Misplaced Pages

#120879

119-543: Ten Hills is named after Ten Hills Farm , owned by Massachusetts' first governor, John Winthrop . This estate of 600 acres (2.4 km) was granted to Governor Winthrop by the Massachusetts Bay Colony on September 6, 1631. The farm was located along the southern bank of the Mystic River in portions of what are now the cities of Somerville and Medford. It extended from Cradock Bridge, near Medford Centre, along

238-539: A big-box store to the area for the first time. At the mall, the anchor stores remained the same until 1996 when Macy's acquired the Jordan Marsh chain and shuttered the store in 1997. By 1999, the mall had been closed off except for Kmart and Building 19 , which had the year prior moved into the old Macy's/Jordan Marsh space. In 1998, Mystic View Task Force, a citizens group, was formed to advocate for community interests in future Assembly projects. A vision emerged from

357-459: A 12-screen cinema and a 200-room hotel. Other amenities include a marina, a revitalized waterfront park, bike paths and other green space. The area is served by the MBTA Orange Line at Assembly station . In the 17th century, the southern bank of the Mystic River, a low-lying tidal marsh and wetlands area bordered by uplands further south in the current Ten Hills neighborhood, was avoided by

476-626: A Maryland-based real estate investment trust and developer, purchased the defunct Assembly Square Mall along with other properties in Assembly Square. FRIT quickly redeveloped the existing mall into the Assembly Square Marketplace. Later in 2006, Somerville Mayor Joseph Curtatone aided in bringing FRIT and IKEA together to come up with a feasible redevelopment plan consistent with the new vision. FRIT and IKEA agreed to trade parcels, moving IKEA inland from its initial site and leaving

595-407: A body of laws that would bind the opinions of magistrates. Winthrop opposed these moves, and used his power to repeatedly stall and obstruct efforts to enact them. His opposition was rooted in a strong belief in the common law tradition and the desire, as a magistrate, to have flexibility in deciding cases on their unique circumstances. He also pointed out that adoption of written laws "repugnant to

714-558: A deal to open a store at Assembly, as did the French cookware maker Le Creuset . Other retailers will include Brooks Brothers , women’s clothier Chico's , and the ice cream shop J.P. Licks . AMC Theatres is also opening a 12-screen cinema on the property. Among the new restaurants are the Mexican eatery Papagayo, and Earls Kitchen + Bar, which opened its first Northeast US location at Assembly Row. In December 2013, Partners HealthCare System ,

833-548: A deep understanding of theology at an early age. He was admitted to Trinity College in December 1602, matriculating at the university a few months later. Among the students with whom he would have interacted were John Cotton and John Wheelwright , two men who also had important roles in New England . He was a close childhood and university friend of William Spring , later a Puritan Member of Parliament with whom he corresponded for

952-520: A family friend, and Winthrop was favorably impressed with their daughter Mary Forth. He left Trinity College to marry her on April 16, 1605, at Great Stambridge. Mary bore him five children, of whom only three survived to adulthood. The oldest of their children was John Winthrop the Younger , who became a governor and magistrate of Connecticut Colony . Their last two children, both girls, died not long after birth, and Mary died in 1615 from complications of

1071-588: A greater length so that, by the 1640s, the work began to take the shape of a history. Winthrop wrote primarily of his private accounts: his journey from England, the arrival of his wife and children to the colony in 1631, and the birth of his son in 1632. He also wrote profound insights into the nature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and nearly all important events of the day. The majority of his early journal entries were not intended to be literary, but merely observations of early New England life. Gradually,

1190-508: A hogshead of Indian corn. After they had all dined, and had each a small cup of sack and beer, and the men tobacco, he sent away all his men and women (though the governor would have stayed them in regard of the rain and thunder.) Himself and one squaw and one [chief] stayed all night; and being in English clothes, the governor set him at his own table, where he behaved himself as soberly ... as an Englishman. The next day after dinner he returned home,

1309-564: A larger fleet totalling 11 ships that carried about 700 migrants to the colony. Winthrop's son Henry Winthrop missed the Arbella 's sailing and ended up on the Talbot , which also sailed from Wight. A sermon titled "A Modell of Christian Charitie" , delivered either before or during the crossing, has historically been attributed to Winthrop, but the sermon's authorship is disputed; John Wilson or George Phillips , two ministers who sailed with

SECTION 10

#1732845205121

1428-453: A minor civil war between competing administrators; English colonists began trading with Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour in 1642, and his opponent Charles de Menou d'Aulnay warned Boston traders away from de la Tour's territories. In June 1643, de la Tour came to Boston and requested military assistance against assaults by d'Aulnay. Governor Winthrop refused to provide official assistance, but allowed de la Tour to recruit volunteers from

1547-490: A new commander, and a panel of magistrates headed by Winthrop had several parties imprisoned on both sides of the dispute, pending a meeting of the court of assistants. Peter Hobart, the minister in Hingham and one of several Hobarts on one side of the dispute, vociferously questioned the authority of the magistrates and railed against Winthrop specifically for what he characterized as arbitrary and tyrannical actions. Winthrop defused

1666-402: A new heart, joy in his spirit; that he would dwell with me". He was somewhat distressed that his wife did not share the intensity of his religious feelings, but he eventually observed that "she proved after a right godly woman." He was more intensely religious than his father, whose diaries dealt almost exclusively with secular matters. His wife Mary died in 1615, and he followed the custom of

1785-456: A precursor to the idea of a Governor's Council . All these officers were to be elected annually by the freemen of the colony. The first meeting of the General Court consisted of exactly eight men. They decided that the governor and deputy should be elected by the assistants, in violation of the charter; under these rules, Winthrop was elected governor three times. The general court admitted

1904-648: A shelter & a hidinge place for us and others". During the following months, he became more involved with the company, meeting with others in Lincolnshire. By early August, he had emerged as a significant proponent of emigration, and he circulated a paper on August 12 providing eight separate reasons in favor of emigration. His name appears in formal connection with the company on the Cambridge Agreement signed August 26; this document provided means for emigrating shareholders to buy out non-emigrating shareholders of

2023-666: A short-lived effort to establish a colony at Cape Ann in 1624, also on the Massachusetts coast. In 1628, some of the investors in that effort joined with new investors to acquire a land grant for the territory roughly between the Charles and Merrimack Rivers . It was first styled the New England Company, then renamed the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629 after it acquired a royal charter granting it permission to govern

2142-423: A significant number of settlers, but also established a rule requiring all freemen to be local church members. The colony saw a large influx of immigrants in 1633 and 1634, following the appointment of strongly anti-Puritan William Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury . When the 1634 election was set to take place, delegations of freemen sent by the towns insisted on seeing the charter, from which they learned that

2261-682: A sort of confessional, very different in tone and style from the Journal . Later in his life, he wrote A Short Story of the rise, reign, and ruine of the Antinomians, Familists and Libertines, that Infected the Churches of New England which described the Antinomian controversy surrounding Anne Hutchinson and other in 1636 and 1637. The work was first published in London in 1644. At the time of its publication, there

2380-602: A stock farm. In 1877, the farm was destroyed and much of the high ground was used to fill in surrounding marshlands. In 1900, the Metropolitan Park Commission acquired land along the Mystic River in Ten Hills and built Melrose Street, now called Shore Drive. In 1908, the City of Somerville built a public bath house on Melrose Street which became a very popular spot for bathers in the Mystic River. A planned amusement park

2499-417: A variety of causes in 1630, including Winthrop's son Henry, and about 80 others who returned to England in the spring due to these conditions. Winthrop set an example to the other colonists by working side by side with servants and laborers in the work of the colony. According to one report, he "fell to work with his own hands, and thereby so encouraged the rest that there was not an idle person to be found in

SECTION 20

#1732845205121

2618-463: A virtue which more than compensated for his modest income. The couple were married on April 29, 1618, at Great Maplestead . They continued to live at Groton, although Winthrop necessarily divided his time between Groton and London, where he eventually acquired a highly desirable post in the Court of Wards and Liveries . His eldest son John sometimes assisted Margaret with the management of the estate while he

2737-520: Is Federal Realty Investment Trust (FRIT), a Maryland-based real estate investment trust . The first Legoland Discovery Centre in New England and seventh in the United States is located on the property. The indoor family entertainment center based on Lego construction toys is housed in a 44,000  sq ft (4,100 m ) space opened in Spring 2014. In addition to Legoland, Nike has signed

2856-462: Is a not-for-profit, registered 501(c)3, organization dedicated to introducing and nurturing the sport of rowing, regardless of age, culture, financial ability or physical capability; and to improving and preserving the environment in and surrounding the rivers we row. Gentle Giant Rowing supports the rowing program for Somerville High School, which also rows out of the Blessing Boathouse, as does

2975-574: Is displayed on the 1675 house of his youngest son Deane Winthrop at the Deane Winthrop House . The heraldic blazon of arms is Argent three chevronels Gules overall a lion rampant Sable. On April 8, 1630, four ships left the Isle of Wight carrying Winthrop and other leaders of the colony. Winthrop sailed on the Arbella , accompanied by his two young sons Samuel and Stephen. The ships were part of

3094-773: Is known as the Isaac Royall House . In 1740, the remaining 251 acres (1.02 km) of the Lidgett's property, located in Somerville, was sold to Captain Robert Temple, who owned that land through the Revolutionary War. Captain Temple built a luxurious mansion at Ten Hills Farm, overlooking the river, which lasted until it was torn down in 1877. On September 1, 1774, General Thomas Gage ordered an expedition of 200 British troops up

3213-500: Is uncertain by which he became involved with the company because there were many indirect connections between him and individuals associated with the company. Winthrop was also aware of attempts to colonize other places; his son Henry became involved in efforts to settle Barbados in 1626, which Winthrop financially supported for a time. In March 1629, King Charles dissolved Parliament, beginning eleven years of rule without Parliament. This action apparently raised new concerns among

3332-842: The Arbella , may have authored the sermon. "A Modell of Christian Charitie" described the ideas and plans to keep the Puritan society strong in faith, while also comparing the struggles that they would have to overcome in the New World with the story of Exodus . The sermon used the now-famous phrase " City upon a Hill " to describe the ideals to which the colonists should strive, and that consequently "the eyes of all people are upon us." The sermon also said, "In all times some must be rich some poore, some highe and eminent in power and dignitie; others meane and in subjection"; that is, all societies include some who are rich and successful and others who are poor and subservient—and both groups were equally important to

3451-595: The Pequot War was the first major conflict in which the colony engaged. Winthrop sat on the council which decided to send an expedition under John Endecott to raid Indian villages on Block Island in the war's first major action. Winthrop's communication with Williams encouraged Williams to convince the Narragansetts to side with the colonists against the Pequots, who were their traditional enemies. The war ended in 1637 with

3570-619: The Shawmut Peninsula where they founded what is now the city of Boston . The season was relatively late, and the colonists decided to establish dispersed settlements along the coast and the banks of the Charles River in order to avoid presenting a single point that hostile forces might attack. These settlements became Boston, Cambridge , Roxbury , Dorchester , Watertown , Medford , and Charlestown . The colony struggled with disease in its early months, losing as many as 200 people to

3689-648: The 1637 election, suggesting that he might seek a commission as a governor general to overturn the colonial government. (Vane never returned to the colony, and became an important figure in Parliament before and during the English Civil Wars ; he was beheaded after the Restoration .) In the aftermath of the 1637 election, the general court passed new rules on residency in the colony, forbidding anyone from housing newcomers for more than three weeks without approval from

Ten Hills, Somerville, Massachusetts - Misplaced Pages Continue

3808-450: The Assembly discussion — could not be an option. In 1999, the internationally known Swedish home furnishings store IKEA purchased two former industrial sites on the Mystic River waterfront. IKEA obtained permits for its proposed retail store; however, the permits were challenged in court by community members opposed to a "big box" use on the waterfront, with the result that redevelopment of

3927-538: The Avalon at Assembly Square (195 units) and AVA Somerville (253 units), are designed by Elkus Manfredi Architects and developed by AvalonBay Communities Inc., a US-based Real Estate Investment Trust and manager of luxury apartments. In 2016, Sports Authority closed after the chain went out of business and was replaced by Burlington in 2018. A.C. Moore also closed in 2016 and was replaced by Trader Joe's in 2017, with Xfinity joining in 2019. In November 2019, Kmart

4046-821: The Bay . Winthrop operated her as a trading and packet ship up and down the coast of New England. The issue of where to locate the colony's capital caused the first in a series of rifts between Winthrop and Dudley. Dudley had constructed his home at Newtown (present-day Harvard Square , Cambridge ) after the council had agreed that the capital would be established there. However, Winthrop decided instead to build his home in Boston when asked by its residents to stay there. This upset Dudley, and their relationship worsened when Winthrop criticized Dudley for what he perceived as excessive decorative woodwork in his house. However, they seemed to reconcile after their children were married. Winthrop recounts

4165-688: The Bay Boathouse, named after the ship built by Governor Winthrop in 1631 is located on the Mystic River Reservation at 32 Shore Drive. The boathouse is currently owned by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation. During the summer, canoes and paddleboats can be rented by the public for use on the Mystic River. The Blessings of the Bay Boathouse is also home to the Gentle Giant Rowing Club . The Club

4284-524: The Mystic River to remove provincial munitions. The British landed at Ten Hills Farm, and then proceeded to Powder House Square and took 250 barrels of gunpowder to Boston. The action sparked what became known as the Powder Alarm , in which thousands of colonists, believing an attack had been made, marched on Boston and Cambridge. In 1832 Colonel Samuel Jaques, a well known horticulturalist and breeder of livestock bought Ten Hills Farm and made it famous as

4403-536: The Mystic River, nearly to Convent Hill, and included all the land between Broadway, as far as the Powder House on the south and the river on the north. The farm was named by Governor Winthrop for the ten small knolls located on the property, which included orchards and meadows for grazing cattle. In 1649, the Ten Hills Farm was inherited by Gov. Winthrop's son, John the Younger , governor of Connecticut. In 1677,

4522-523: The Mystic", a 7,100  sq ft (660 m ) restaurant overlooking the Mystic River . The Assembly Row website gives information on the new neighborhood businesses and eateries. In November 2014, SmartBear Software announced the move of their headquarters from Beverly, Massachusetts to Assembly Row. Their 33,000  sq ft (3,100 m ) office houses their 100+ headquartered employees. On

4641-574: The Puritans that did not adhere fully to its teachings and practices. This atmosphere of intolerance led Puritan religious and business leaders to consider emigration to the New World as a viable means to escape persecution. The first successful religious colonization of the New World occurred in 1620 with the establishment of the Plymouth Colony on the shores of Cape Cod Bay . Pastor John White led

4760-446: The SRA and the City adopted a 20-year extension of the urban renewal plan with the goal of transforming Assembly Square into the mixed-use district described in the 2000 Planning Study. Assembly Square was rezoned to promote the mixed-use concept, and design guidelines and a design review committee were created to provide additional assistance. In 2005, Federal Realty Investment Trust (FRIT),

4879-524: The Winthrop family until 1808, when it was purchased for the construction of Fort Winthrop . The farm at Ten Hills suffered from poor oversight on Winthrop's part. The steward of the farm made questionable financial deals that caused a cash crisis for Winthrop. The colony insisted on paying him his salary (which he had refused to accept in the past) as well as his expenses while engaged in official duties. Private subscriptions to support him raised about £500 and

Ten Hills, Somerville, Massachusetts - Misplaced Pages Continue

4998-505: The area’s economy and population. The construction of the Middlesex Canal at the end of the 18th century accelerated this process. By the early 1800s, there were 10 shipyards along the Mystic River. The area had developed into a transportation corridor from Boston to the region. At mid-century, rail surpassed the canal as the most efficient mode of transport and the construction of two railroads across Somerville in 1845 and 1854, along with

5117-407: The center. A six-screen movie theater and a four-story office building were also built on the site. Two new roadways, Assembly Square Drive and New Road, were constructed to improve access. Despite a lack of a cohesive master plan and funding, Assembly took a big step with the arrival of a Home Depot on 11 acres (4.5  ha ; 0.017  sq mi ) in 1992 at a site next to the mall, bringing

5236-466: The city's business elite. He was also appointed to the county commission of the peace , a position that gave him a wider exposure among other lawyers and landowners and a platform to advance what he saw as God's kingdom. The commission's responsibilities included overseeing countywide issues, including road and bridge maintenance and the issuance of licenses. Some of its members were also empowered to act as local judges for minor offenses, although Winthrop

5355-399: The colonies. The colonists consequently began to expand trade and interaction with other colonies, non-English as well as English. This led to trading ventures with other Puritans on Barbados , a source of cotton , and with the neighboring French colony of Acadia . French Acadia covered the eastern half of present-day Maine, as well as New Brunswick and Nova Scotia . It was embroiled in

5474-590: The colony also granted his wife 3,000 acres (12 km ) of land. His wife Margaret arrived on the second voyage of the Lyon in 1631, but their baby daughter Anne died during the crossing. Two more children were born to the Winthrops in New England before Margaret died on June 14, 1647. Winthrop married his fourth wife Martha Rainsborough some time after December 20, 1647, and before the birth of their only child in 1648. She

5593-537: The colony because both groups were members to the same community. The fleet arrived at Salem in June and was welcomed by John Endecott. Winthrop and his deputy Thomas Dudley found the Salem area inadequate for a settlement suitable for all of the arriving colonists, and they embarked on surveying expeditions of the area. They first decided to base the colony at Charlestown , but a lack of good water there prompted them to move to

5712-423: The colony for service. This decision brought on a storm of criticism, principally from the magistrates of Essex County , which was geographically closest to the ongoing dispute. John Endecott was particularly critical, noting that Winthrop had given the French a chance to see the colonial defenses. The 1644 election became a referendum on Winthrop's policy, and he was turned out of office. The Acadian dispute

5831-450: The colony's lawmaking authority, the election of governor, and the election of the deputy all rested with the freemen, not with the assistants. Winthrop acceded on the point of the elections, which were thereafter conducted by secret ballot by the freemen, but he also observed that lawmaking would be unwieldy if conducted by the relatively large number of freemen. A compromise was reached in which each town would select two delegates to send to

5950-495: The company's principals; in their July meeting, Governor Matthew Cradock proposed that the company reorganize itself and transport its charter and governance to the colony. It also worried Winthrop, who lost his position in the Court of Wards and Liveries in the crackdown on Puritans that followed the dissolution of Parliament. He wrote, "If the Lord seeth it wilbe good for us, he will provide

6069-484: The company. The company shareholders met on October 20 to enact the changes agreed to in August. Governor Cradock was not emigrating and a new governor needed to be chosen. Winthrop was seen as the most dedicated of the three candidates proposed to replace Cradock, and he won the election. The other two were Richard Saltonstall and John Humphrey; they had many other interests, and their dedication to settling in Massachusetts

SECTION 50

#1732845205121

6188-475: The democratic institution of the general court, because "a democracy is, amongst most civil nations, accounted the meanest and worst of all forms of government." Winthrop became the focus of allegations about the arbitrary rule of the magistrates in 1645, when John was formally charged with interfering with local decisions in a case involving the Hingham militia. The case centered around the disputed appointment of

6307-610: The destruction of the Pequots as a tribe, whose survivors were scattered into other tribes or shipped to the West Indies . In the aftermath of the Pequot War of 1636–38, many of the captured Pequots warriors were shipped to the West Indies as slaves. Winthrop kept one male and two female Pequots as slaves. In 1641, the Massachusetts Body of Liberties was enacted, codifying rules about slavery, among many other things. Winthrop

6426-458: The discussion. Vane's opponents sought to "tie Toleration round the neck of Independency, stuff the two struggling monsters into one sack, and sink them to the bottom of the sea." Assembly Square Assembly Square is a neighborhood in Somerville , Massachusetts , United States. It is located along the west bank of the Mystic River , bordered by Ten Hills and Massachusetts Route 28 to

6545-401: The dispute reached into colonial politics, and Winthrop attempted to bridge the divide between the two factions. He wrote an account of his religious awakening and other theological position papers designed to harmonize the opposing views. (It is not known how widely these documents circulated, and not all of them have survived.) In the 1637 election, Vane was turned out of all offices, and Dudley

6664-423: The district and the land was criss-crossed by spur tracks. With both road and rail connections, the strong transportation infrastructure was a major draw, and other industries soon followed, including First National Stores , a retail supermarket chain, which opened a grocery manufacturing and distribution center in the area. Within the next 30 years, Assembly Square remained one of the largest employment centers in

6783-562: The earlier arrivals, including Winthrop. Hutchinson and Wheelwright subscribed to the Antinomian view that following religious laws was not required for salvation, while Winthrop and others believed in a more Legalist view. This religious rift is commonly called the Antinomian Controversy , and it significantly divided the colony; Winthrop saw the Antinomian beliefs as a particularly unpleasant and dangerous heresy. By December 1636,

6902-461: The early settlers because of poorly draining clay soils. The highland site on Ten Hills offered better agricultural land and the first Governor of Massachusetts, John Winthrop , chose it for the site of his farmstead. The location of the Ten Hills site on the Mystic River made it a natural choice for the transport of people and goods, and the first seagoing vessel built in this region was launched from there. Trade and transport led to an expansion of

7021-466: The end of Assembly Square as a major industrial employment center. In 1979, the City of Somerville declared the Assembly Square District to be blighted and substandard, and adopted the "Assembly Square Revitalization Plan," a 20-year urban renewal plan, in an effort to assist in redevelopment. Under the direction of the plan, the area’s focus began to shift to retail, the cornerstone of which

7140-399: The establishment of Providence Plantations . Winthrop and Williams later had an epistolary relationship in which they discussed their religious differences. Winthrop's attitude toward the local Indian populations was generally one of civility and diplomacy. He described an early meeting with one local chief: Chickatabot came with his [chiefs] and squaws, and presented the governor with

7259-403: The evening each Monday and Friday. Winthrop also worked to convince his grown children to join the migration; John Jr. and Henry both decided to do so, but only Henry sailed in the 1630 fleet. By April 1630, Winthrop had put most of his affairs in order, although Groton Manor had not yet been sold because of a long-running title dispute. The legal dispute was only resolved after his departure, and

SECTION 60

#1732845205121

7378-653: The farm was deeded to Elizabeth Lidgett, widow of Peter Lidgett. In 1732, the Lidgetts sold 504 acres (2.04 km) of the property, most of which was located in Medford, Massachusetts , to Isaac Royall Sr., a plantation owner and slave trader who lived in Antigua . Royall ordered the remodelling of a brick house on that property, which was originally built in 1692. Royall's son, Isaac Royall Jr. , took possession of that property in 1739, and greatly expanded it. It still stands today and

7497-447: The focus of his writings shifted from his personal observations to broader spiritual ideologies and behind-the-scenes views of political matters. Winthrop's earliest publication was likely The Humble Request of His Majesties Loyal Subjects (London, 1630), which defended the emigrants' physical separation from England and reaffirmed their loyalty to the Crown and Church of England. This work

7616-427: The forum, of a pedestrian-oriented mixed-use development that could provide 30 additional acres of usable open space, over 30,000 diverse jobs, and over $ 30 million in new net tax revenue. Mystic View presented evidence that, developed as an office-based neighborhood with supporting retail and housing, Assembly Square could easily achieve those goals. But in order to do that, big-box behemoths — which had dominated much of

7735-399: The general court as representatives of its interests. In an ironic twist, Thomas Dudley, an opponent of popular election, won the 1634 election for governor, with Roger Ludlow as deputy. Winthrop graciously invited his fellow magistrates to dinner, as he had done after previous elections. In the late 1630s, the seeming arbitrariness of judicial decisions led to calls for the creation of

7854-560: The governments and religions of neighboring colonies in addition to those of Massachusetts. Winthrop was born into a wealthy land-owning and merchant family. He trained in the law and became Lord of the Manor at Groton in Suffolk , England. He was not involved in founding the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1628, but he became involved in 1629 when anti-Puritan King Charles I began a crackdown on Nonconformist religious thought. In October 1629, he

7973-405: The governor giving him cheese, and pease , and a mug, and other small things. The colonists generally sought to acquire title to the lands that they occupied in the early years, although they also practiced a policy that historian Alfred Cave calls vacuum domicilium (empty of inhabitants) : if land is not under some sort of active use, does not have fixed habitation, structures, or fences, it

8092-558: The history of Massachusetts in the 1630s and 1640s". The first two notebooks were published in 1790 by Noah Webster . The third notebook was long thought lost but was rediscovered in 1816, and the complete journals were published in 1825 and 1826 by James Savage as The History of New England from 1630 to 1649. By John Winthrop, Esq. First Governor of the Colony of the Massachusetts Bay. From his Original Manuscripts . The second notebook

8211-582: The last birth. The couple spent most of their time at Great Stambridge, living on the Forth estate. In 1613, Adam Winthrop transferred the family holdings in Groton to Winthrop, who then became Lord of the Manor at Groton. As lord of the manor, Winthrop was deeply involved in the management of the estate, overseeing the agricultural activities and the manor house. He eventually followed his father in practicing law in London, which would have brought him into contact with

8330-445: The late 1950s and early 1960s, industries were already making the choice to move to suburban locations along newly constructed highways, where land costs were lower. The construction of the elevated Northern Expressway portion of Interstate 93 in the 1970s segregated the uses on both sides of the highway and significantly reduced its access and visibility from the surrounding areas. In 1976, First National closed its operations, marking

8449-509: The law but did not advance to the Bar. His legal connections introduced him to the Tyndal family of Great Maplestead , Essex , and he began courting Margaret Tyndal in 1617, the daughter of chancery judge Sir John Tyndal and his wife Anne Egerton, sister of Puritan preacher Stephen Egerton . Her family was initially opposed to the match on financial grounds; Winthrop countered by appealing to piety as

8568-411: The laws of England" was not allowed in the charter, and that some of the laws to be adopted likely opposed English law. The Massachusetts Body of Liberties was formally adopted during Richard Bellingham 's governorship in 1641. Some of the laws enacted in Massachusetts were cited as reasons for vacating the colonial charter in 1684. In the 1640s, constitutional issues arose concerning the power of

8687-467: The literary world was The History of New England (1630–1649, also known as The Journal of John Winthrop ), which remained unpublished until the late 18th century. Winthrop kept a journal of his life and experiences, starting with the voyage across the Atlantic and continuing through his time in Massachusetts, originally written in three notebooks. His account has been acknowledged as the "central source for

8806-413: The magistrates and assistants. In a case involving an escaped pig, the assistants ruled in favor of a merchant who had allegedly taken a widow's errant animal. She appealed to the general court, which ruled in her favor. The assistants then asserted their right to veto the general court's decision, sparking the controversy. Winthrop argued that the assistants, as experienced magistrates, must be able to check

8925-488: The magistrates. Winthrop vigorously defended this rule against protests, arguing that Massachusetts was within its rights to "refuse to receive such whose dispositions suit not with ours". Ironically, some of those who protested the policy had been in favor of banishing Roger Williams in 1635. Winthrop was then out of office, and he had a good relationship with Williams. The magistrates ordered Williams' arrest, but Winthrop warned him, making possible his flight which resulted in

9044-458: The matter by stepping down from the bench to appear before it as a defendant. He successfully defended himself, pointing out that he had not acted alone, and also that judges are not usually criminally culpable for errors that they make on the bench. He also argued that the dispute in Hingham was serious enough that it required the intervention of the magistrates. Winthrop was acquitted and the complainants were fined. One major issue that Winthrop

9163-608: The more conservative Thomas Dudley and the more liberal Roger Williams and Henry Vane . Winthrop was a respected political figure, and his attitude toward governance seems authoritarian to modern sensibilities. He resisted attempts to widen voting and other civil rights beyond a narrow class of religiously approved individuals, opposed attempts to codify a body of laws that the colonial magistrates would be bound by, and also opposed unconstrained democracy, calling it "the meanest and worst of all forms of government". The authoritarian and religiously conservative nature of Massachusetts rule

9282-656: The north and the Charlestown neighborhood of Boston to the south. The district's western border runs along Interstate 93 . Located 2.5 mi (4.0 km) from downtown Boston, the 143 acres (580,000 m ) parcel is named for a former Ford Motor Company plant that closed in 1958. The area is home to Assembly Row , a 45-acre (180,000 m ) mixed-use, smart growth development that broke ground in April 2012 and opened in 2014. It includes retail outlets, restaurants, residential space, office and research and development space,

9401-535: The north side of Assembly Square is the Mystic River. From Route 28 to the MBTA Orange Line and Haverhill Line tracks is the waterfront Sylvester Baxter Riverfront Park. This was redeveloped as part of Assembly Square construction, and enlarged with a land swap between FRIT and the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR). DCR also owns the existing Draw 7 Park , which lies on

9520-544: The opening of a station at Sullivan Square , brought even more development to the area. It was not until the construction of the McGrath Highway in 1925 that full industrial development, albeit short-lived, took hold in Somerville. The Ford Motor Company built an assembly plant here in 1926, which would, over time, lend Assembly Square its name. Additionally, the Boston and Maine Railroad also owned large tracts of land in

9639-556: The project, thinking of the "whole" and every user experience, not just on a block by block basis. This new plan was welcomed by those who had previously opposed the IKEA development. The land swap was executed in October 2009 solidifying the vision of the district. After more than a decade of planning, IKEA formally pulled out of the Assembly Square project in July 2012, stating that its Stoughton store

9758-499: The property's sale was finalized by Margaret before she and John Jr. left for the colony. John Winthrop used a coat of arms that was reportedly confirmed to his paternal uncle by the College of Arms , London in 1592. It was also used by his sons. These arms appear on his tombstone in the King's Chapel Burying Ground . It is also the coat of arms for Winthrop House at Harvard University and

9877-640: The region. However, in 1958, as a result of the failure of the Edsel Division of the Ford Motor Company and the change in Ford’s manufacturing strategies, the Assembly Plant was closed. It hurt the area both economically and physically, taking away hundreds of jobs and leaving a vast complex of empty manufacturing buildings. First National moved into the Assembly Plant site shortly after Ford's departure. By

9996-458: The rest of his life. The teenage Winthrop admitted in his diary of the time to "lusts ... so masterly as no good could fasten upon me." Biographer Francis Bremer suggests that Winthrop's need to control his baser impulses may have prompted him to leave school early and marry at an unusually early age. In 1604, Winthrop journeyed to Great Stambridge in Essex with a friend. They stayed at the home of

10115-618: The rowing program of Wentworth Institute of Technology. Grimmons Park is a small playground on Gov. Winthrop Road, which opened in 1984 on the site of the former Grimmons Elementary School. The park underwent a major renovation in 2009, partially funded by a $ 1,000,000 grant from IKEA for improvement of parks throughout the city of Somerville (IKEA had been planning to open a store in nearby Assembly Square ). 42°23′50″N 71°05′12″W  /  42.3973°N 71.086698°W  / 42.3973; -71.086698 John Winthrop John Winthrop (January 12, 1588 – March 26, 1649)

10234-474: The signatories, pursued complaints against the Massachusetts government in England over this and other issues. In 1634 and 1635, Winthrop served as an assistant, while the influx of settlers brought first John Haynes and then Henry Vane to the governorship. Haynes, Vane, Anne Hutchinson , and pastors Thomas Hooker and John Wheelwright all espoused religious or political views that were at odds with those of

10353-575: The site was stalled for a number of years. In 2000, the Somerville Redevelopment Authority (SRA) acquired title to a 9.3-acre former railroad parcel in Assembly Square and issued an RFP for developers. At the same time, the City initiated an extensive public planning process, producing the "2000 Planning Study" which set out a new vision for Assembly Square as a 24-hour mixed use district with residential, retail, office, cinema, restaurant, hotel, and recreational open space uses. In 2002,

10472-573: The state's largest hospital and physician organization, announced it would consolidate administrative operations from 14 sites in eastern Massachusetts and move 4,500 non-hospital employees into 700,000  sq ft (65,000 m ) of a new office building already opened as of 2016. While the company’s executive headquarters would remain in Boston, offices throughout the region, including locations in Charlestown, Wellesley and Needham closed. In early September 2014, Legal Sea Foods opened "Legal on

10591-523: The store in 1997, and by 1999, it was replaced with Building 19 . Shortly after Building 19 opened, the mall was closed off except for Building 19 and Kmart. The vacant mall and Building 19 spaces were gutted and reconfigured in 2005. The Kmart store remained in place. The new Assembly Square Marketplace was completed in early 2006. The area around the mall will be redeveloped as an " urban village "-style development. The property owner and lead developer for both Assembly Row and Assembly Square Marketplace

10710-403: The territory. Shortly after acquiring the land grant in 1628, it sent a small group of settlers led by John Endecott to prepare the way for further migration. John Winthrop was apparently not involved in any of these early activities, which primarily involved individuals from Lincolnshire ; however, he was probably aware of the company's activities and plans by early 1629. The exact connection

10829-408: The time by marrying Thomasine Clopton soon after on December 6, 1615. She was more pious than Mary had been; Winthrop wrote that she was "truly religious & industrious therein". Thomasine died on December 8, 1616, from complications of childbirth; the child did not survive. In approximately 1613 (records indicate that it may have been earlier), Winthrop was enrolled at Gray's Inn . There he read

10948-471: The two of them, each having been granted land near Concord , going to stake their claims. At the boundary between their lands, a pair of boulders were named the Two Brothers "in remembrance that they were brothers by their children's marriage". Dudley's lands became Bedford , and Winthrop's Billerica . The colony's charter called for a governor, deputy governor, and 18 assistant magistrates who served as

11067-475: The waterfront open for FRIT to create pedestrian friendly, mixed-use development. The new plan, developed by Street-Works Studio LLC for Federal Realty, integrated residential, office, retail and open space across the site and embraced the waterfront for public use and a future transit stop. Street-Works Studio worked with project-wide consultants to ensure phasing, retail connectedness, developed design guidelines, and brought an important human-scale aesthetic to

11186-402: The whole plantation." Winthrop built his house in Boston where he also had a relatively spacious plot of arable land. In 1631, he was granted a larger parcel of land on the banks of the Mystic River that he called Ten Hills Farm . On the other side of the Mystic was the shipyard owned in absentia by Matthew Cradock, where one of the colony's first boats was built, Winthrop's Blessing of

11305-459: Was a member of the committee which drafted the code, but his exact role is not known because records of the committee have not survived. C. S. Manegold writes that Winthrop was opposed to the Body of Liberties because he favored a common law approach to legislation. Rising tensions in England culminated in a civil war and led to a significant reduction in the number of people and provisions arriving in

11424-524: Was a significant property owner. He owned the Ten Hills Farm, as well as land that became the town of Billerica, Governors Island in Boston Harbor (now the site of Logan International Airport ), and Prudence Island in Narragansett Bay . He also engaged in the fur trade in partnership with William Pynchon , using the ship Blessing of the Bay . Governors Island was named for him and remained in

11543-541: Was active in arguing against their supporters, but Shepard criticized him for being too moderate, claiming that Winthrop should "make their wickedness and guile manifest to all men that they may go no farther and then will sink of themselves." Hooker and Haynes had left Massachusetts in 1636 and 1637 for new settlements on the Connecticut River (the nucleus of the Connecticut Colony ); Vane left for England after

11662-435: Was an English Puritan lawyer and a leading figure in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony , the second major settlement in New England following Plymouth Colony . Winthrop led the first large wave of colonists from England in 1630 and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years. His writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan " city upon a hill " dominated New England colonial development, influencing

11781-527: Was away. In the mid- to late-1620s, the religious atmosphere in England began to look bleak for Puritans and other groups whose adherents believed that the English Reformation was in danger. King Charles I had ascended the throne in 1625, and he had married a Roman Catholic. Charles was opposed to all manner of recusants and supported the Church of England in its efforts against religious groups such as

11900-523: Was born on January 12, 1587/8 to Adam and Anne (née Browne) Winthrop in Edwardstone , Suffolk , England. His birth was recorded in the parish register at Groton . His father's family had been successful in the textile business, and his father was a lawyer and prosperous landowner with several properties in Suffolk. His mother's family was also well-to-do, with properties in Suffolk and Essex . When Winthrop

12019-587: Was closed by Sears . Assembly Square Marketplace is a retail park and mixed-use development located in Assembly Square. From the 1980s until the mid-2000s, it was an enclosed shopping mall called Assembly Square Mall. Scheduled plans for the facility call for a six phased expansion, thus changing its classification into super regional mall . 66.5 acres (269,000 m ) of office, retail, residential, research and development, hospitality and entertainment space are envisioned by project completion in 2011. Assembly Square Mall opened in 1980. The mall building

12138-496: Was considered to be free for the taking. This also meant that lands, which were only used seasonally by the Indians (e.g., for fishing or hunting) and were empty otherwise, could be claimed. According to Alfred Cave, Winthrop asserted that the rights of "more advanced" peoples superseded the rights of the Indians. However, cultural differences and trade issues between the colonists and the Indians meant that clashes were inevitable, and

12257-535: Was destroyed in a fire at Savage's office in 1825; the other two volumes now belong to the Massachusetts Historical Society . Richard Dunn and Laetitia Yeandle produced a modern transcription of the diaries in 1996, combining new analysis of the surviving volumes and Savage's transcription of the second notebook. The journal began as a nearly day-to-day recounting of the ocean crossing. As time progressed, he made entries less frequently and wrote at

12376-409: Was elected governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and he led a group of colonists to the New World in April 1630, founding a number of communities on the shores of Massachusetts Bay and the Charles River . Between 1629 and his death in 1649, he served 18 annual terms as governor or lieutenant-governor and was a force of comparative moderation in the religiously conservative colony, clashing with

12495-406: Was elected governor. Dudley's election did not immediately quell the controversy. First John Wheelwright and later Anne Hutchinson were put on trial, and both were banished from the colony. (Hutchinson and others founded the settlement of Portsmouth on Rhode Island ; Wheelwright founded first Exeter, New Hampshire and then Wells, Maine in order to be free of Massachusetts rule.) Winthrop

12614-401: Was eventually resolved with d'Aulnay as the victor. In 1646, Winthrop was again in the governor's seat when d'Aulnay appeared in Boston and demanded reparations for damage done by the English volunteers. Winthrop placated the French governor with the gift of a sedan chair , originally given to him by an English privateer. In addition to his responsibilities in the colonial government, Winthrop

12733-471: Was influential in the formation of neighboring colonies, which were formed in some instances by individuals and groups opposed to the rule of the Massachusetts elders. Winthrop's son John was one of the founders of the Connecticut Colony , and Winthrop himself wrote one of the leading historical accounts of the early colonial period. His long list of descendants includes famous Americans, and his writings continue to influence politicians today. John Winthrop

12852-430: Was involved in occurred in 1647, when a petition was submitted to the general court concerning the limitation of voting rights to freemen who had been formally admitted to a local church. Winthrop and the other magistrates rejected the appeal that "civil liberty and freedom be forthwith granted to all truly English", and even fined and imprisoned the principal signers of the petition. William Vassal and Robert Child, two of

12971-466: Was much discussion about the nature of church governance, and the Westminster Assembly of Divines had recently begun to meet. The evidence which it presented was seen by supporters of Congregationalism as proving the book's worth, and by opponents as proving its failings. In some of its editions, it was adapted by opponents of Henry Vane, who had become a leading Independent political leader in

13090-509: Was never built, but a new bathhouse along the shore of the river was built sometime between 1925 and 1947. In 1928, the City of Somerville bought the site for the purposes of building an elementary school, and in 1930, The Charles A. Grimmons Elementary School was opened for students. In 1980, the Grimmons School was closed due to lack of enrollment. A portion of the land was retained for the construction of Grimmons Park. The Blessings of

13209-462: Was only able to exercise this authority in cases affecting his estate. The full commission met quarterly, and Winthrop forged a number of important connections through its activities. Winthrop documented his religious life, keeping a journal beginning 1605 in which he described his religious experiences and feelings. In it, he described his failures to keep "divers vows" and sought to reform his failings by God's grace, praying that God would "give me

13328-460: Was previously occupied by Somerville Assembly , a Ford Motor Company factory, and was later used as a supermarket distribution center before its conversion to a mall. The 322,000-square-foot (29,900 m ) mall was originally anchored by a 79,000 sq ft (7,300 m ) Jordan Marsh and a 95,637 sq ft (8,885.0 m ) Kmart . These anchor stores remained the same until 1996, when Macy's acquired Jordan Marsh. Macy's closed

13447-518: Was republished by Joshua Scottow in the 1696 compilation MASSACHUSETTS: or The first Planters of New-England, The End and Manner of their coming thither, and Abode there: In several EPISTLES . In addition to his more famous works, Winthrop produced a number of writings, both published and unpublished. While living in England, he articulated his belief "in the validity of experience" in a private religious journal known as his Experiencia . He wrote in this journal intermittently between 1607 and 1637 as

13566-435: Was sufficient to serve the state. The next year, it was announced that FRIT would purchase the 12 acres (49,000 m ) from IKEA. This sale means that FRIT owns nearly all of the property at Assembly Square. After two years of preparing the former brownfields site, the ground was broken in April 2012 for two residential apartment blocks, a new main street, and a new MBTA transit infill station . The apartment buildings,

13685-400: Was the rehabilitation of the former auto assembly plant into a retail mall, Assembly Square Mall . The next year the shopping center opened with 360,000 sq ft (33,000 m ) of retail space, and Kmart and Jordan Marsh as anchors. It was like many smaller “dumbbell” style malls of its era, with an anchor at each end of the mall and a straight hallway between, and a food court in

13804-512: Was the widow of Thomas Coytmore and sister of Thomas and William Rainborowe . Winthrop died of natural causes on March 26, 1649, and is buried in what is now called the King's Chapel Burying Ground in Boston. He was survived by his wife Martha and five sons. Winthrop rarely published and his literary contribution was relatively unappreciated during his time, yet he spent his life continually producing written accounts of historical events and religious manifestations. His major contributions to

13923-418: Was unclear to Winthrop when his wife would come over; she was due to give birth in April 1630, near the fleet's departure time. They consequently decided that she would not come over until a later time, and it was not until 1631 that the couple were reunited in the New World. To maintain some connection with his wife during their separation, the couple agreed to think of each other between the hours of 5 and 6 in

14042-434: Was viewed as uncertain. Humphrey was chosen as deputy governor, a post that he relinquished the following year when he decided to delay his emigration. Winthrop and other company officials then began the process of arranging a transport fleet and supplies for the migration. He also worked to recruit individuals with special skills that the new colony would require, including pastors to see to the colony's spiritual needs. It

14161-427: Was young, his father became a director at Trinity College, Cambridge . Winthrop's uncle John (Adam's brother) immigrated to Ireland, and the Winthrop family took up residence at Groton Manor. Winthrop was first tutored at home by John Chaplin and was assumed to have attended grammar school at Bury St. Edmunds . He was also regularly exposed to religious discussions between his father and clergymen, and thus came to

#120879