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102-654: These letters were sent from the early 19th century till the 20th century. They were initially delivered by men known as zui-kheh ( 水客 ) literally "Water Traveller", who travelled frequently between Southeast Asia and the Teochew region for business. Towards the end of the 19th century, delivery of the Teochew Letters became a full-fledged industry, known as the Qiaopi industry ( 侨批业 ). Qiaopi agencies in Southeast Asia collected

204-566: A collection of 120,000 Teochew Letters, consisting of both originals and copies. The Teochew Letters has immense historical value. It is an archive of the cultural and collective historical experiences of the Teochew people. Its contents reflect society at all levels, touching on international relations, national issues, and details of daily life important to families. As such, the information they contain bear intrinsic value for further research, as they are able to authenticate and supplement contemporary written history. Qiaopi ( 僑批 ) literally means

306-413: A high urban population make Shenzhen a large port megacity . The logistics industry accounts for around 10.1 percent (178.27 billion RMB) of the city's nominal GDP in 2015, which was an increase of 9.4 percent. Shenzhen Port's first foreign trade blockchain cargo release platform was launched recently. Shenzhen had prioritized the cultural industry in according to the 13th Five-Year Plan, establishing

408-637: A huge influx of refugees trying to escape to Hong Kong from the upheavals that were occurring in mainland China , and a range from 100,000 to 560,000 refugees resided in the county. In January 1978, a Central Inspection Team sent by the State Council investigated and established the issue of creating a foreign trade port in Bao'an County. In May, the investigation team wrote the "Hong Kong and Macao Economic Investigation Report" and proposed to turn Bao'an County and Zhuhai into commodity export bases. In August 1978,

510-520: A part of Chenghai County in Chao Prefecture ( Chaozhou ). As early as 1574, Shantou had been called Shashanping ( 沙汕坪 ). In the seventeenth century, a cannon platform called Shashantou Cannon ( 沙汕頭炮臺 ) was made here, and the place name later was shortened to "Shantou". Locally it has been referred to as Kialat. Connecting to Shantou across the Queshi Bridge is Queshi ( 礐石 ) which had been known by

612-466: A permanent population of 13,648,232 as of the 2020 census. Nevertheless, its built-up area spread on 11 districts, Puning city and Raoping county was home to 12,543,024 inhabitants as of 2020 census. This is de facto the fifth built-up area of China after Guangzhou-Shenzhen Pearl River Delta megacity, Shanghai-Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou conurbation, Beijing and Hangzhou-Shaoxing agglomeration. Most residents are linguistically Chaoshan Min . Chaoshan dialect

714-511: A population of 30,000. In May 1980 the Central Committee designated Shenzhen as the first SEZ in China, which was promoted by then- paramount leader Deng Xiaoping as part of China's reform and opening-up . Its objective is to be an experimental ground for the practice of market capitalism within a community guided by the ideals of socialism with Chinese characteristics . On 26 August,

816-670: A sub-provincial city, the National People's Congress (NPC) in 1981 granted legislative powers to Shenzhen and other Special Economic Zones, giving the city the privilege to make its own laws and regulations. The Standing Committee of the NPC also granted Shenzhen voted and passed the "Decision on Authorizing the Shenzhen Municipal People's Congress and its Standing Committee and the Shenzhen Municipal People's Government to respectively formulate laws and regulations for implementation in

918-547: Is a city in Guangdong , China. A special economic zone , it is located on the east bank of the Pearl River estuary on the central coast of Guangdong, bordering Hong Kong to the south, Dongguan to the north, Huizhou to the northeast, and Macau to the southwest. With a population of 17.5 million in 2020, Shenzhen is the third most populous city by urban population in China after Shanghai and Beijing . The Port of Shenzhen

1020-601: Is a variant of Min Nan (Hokkien-Taiwanese) spoken in the neighbouring Southern Fujian and Taiwan. There are also Hakka , popularly known as Half- Hakka ( 半山客 ), living mainly in Chaoyang District and Chaonan District, although they speak Chaoshan on a daily basis and practise Chaoshan culture. The Mandarin-medium education system, widely promoted throughout China, has made most people, especially younger generations, speak Mandarin fluently. Cantonese language TV and labor migrations to

1122-592: Is also suggested. Based in Shantou, Shantou Airlines Co. operated by China Southern Airlines has a 15 aircraft fleet in service. There are 3 railway stations which serve Shantou: Chaoshan Railway Station and Chaoyang railway station which lie on the Xiamen-Shenzhen Railway line, and Shantou Railway Station which lies on the Guangzhou–Meizhou–Shantou Railway and is under construction for

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1224-637: Is considered the paradigmatic example of the 1980s approach to urbanization. In December 1990, under the authority of the China Securities Regulatory Commission , the Shenzhen Stock Exchange was established to provide a platform for centralized securities trading. In February 1992, the Standing Committee of the NPC granted the government of Shenzhen the power to make local laws and regulations. In 1996 and early 1997,

1326-430: Is de facto the 5th built-up area in mainland China between Hangzhou - Shaoxing (13,035,026 inhabitants), Xi'an - Xianyang (12,283,922 inhabitants) and Tianjin (11,165,706 inhabitants). Shantou, a city significant in 19th-century Chinese history as one of the treaty ports established for Western trade and contact, was one of the original special economic zones of China established in the 1980s, but did not blossom in

1428-423: Is dry. The annual precipitation averages at around 1,933 mm (76 in), some of which is delivered in typhoons that strike from the east during summer and early autumn. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 0.2 °C (32 °F) on 11 February 1957 to 38.7 °C (102 °F) on 10 July 1980. Like all governing institutions in mainland China , Shenzhen has a parallel party-government system, in which

1530-454: Is located at the mouths of the Han , Rong ( 榕江 ), and Lian Rivers . Shantou is 301 km (187 mi) northeast of Hong Kong . Shantou has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ), with short, mild to warm winters, and long, hot, humid summers. Winter begins sunny and dry but becomes progressively wetter and cloudier. Spring is generally overcast, while summer brings

1632-685: Is now Dongguan city, although a military garrison remained. During the Song dynasty , Nantou and the surrounding area became an important trade hub for salt and spices in the South China Sea . The area then became known for producing pearls during the Yuan dynasty . In the early Ming era, Chinese sailors of a fleet would go to a Mazu temple in Chiwan (in present-day Nanshan District ) to pray as they go to Nanyang ( Southeast Asia ). The Battle of Tunmen , when

1734-678: Is part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast south to the tip of India via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe and the North Sea . As of August 2023, Shenzhen has the seventh-most Fortune Global 500 headquarters of any city in the world and

1836-503: Is provided by bus, ferry, bike sharing system and taxi. Residents also travel by private car and motorbikes . There are two bridges throughout the city that cross the Shantou Harbor: the Queshi Bridge and Shantou Bay Bridge . A metro system is planned with construction of 3 lines (Lines 1, 2, and 3) commencing in 2018 and opening of the system planned in 2020. Shantou previously had its own civil airport, Shantou Waisha Airport . It

1938-503: Is the world's fourth busiest container port . Shenzhen roughly follows the administrative boundaries of Bao'an County , which was established in imperial times. After the Opium Wars , the southern portion of Bao'an County was occupied by the British government and became part of British Hong Kong , while the village of Shenzhen was next to the border. Shenzhen turned into a city in 1979. In

2040-529: Is the home to the Shenzhen Stock Exchange , one of the largest stock exchanges in the world by market capitalization and the Guangdong Free-Trade Zone . Shenzhen is ranked as an Alpha- ( global first-tier ) city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Its nominal GDP has surpassed those of its neighboring cities of Guangzhou and Hong Kong and is now among those of the cities with

2142-552: The 2011 Summer Universiade and the China Hi-Tech Fair. A large portion of Shenzhen's population are migrants from all over China, and the city's population structure skews younger than most places in China. The earliest known recorded mention of the name chen could date from 1410, during the Ming dynasty . Locals call the drains in paddy fields "Zhen" ( Chinese : 圳 ; lit. 'ditch', 'drain'). Shenzhen

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2244-662: The 26th Universiade , an international multi-sport event organized for university athletes. In April 2015, the Shekou Industrial Zone and the Qianhai Zone were integrated within the newly established Guangdong Free-Trade Zone . On 18 August 2019 the central government in Beijing unveiled reform plans covering economic, social, and political sectors of Shenzhen, labeling Shenzhen a pilot demonstration zone for socialism with Chinese characteristics. Shenzhen roughly follows

2346-637: The CCP Committee Secretary , officially termed the Chinese Communist Party Shenzhen Municipal Committee Secretary, outranks the Mayor. The CCP committee acts as the top policy-formulation body, and is typically composed of 12 members (including the secretary). Despite being a sub-provincial city , Shenzhen as a SEZ still wields a lot of autonomy from the central government. In addition to being promoted to

2448-547: The Eastern Jin administration split up Nanhai and established a new Dongguan Commandery  [ zh ] (东官郡). The seat of both the commandery and Bao'an County, one of its six counties, was located around the modern town of Nantou. In 590, the Sui administration merged the region back into Nanhai. In 757, the Tang administration renamed the county Dongguan, and moved its seat to what

2550-707: The Huiyang District Committee reported to the Provincial Committee on the "Report on the Request for the Change of Bao'an County to Shenzhen". On 18 October, the Standing Committee of the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee decided to change Bao'an County into Bao'an City and to turn it into a medium-level prefecture-level city with a foreign trade base. The Huiyang District Committee and

2652-672: The Lo Wu Bridge in Shenzhen, though this was detonated by the British, preventing the Japanese from entering Hong Kong. In 1953, four years after the founding of the People's Republic of China , the Bao'an County government decided to move to Shenzhen, since the town was closer to the KCR and had a larger economy than Nantou. From the 1950s to the end of the 1970s, Shenzhen and the rest of Bao'an County oversaw

2754-470: The Pearl River Delta , bordering Hong Kong to the south, Huizhou to the north and northeast, Dongguan to the north and northwest. Lingdingyang and Pearl River to the west and Mirs Bay to the east and roughly 100 kilometres (62 mi) southeast of the provincial capital of Guangzhou . As of the end of 2017, the resident population of Shenzhen was 12,528,300, of which the registered population

2856-1323: The Shantou Daily (Municipal) keep providing both newspaper service and e-newspaper service for Shantou citizens and other readers. Education is overseen provincewide by the Guangdong Education Bureau. Shantou has a host of well-known schools: Shantou is twinned with: Shantou has friendly relations with: Many notable Chinese come from Shantou or their ancestral home is Shantou. Direct-administered municipalities . Sub-provincial cities as provincial capitals . Separate state-planning cities . Special economic-zone cities . Open coastal cities . Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs. Disputed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner , Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia as part of it. Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China. The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC, due to lack of actual jurisdiction. See Template:Administrative divisions of Taiwan instead. Shenzhen Shenzhen

2958-607: The Shenzhen Guesthouse Hotel in Shenzhen was home to the Provisional Legislative Council and Provisional Executive Council of Hong Kong in preparation for the handover of Hong Kong in 1997. By 2001, as a result of Shenzhen's increasing economic prospects, increasing numbers of migrants from mainland China chose to go to Shenzhen and stay there instead of trying to illegally cross into Hong Kong. There were 9,000 captured border-crossers in 2000, while

3060-604: The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC) approved the "Regulations of the Guangdong Special Economic Zone." In March 1981 Shenzhen was promoted to a sub-provincial division . There were plans for Shenzhen to develop its currency, but the plans were shelved due to the risk and the disagreement that a country should not be operating with two currencies. To enforce law and order in

3162-735: The Yantian International Container Terminals , the Chiwan Container Terminals, the container terminals of the Shekou Industrial Zone , the China Merchants Port , and Shenzhen Haixing . The Port of Shenzhen is therefore capable of handled a record volume of containerization . With rising trade increased cargo shipments in 2005, the container port was ranked as the world's fourth-busiest container port . High port traffic levels combined with

Teochew Letters - Misplaced Pages Continue

3264-549: The death penalty with a two-year reprieve for accepting bribes up to US$ 5.4 million. Shenzhen has direct jurisdiction over nine administrative Districts and one New District : Shenzhen was originally Bao'an County . On 5 March 1979, the State Council of the People's Republic of China dissolved the county and set up the city of Shenzhen in its place initially with six districts: Luohu ( 罗湖 ), Nantou ( 南头 ), Songgang ( 松岗 ), Longhua ( 龙华 ), Longgang ( 龙岗 ), and Kuiyong ( 葵涌 ), with

3366-606: The "Letter of the Overseas Chinese", with "phoe" ( 批 ) being the Southern Min expression for "letter". The term has sometimes been translated as Overseas Remittance Mail or Money Remittance Mail but these fail to capture the cultural aspect of the artefacts. As part of the larger Archive of Overseas Remittance Mails, the Teochew Letters were added to the China Archival Heritage Register in 2010. Together with

3468-550: The "Regulations on Vigorously Developing Foreign Trade to Increase Foreign Exchange Income" and agreed to pilot the first special economic zones (SEZ) in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, and Xiamen . In November, Shenzhen was elevated to the status of prefecture-level city at the regional level by the Guangdong provincial administration. Hundreds of small villages nearby, such as Yumin Cun, were incorporated into Shenzhen. In 1980, Shenzhen had

3570-706: The 1930s, as a transport hub and a merchandise distribution centre in Southeast China, Shantou Port's cargo throughput ranked third in the country. A brief account of a visit to the city in English during this period is the English accountant Max Relton's A Man in the East: A Journey through French Indo-China (Michael Joseph Ltd., London, 1939). On 21 June 1939, Japanese troops invaded Shantou . Japanese forces occupied Shantou until 15 August 1945. The Communist People's Liberation Army captured Shantou on 24 October 1949, 23 days after

3672-449: The Bao'an County Committee, however, defended the change to rename Bao'an County to Shenzhen, claiming that people in the world know more about Shenzhen and its port than they know about Bao'an County. On 23 January 1979, the Guangdong provincial administration and the district of Huiyang announced their proposal to rename Bao'an County to Shenzhen and was approved and put into effect by the State Council on March 5 of that year. Also,

3774-533: The China International High-tech Achievements Fair, which showcases high-tech products and provides for dialogue and investment for high-tech. As a result, Shenzhen is dubbed by media outlets as "China's Silicon Valley " or the "Silicon Valley of Hardware" for the world. Shenzhen is home to a number of large financial institutions, such as China Merchants Bank and Ping An Insurance and its subsidiary Ping An Bank . Since

3876-602: The Guangzhou People's Intermediate Court charged former Shenzhen Deputy Mayor Wang Ju with bribery and abuse of power and sentenced him to 20 years in prison. In June 2005, the Shenzhen People's Intermediate Court charged sentenced Luohu District Public Security Director An Huijun to 15 years in prison for accepting bribes. In May 2011, the Zhengzhou Intermediate Court sentenced former mayor Xu Zongheng to

3978-729: The Guangzhou-Shanwei-Shantou 350 km/h high speed railway. The Shantou Cultural Revolution Museum ( 文革博物馆 ; Wéngé bówùguǎn ) was the country's only museum dedicated to the Cultural Revolution . It closed in 2016. In 1912 Swatow had four newspapers, all in Chinese. They were Han Chao Pao , Ming Chuan (People's Rights), Ta Fung Pao (The Typhoon), and Ta Tung Pao (Eastern Times). In 2018, Shantou Metropolis Daily Post and Shantou Special Economic Zone Evening News both stopped their traditional newspaper business and transform into e-newspaper newspapers. Meanwhile,

4080-469: The Ming won a naval battle against invading Portuguese , was fought south of Nantou. To prevent a rebellion from Ming loyalists under Zheng Chenggong , better known as Koxinga, on the Chinese coast, the recently established Qing administration resettled coastal residents inland and re-organized coastal counties. As a result, Bao'an County lost two-thirds of its territory to the neighboring Dongguan and

4182-511: The Pearl River Delta has also made Cantonese widely spoken as a third language by the younger generations. Governmental statistics show that 2.16 million overseas Chinese have roots in Shantou, with significant populations of Teochew people residing in Thailand and Cambodia , which constitute a majority of Thai Chinese and a majority of Chinese Cambodians . This is demonstrated by

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4284-451: The People's Republic of China was founded. With higher-level administrative authority, Shantou governed Chaozhou City and Jieyang City from 1983 to 1989. Shantou is located in eastern Guangdong with latitude spanning 23°02′33″ – 23°38′50″ N and longitude 116°14′40″ – 117°19′35″ E; the Tropic of Cancer passes through the northern part of the city, and along it there is a monument, in fact

4386-690: The Qiaopi collection of Jiangmen , Meizhou and Fujian , the Teochew Letters were included into the Asia/Pacific Regional Memory of the World (MOW) Register on 16 May 2012. Higher recognition is being sought through ongoing submission for inclusion in the prestigious UNESCO Memory of the World Register in 2013. To increase general awareness of the Teochew Letters and to promote the UNESCO Memory of

4488-818: The Shantou metropolitan area are operated by the Government of Shantou. Management of these hospitals and other specialist health facilities are coordinated by Shantou Board of Health. Shantou's electricity is provided entirely by China Southern Power Grid , postal service operated by China Post . Shantou is one of the most important international telecommunications ports in China. Four international submarine communications cables land at Shantou submarine cable landing station, including APCN 2 , China-US Cable Network , SMW3 and South-East Asia Japan Cable System (SJC). China Telecom , China Unicom and China Mobile provide fixed lines, broadband internet access and mobile telecommunications services there. Public transportation

4590-755: The Shenzhen Fashion Creative Industry Association (深圳市时尚文化创意协会) and planning the 4.6 square-kilometer Dalang Fashion Valley (大浪时尚创意城). On 7 December 2008, UNESCO approved Shenzhen's entrance into the Creative Cities Network , and awarded the Shenzhen the title of "United Nations Design Capital." Altogether, the cultural industry in turn contributes to 5.8 percent (102.116 billion RMB) of Shenzhen's economy in 2015. Shenzhen-based video game developer Game Science released Black Myth: Wukong , which achieved significant commercial success on its August 20, 2024 release. The game

4692-539: The Shenzhen Special Economic Zone" in order to give fully strengthen Shenzhen's legislative powers without interference from the central government. There were several cases of high-ranking Shenzhen officials that were arrested on charges relating to corruption. In December 2002, the Shenzhen People's Intermediate Court sentenced Zhao Yucun, former Commissioner of Shenzhen Customs, to life imprisonment for taking bribes of 9 million RMB . In November 2003,

4794-404: The State Council dissolved the "second line," and expanded the Shenzhen SEZ to include all districts, a five-fold increase over its pre-expansion size. On 26 August 2010, on the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the Shenzhen SEZ, the State Council approved the "Overall Development Plan for Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone." In August 2011, the city hosted

4896-410: The State Council, Shenzhen re-organized Longhua New District as Longhua District and Pingshan New District as Pingshan District on 11 October 2016 and Guangming New District as Guangming District on 24 May 2018, therefore becoming their own jurisdictions. Shenzhen was the first of the Special Economic Zones (SEZ) to be established by then paramount leader Deng Xiaoping . Back to Apr 1979, Shenzhen

4998-408: The United Kingdom, and leased the New Territories from Xin'an to the United Kingdom for 99 years. Xin'an was briefly occupied by a British force under the command of Henry Arthur Blake , the governor of Hong Kong , for half a year in 1899. From the 3,076 square kilometres (1,188 sq mi) of territory that Xin'an held before the treaties, 1,055.61 square kilometres (407.57 sq mi) of

5100-402: The World Register application efforts, The Museum of Overseas Remittance Mail Relics launched an online museum for the Teochew Letters in June 2012. The website was created on behalf of the museum by the Cheung Kong School of Journalism of Shantou University . Shantou Shantou , alternately romanized as Swatow and sometimes known as Santow , is a prefecture-level city on

5202-407: The administrative boundaries of the historical Bao'an County . The southern portion of Bao'an County became part of British Hong Kong after the Opium Wars , while the village of Shenzhen was on the border. Shenzhen railway station was the last stop on the mainland Chinese section of the Kowloon–Canton Railway , and Shenzhen's economy grew and it became a city by 1979. Shenzhen is located within

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5304-434: The area that is now Shenzhen over 600 years ago. The Hakka people also have a history in Shenzhen since 300 years ago when they first immigrated. In 214 BC, when Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified China under the Qin dynasty , the area was submitted to the jurisdiction of the established Nanhai Commandery , one of the three commanderies that were set up in Lingnan , and was assimilated into Zhongyuan culture. In 331 AD,

5406-490: The biggest tax fraud in the history of the People's Republic of China was uncovered, estimated worthy of 32.3 billion yuan. In 2017, the analyzed data of Shantou GDP is approximately 230 billion yuan(US$ 35.4 billion). With an area of 2.34 km (0.90 sq mi), Shantou Free Trade Zone lies at the south part of Shantou city. It was ratified by the State Council of the People's Republic of China and founded in January 1993, and it formally came into use on December of

5508-448: The city limits with a total capacity of 525 million tonnes. Notable rivers in Shenzhen include the Shenzhen River , Maozhou River and Longgang River. Although Shenzhen is situated about a degree south of the Tropic of Cancer , due to the Siberian anticyclone it has a warm, monsoon -influenced, humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ) though it is fairly close to a Tropical one. Winters are mild and relatively dry, due in part to

5610-514: The city merged Shekou Management Area and Nantou Management Area to form the Nanshan District , renamed Shangbu Management Area to the Futian District , and merged Luohu Management Area and Shatoujiao Management Area to form the Luohu District . In December 1992, Bao'an County was dissolved again, with its area taken by Shenzhen and split into two new districts: Bao'an District and Longgang District , though economic privileges within special economics zones did not pertain to them as they were outside

5712-484: The city receives 1,853 hours of bright sunshine annually. The monsoon reaches its peak intensity in the summer months, when the city also experiences very humid and hot conditions. Despite this, extreme heat is rare, there are only 2.4 days of 35 °C (95 °F)+ temperatures. The region is prone to torrential rain as well, with 9.7 days that have 50 mm (1.97 in) or more of rain, and 2.2 days of at least 100 mm (3.94 in). The latter portion of autumn

5814-442: The city receives 1,979 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from 0.3 °C (33 °F) (unofficial record of −0.6 °C (31 °F) was set on 18 January 1893) to 38.8 °C (102 °F). Shantou is a prefecture-level city . It has direct jurisdiction over six districts and one county . As of 2003, the district of Haojiang was established out of Hepu and Dahao which had been merged, and

5916-455: The city would establish six districts: Luohu , Nantou, Songgang, Longhua , Longgang and Kuiyong. On 31 January 1979, the Central Committee of the Communist Party approved a plan to establish the Shekou Industrial Zone in Shenzhen with the purpose "to lead domestic, overseas, and diversified operations, industrial and commercial integration, and trading" based on the systems of that of Hong Kong and Macau . The Shekou Industrial Zone project

6018-619: The city's establishment as a SEZ, a number of foreign banks had established offices in the city, including Citibank , HSBC , Standard Chartered , and Bank of East Asia . In total, the financial industry accounts for 14.5% of the city's nominal GDP in 2015 (254.282 billion RMB), which was a 15.9% increase over the previous year. By the end of 2016, the total assets of the financial industry amounted to 12.7 trillion RMB (banking industry assets were 7.85 trillion RMB, security companies assets were 1.25 trillion RMB, and insurance industry assets were 3.6 trillion RMB), making Shenzhen's financial industry

6120-440: The city, the Shenzhen government erected a border known as the second line ( Chinese : 二线关 ), which consisted of barbed wire and checkpoints between the city and the rest of China. Initially, the border control was relatively strict, requiring non-Shenzhen citizens to obtain special permissions for entering. Over the years, border controls have gradually weakened, and permission requirement has been abandoned. In January 1990,

6222-496: The city, the Shenzhen government erected barbed wire and checkpoints between the land borders of the main sections of the SEZ and the SEZ outskirts, as well as the rest of China, in 1983, which was known as the second line border. Much of Shenzhen's urban development in the 1980s focused in the area around the old border crossing and the market town. According to academic Richard Hu, whose research focuses on urbanization , in official discourses on urbanization in China , Shenzhen

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6324-404: The county was ceded to the British. In response to the Wuchang Uprising in 1911, Xin'an residents rebelled against the local Qing administration and successfully overthrew them. In the same year the Chinese section of the Kowloon–Canton Railway (KCR) was opened to the public. The last stop on the Chinese side was Shenzhen railway station , helping the town's economy and opened Shenzhen up to

6426-402: The devastating Swatow Typhoon , which killed 5,000 out of the 65,000 people then inhabiting the city. Some nearby villages were totally destroyed. Several ships near the coast were totally wrecked. Other ones were blown as far as two miles inland. The area around the city had around another 50,000 casualties. The total death toll was above 60,000, and may have been higher than 100,000. In

6528-448: The district of Jinping Shengping and Jinyuan ; Waisha and Xinxi Town, part of former Chenghai City, was merged into Longhu District; Chenghai City became Chenghai District; Chaoyang City was divided and became Chaoyang and Chaonan District respectively. Shantou's economy is medium by Guangdong standards. Manufacturing accounts for a large and increasing share of employment. Canning , garments, lithography, plastic, and toys are some of

6630-408: The early 1980s, economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in the city becoming the first special economic zone of China due to its close proximity to Hong Kong, attracting foreign direct investment and migrants searching for opportunities. In thirty years, the city's economy and population boomed and has since emerged as a hub for technology, international trade, and finance. Shenzhen

6732-421: The eastern coast of Guangdong , China, with a total population of 5,502,031 as of the 2020 census (5,391,028 in 2010) and an administrative area of 2,248.39 square kilometres (868.11 sq mi). However, its built-up (or metro) area is much bigger with 12,543,024 inhabitants including Rongcheng and Jiedong districts, Jiexi county and Puning city in Jieyang plus all of Chaozhou city largely conurbated. This

6834-413: The easternmost in mainland China, at 23°26′33″N 116°35′20″E  /  23.44240°N 116.58885°E  / 23.44240; 116.58885 . The highest peak in the city's administration is Mount Dajian ( 大尖山 ) on Nan'ao Island , at 587 m (1,926 ft); the highest peak on the geographic mainland is Mount Lianhua ( 莲花山 ), at 562 m (1,844 ft) in Chenghai District . The city

6936-410: The economic output of Shenzhen the third largest out of Chinese cities, trailing behind Shanghai and Beijing . In addition, Shenzhen's GDP growth between 2016 and 2017 of 8.8% surpassed that of Hong Kong and Singapore , with 3.7% and 2.5% respectively. With a market capitalization of US$ 2.5 trillion as of 30 November 2018, the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE) is the 8th largest exchange in

7038-456: The existing unused border structures have been demolished and are being transformed into urban greenspaces and parks. On 15 January 2018, the State Council approved the removal of the barbed wire fence set up to mark the boundary of the SEZ. In early 2011, the provincial government of Guangdong approved the establishment of the Shenzhen-Shantou Special Cooperation Zone in the city and SEZ of Shantou , Guangdong that will last until 2040 with

7140-415: The fifth-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world. Shenzhen's nominal GDP is projected to be among the world top 10 largest cities in 2035 (together with Beijing , Shanghai and Guangzhou in China) according to a study by Oxford Economics and its nominal GDP per capita will reach above US$ 57,000 (ranking first in mainland China) in 2030, which is comparable to Tokyo and Seoul. Shenzhen

7242-632: The government in China ordered its functions to be transferred to Bank of China . Family correspondence combined with remittance was not unique to the Teochews. Other groups of overseas Chinese, including the Hokkien , the Cantonese and the Hakka , also used this method to communicate with their families. The Qiaopi agencies of the different groups served only their own community circle and their services did not overlap. An estimate of 170,000 Qiaopi letters have been collected by researchers and private collectors. The majority are Teochew Letters. The Museum of Overseas Remittance Mail Relics, based in Swatow, has

7344-677: The heaviest rains of the year though is much sunnier; there are 8.2 days annually with 50 mm (1.97 in) of rainfall. Autumn is sunny and dry. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 14.7 °C (58.5 °F) in January to 29.1 °C (84.4 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 22.58 °C (72.6 °F). The annual rainfall is around 1,618 mm (64 in), about 60% of which occurs from May to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 28% in March to 58% in July and October,

7446-580: The influence of the South China Sea , and frost is very rare; it begins dry but becomes progressively more humid and overcast. However, fog is most frequent in winter and spring, with 106 days per year reporting some fog. Early spring is the cloudiest time of year, and rainfall begins to dramatically increase in April; the rainy season lasts until late September to early October. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 27 percent in March to 53 percent in October,

7548-568: The letters and remittances from the migrant workers and sent them to their corresponding partner in Swatow. The agencies in Swatow then distributed the letters to local agencies located in the counties and villages of the Teochew region. The men employed to hand-deliver the letters and money to the families were known as phoe-kha ( 批脚 ), literally the "Feet of the Letters". The Qiaopi industry ended in 1979 when

7650-457: The local people through the 19th century as Kakchio. It was the main site for the American and British consulates. Today the area is a scenic park but some of the structures from its earlier history are somewhat preserved. In 1860, Shantou was opened for foreigners and became a trading port according to Treaty of Tientsin . It became a city in 1919, and was separated from Chenghai in 1921. 1922 saw

7752-496: The majority local Chinese populace is dominantly Teochew and as well as the second largest group of the local Chinese population in Singapore. Shantou people share the same culture with other Teochew . The tea-drinking tradition widely practised in town is a classic instance. According to China Daily , Shantou people "drink more tea than anyone else in China, in total 700 million yuan (US$ 87.5 million) each year". Most of

7854-421: The manner that cities such as Shenzhen , Xiamen and Zhuhai did. However, it remains eastern Guangdong's economic centre, and is home to Shantou University , which is under the provincial Project 211 program in Guangdong. Shantou was a fishing village part of Tuojiang Du ( 鮀江都 ), Jieyang County during the Song dynasty . It came to be known as Xialing ( 廈嶺 ) during the Yuan dynasty . In 1563, Shantou became

7956-493: The most densely populated regions in China. Former Chaoyang City was China's most populous county-level administrative region, with 2.4 million inhabitants. Shantou has direct jurisdiction over six districts and one county, and the six urban districts of Shantou have a population of 5,330,764. With it and the surrounding cities of Jieyang and Chaozhou , the administrative metropolitan area known as Chaoshan covers an area of 10,404 km (4,017 sq mi), and had

8058-468: The population in Shantou is non-religious or practices traditional folk religions , Buddhism , Taoism , or worship of Chinese deities and ancestors . About 2% of the population belongs to an organised religion, with 40,000 Protestants , 20,000 Catholics and 500 Muslims . St. Joseph's Cathedral of Shantou is the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Shantou . The public hospitals in

8160-495: The principal products. Toy manufacturing is the city's leading export industry, with 400 million U.S. dollars worth of exports each year. Canaton Calculator Co. is a multinational electronic devices manufacturing company. Guiyu , a populous town in Chaoyang District , is the biggest electronic waste site on earth. Health-environmental issues incurred have concerned international organizations such as Greenpeace . In 2000,

8262-410: The purpose of economic development. The zone would be managed by Shenzhen and another Cantonese city, Shanwei . The zone is under the jurisdiction of Shenzhen instead of Shantou, with residents living there considered to be permanent residents of Shenzhen. The Shenzhen government later established two new districts on 27 October 2011, Longhua New District and Dapeng New District . With approval of

8364-632: The same figure was 16,000 in 1991. Around the same time, Shenzhen hosted the second Senior Officials' Meeting of APEC China 2001 on 26 May 2001 in its southern manufacturing center and port. In May 2008, the State Council approved the Shenzhen SEZ to promote Shenzhen's administrative management system, economic system, social field, independent innovation system and mechanism, system and mechanism for opening up and regional cooperation, and resource conservation and environmental friendliness. On 1 July 2010

8466-467: The same year after its supervision installations were checked and accepted by the General Administration of Customs . It has been comprehensively developing export processing, storage, international trade, finance and information industry. Its goal is to establish a modernized international zone that is open to overseas by drawing experience from international free trade zones. Shantou is one of

8568-482: The seat based in Luohu. In October 1981, Bao'an County was re-established, with its region now based outside Shenzhen. In June 1983, the districts were dissolved and re-established instead as five management areas ( 管理区 ): Shekou ( 蛇口 ; south-west Shenzhen), Nantou ( 南头 ; west Shenzhen), Shangbu ( 上步 ; central Shenzhen), Luohu ( 罗湖 ; east-central Shenzhen), and Shatoujiao ( 沙头角 ; far-east Shenzhen). To enforce law and order in

8670-560: The second line border are referred to as guannei ( 关内 ; 'within the border') while districts that are outside the second line and do not have special economic privileges such as Bao'an and Longgang are referred to as guanwai ( 关外 ; 'outside the border'). The Shenzhen government later established two new districts as part of the guanwai : Guangming New District in August 2007 and Pingshan New District in June 2009. On 1 July 2010,

8772-459: The second line border was dissolved, and the Shenzhen SEZ was expanded to cover the entire city. Therefore, the four guanwai districts Bao'an District, Longgang District, Guangming New District, and Pingshan New District, would be given special economic privileges like the guannei districts. The area of the Shenzhen SEZ also increased from 396 square kilometres (153 sq mi) to 1,953 square kilometres (754 sq mi). Since June 2015,

8874-598: The second line border. At this point, Shenzhen has five districts: Luohu, Futian, Nanshan, Bao'an, and Longgang. In March 1998, Shenzhen's government created the Yantian District from the eastern portions of the Luohu District (the original area of the Shatoujiao Management District), and within the second line border. Yantian, Luohu, Futian, and Nanshan together as the special economic districts within

8976-506: The strike committee to create a blockade around Hong Kong. In 1931 Chen Jitang and his family established several casinos in Shenzhen, the largest of which being Shumchun Casino. During World War II , the Japanese occupied Shenzhen and Nantou , forcing the Bao'an County government to relocate to the neighboring Dongguan County. In 1941, the Japanese army tried to cross into Hong Kong through

9078-504: The ten largest economies in the world. Shenzhen also has the eighth most competitive and largest financial center in the world, the seventh-most Fortune Global 500 headquarters, fifth-highest number of billionaires , the second largest number of skyscrapers , the 19th largest scientific research output , and several higher education institutions , including Shenzhen University , Southern University of Science and Technology , and Shenzhen Technology University . Shenzhen railway station

9180-439: The third largest in China. Shenzhen is one of the world's top ten financial centers as of 2019, jumping five places to ninth place as determined by "variety of areas of competitiveness, including business environment, human capital, infrastructure, financial sector development and reputation." SF Express and China International Marine Containers (CIMC) have their headquarters in Shenzhen. The Port of Shenzhen comprises

9282-424: The third-most in China after (Beijing and Shanghai) within its city limits. Shenzhen's industry is described by its Municipal Bureau of Statistics to be upheld by its four-pillar industries: high tech , finance , logistics , and culture . Shenzhen is a large hub of the Chinese and global technology industry and home to a large startup ecosystem. As of 2020 the city was ranked as the 4th Fintech powerhouse in

9384-409: The unusually high number of international direct flights between Bangkok and Shantou. In addition, there are at least two Teochew -speaking air hostesses on board each China Southern flight between Shantou and Bangkok. The Teochew presence, furthermore, is evident in Singapore and Malaysia ; Johor Bahru , a coastal city situated at the latter's southernmost tip, is known as 'Little Swatow', due to

9486-471: The world. In the 2021 Global Financial Centres Index , Shenzhen was ranked as having the 8th most competitive and largest financial center in the world and 6th in Asia & Oceania region (after Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Beijing, and Tokyo). As of 2020, Shenzhen is ranked as an Alpha- ( global first-tier ) city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . According to Forbes , Shenzhen has

9588-681: The world. In 1913, the Republic of China administration renamed Xin'an County back to Bao'an County to prevent confusion from another county of the same name in Henan Province. During the Canton–Hong Kong strike , the All-China Federation of Trade Unions set up a reception station for strike workers in Hong Kong in Shenzhen. Strike workers were also given pickets and armored vehicles by

9690-525: The world. Shenzhen is primarily known for its high-tech industry, which has a value of 585.491 billion RMB (US$ 82.9 billion) in 2015, a 13 percent increase compared to last year. Out of the nominal GDP of 1,750.299 billion RMB in 2015 the high-tech industry generated 33.4 percent. Shenzhen is home to a number of prominent tech firms, such as Huawei , Tencent , DJI , and ZTE . Other tech firms include personal computer manufacturer Hasee , Hytera , OnePlus , and BYD Company . Shenzhen annually holds

9792-425: Was 4,472,200, the actual administrative population was over 20 million. It makes up part of the Pearl River Delta built-up area with 44,738,513 inhabitants, spread over 9 municipalities (including Macau ). The city is elongated measuring 81.4 kilometers from east to west while the shortest section from north to south is 10.8 kilometers. Over 160 rivers or channels flow through Shenzhen. There are 24 reservoirs within

9894-461: Was formerly the main airport serving the Shantou until nearby Jieyang Chaoshan Airport was opened on 15 December 2011. Shantou Waisha Airport became a military airbase since then and all civilian flights were transferred to the newly built airport in Jieyang. Taxi is the usual way to travel between the airport and the city proper. The taxi fare is around 60 RMB . Airport-Downtown Shantou shuttle charter

9996-856: Was incorporated into Dongguan in 1669. After the Qing dynasty was defeated by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the First Opium War and the Second Opium Wars , Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula were ceded to the British in the Treaty of Nanking and the Convention of Peking . On 21 April 1898 the Qing government signed a "Special Article for the Exhibition of Hong Kong's Borders" with

10098-558: Was led by Hong Kong-based China Merchants Group under Yuan Geng 's leadership and was to become the first export processing industrial zone in mainland China. At the beginning of April 1979, the Standing Committee of Guangdong Province discussed and proposed to the Central Committee to set up a "trade cooperation zone" in Shenzhen, Zhuhai , and Shantou . In the same month, the Central Working Conference decided on

10200-434: Was named after a deep ( Chinese : 深 ; lit. 'deep') drain that was located within the area." The oldest evidence of humans in the area on which Shenzhen was established dates back during the mid- Neolithic period. Human have inhabited the area throughout the past 6,700 years. Historic counties were first established in the area 1,700 years ago. The historic towns of Nantou and Dapeng , were built on

10302-467: Was reformed as a Special Export Zone to create a favorable investment environment and introduce advanced technology and management experience, later renamed to Special Economic Zone in May 1980. As of 2022, Shenzhen has a nominal GDP of 3.24 trillion RMB (HK$ 2.87 trillion), which surpassed neighboring Hong Kong 's GDP of HK$ 2.11 trillion and Guangzhou 's GDP of 2.88 trillion RMB (HK$ 2.68 trillion), making

10404-647: Was the last stop on the mainland Chinese section of the Kowloon–Canton Railway . The city is a leading global technology hub. In the media Shenzhen is sometimes called China's Silicon Valley . The city's entrepreneurial, innovative, and competitive-based culture has resulted in the city being home to numerous small manufacturers and software companies. Several of these firms have become large technology corporations, such as Huawei , Tencent , and DJI . As an important international city, Shenzhen hosts numerous national and international events every year, such as

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