available films were offered in "special printing in color" (quote translated from French). The Théâtre Optique was not the first occurrence of projected animation. Mechanical animation projections and other more primitive moving picture techniques had already been featured long before in visual storytelling in magic lantern shows, especially in phantasmagoria . However, this was not yet animation as we now know it:

6630-458: The time of mauveine's discovery, aniline was expensive. Soon thereafter, applying a method reported in 1854 by Antoine Béchamp , it was prepared "by the ton". The Béchamp reduction enabled the evolution of a massive dye industry in Germany. Today, the name of BASF , originally Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik (English: Baden Aniline and Soda Factory), now the largest chemical supplier, echoes

6715-517: The world at a specific site for a period of time, typically between three and six months. The term "world's fair" is commonly used in the United States, while the French term, Exposition universelle ("universal exhibition" ) is used in most of Europe and Asia; other terms include World Expo or Specialised Expo , with the word expo used for various types of exhibitions since at least 1958. Since

6800-560: The years from 1850 to 1938. In these years, world expositions were largely focused on trade and displayed technological advances and inventions. World expositions were platforms for state-of-the-art science and technology from around the world. The world expositions of 1851 London , 1853 New York , 1862 London , 1876 Philadelphia , Paris 1878 , 1888 Barcelona , 1889 Paris , 1891 Prague , 1893 Chicago , 1897 Brussels , 1900 Paris , 1904 St. Louis , 1915 San Francisco , and 1933–1934 Chicago were notable in this respect. Inventions such as

6885-538: Was "Peace Through Understanding"; at the 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal, it was "Man and His World". These fairs encouraged effective intercultural communication along with sharing of technological innovation. The 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal was promoted under the name Expo 67 . Event organizers retired the term world's fair in favor of Expo (the Montreal Expos ,

6970-506: Was first performed by Nikolay Zinin in 1842, using sulfide salts ( Zinin reaction ). The reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline was also performed as part of reductions by Antoine Béchamp in 1854, using iron as the reductant ( Bechamp reduction ). These stoichiometric routes remain useful for specialty anilines. Aniline can alternatively be prepared from ammonia and phenol derived from the cumene process . In commerce, three brands of aniline are distinguished: aniline oil for blue, which

7055-497: Was not sufficient to prevent the accumulation of 8-OHdG. The accumulation of oxidative DNA damages in the spleen following exposure to aniline may increase mutagenic events that underlie tumorigenesis. World%27s fair This is an accepted version of this page A world's fair , also known as a universal exhibition or an expo , is a large global exhibition designed to showcase the achievements of nations. These exhibitions vary in character and are held in different parts of

7140-667: Was on the occasion of the coronation of Leopold II as king of Bohemia . The exhibition was held in the Clementinum , and celebrated the considerable sophistication of manufacturing methods in the Czech lands during that time period. France had a tradition of national exhibitions , which culminated with the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 held in Paris . This fair was followed by other national exhibitions in Europe. In 1851,

7225-418: Was the precedent for the many international exhibitions, later called World Expos , that have continued to be held to the present time. The character of world fairs, or expositions, has evolved since the first one in 1851. Three eras can be distinguished: the era of industrialization, the era of cultural exchange, and the era of nation branding. The first era, the era of "industrialization", roughly covered

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