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91-783: Outwardly, the Temuan people; like the other Proto-Malays , are virtually indistinguishable from the Malays themselves. They have straight hair and light brown skin, but strong individual variations are found among the Temuan people. Their average height is approximately 153 cm for men and 142 cm for women. Culturally, the Malays and the Proto-Malays are also closely related. They speak Temuan , an Austronesian language closely related to Malay . The Temuan people can be found in almost every state of Peninsular Malaysia , but most of them still live in

182-552: A wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention . Sumatra has lost almost 50% of its tropical rainforest since 1980. Many species are now critically endangered , such as the Sumatran ground cuckoo , the Sumatran tiger , the Sumatran elephant , the Sumatran rhinoceros , and the Sumatran orangutan . Deforestation on the island has also resulted in serious seasonal smoke haze over neighbouring countries, such as

273-486: A 9.2 earthquake shook Bengkulu and Western Sumatra. Both events caused large tsunamis . Earthquakes are very common throughout the coastal area of the west and center of the island, and tsunamis are common due to the high seismicity in the area. By population, Medan is the largest city in Sumatra. Medan is also the most visited and developed city in Sumatra. Sumatra supports a wide range of vegetation types that are home to

364-433: A complex hierarchy. They are headed by a batin (village head); the most respected person in the community, regarded as a man with a strong personality with extensive knowledge and experience, honest and fair. He is the highest adviser, the last resort. The Batin is also credited with supernatural powers, and people seek him not only for advice, but also for magical remedies against minor ailments. Peasants would have to give

455-617: A mixture of Proto-Malay and Melanesian and the Sakai people from Riau , which were originally pure Proto-Malay until later they were forced into the interior by the Deutero-Malays which led to their mixing with the Negritos . Off the west coast of Bengkulu , Sumatra Island, the indigenous people of Enggano Island known as the Enggano people are considered largely Proto-Malays. In Malaysia ,

546-462: A practice they continue to adhere even in the city. During lunch or dinner, people throw some food to evil spirits in open doors or windows to keep them from joining their table. Due to the threat from spirits and ghosts, all food bought or brought from outside must also be burned in the evening. Every year, under the guidance of a shaman, the Temuans hold the sawai festival, an ancient ritual of healing

637-528: A rich variety of species, including 17 endemic genera of plants. Unique species include the Sumatran pine which dominates the Sumatran tropical pine forests of the higher mountainsides in the north of the island and rainforest plants such as Rafflesia arnoldii (the world's largest individual flower), and the titan arum (the world's largest unbranched inflorescence ). The island is home to 201 mammal species and 580 bird species. There are nine endemic mammal species on mainland Sumatra and 14 more endemic to

728-654: A stiff economic decline as the heritage of the Srivijaya empire was superseded by the economic policy of the Singhasari and Majapahit . The Palembang sultanate experienced a terminal decline in the early 19th century. With the coming of the Dutch Empire , the many Sumatran princely states gradually fell under their control. Aceh posed major obstacles, as the Dutch were involved in the long and costly Aceh War (1873–1903). During

819-647: Is 53 years, and the poverty rate was 76.9%, with 35.2% is considered very poor ("hardcore poor"). The Temuans speak the Malay language as well as their own language called the Temuan language or Bahasak Temuan . It is distinct but closely related to the Malay language spoken by their Malay neighbours. The Temuan language belongs to the Malay group of the Malayo-Polynesian languages and is very close to standard Malay language . It

910-401: Is a constant temptation. Many young Orang Asli especially among them Temuan are attracted to Bonggeng culture, where young people on the occasion of weddings are offered a lot of free food and would stay up all night with modern music. The resettlement program has accelerated the process of modernization of the Temuan people in terms of electricity, public transport, modern health care, but at

1001-490: Is also an area in the archipelago that received the spread of Islam first compared to other islands or other areas. The island of Sumatra became the first area to receive the spread of Islam because of the position of the island of Sumatra which is close to the Malacca strait. The initial process of Islamization related to trade and also the formation of the kingdom. Islam entered Sumatra through pious Arabs and Tamil traders in

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1092-585: Is also called Talan in Semaq Beri language ). Their god has sent a "Celau" punishment in a form of a great flood which had drowned all the Temuan sinners that day. Only two of the Temuans, named Mamak and Inak Bungsuk survived that day by climbing on an Eaglewood tree at Gunung Raja (Royal Mountain) located at the border of Selangor and Pahang state. There was a Temuan village over there named Kampung Orang Asli Pertak. Mamak and Inak Bungsuk survived because they had an enchanting mantra or spell to ease down

1183-418: Is also the main economic unit in a Temuan society. Each family has its own rubber plantation, rice field and orchard. Children help their parents in everything. The tracing of kinship are conducted on both paternal and maternal lineage. Polygamy is not prohibited, but it is very rare. The marriage of the Temuans is mostly exogenous, the menteri helps to expand the boundaries of the search for spouse, through

1274-521: Is also used as an inter-ethnic means of communication in some parts of Aceh province. Religion in Sumatra (2023) The majority of people in Sumatra are Muslims (87.12%), while 10.69% are Christians, and less than 2.19% are Buddhists and Hindus. Sumatra is one of seven geographical regions of Indonesia , which includes its adjacent smaller islands. Sumatra was one of the eight original provinces of Indonesia between 1945 and 1948. Including adjacent archipelagoes normally included with Sumatra (such as

1365-579: Is often considered as one of the Malay dialects. Interestingly, the Temuan language is closer to standard Malay than the dialect of the Minangkabau language , a colloquial language of the Malay people in Negeri Sembilan, who settled alongside the Temuan people. It is essentially a spoken language with several dialectal variation. Temuan is divided into two major dialects namely Belandas and Mantra which differs mostly in terms of phonology and also some of

1456-405: Is part of their culture. A basic traditional Temuan belief is that their God and ancestors are always present with them, guarding their safety. The belief in the existence of a higher god, are referred to as Tuhan by the Temuan people. The Temuans believe they were placed on the earth ( Tanah Tujuh ) by Muyang (God) to be guardians of the rain forest and that if they fail in their sacred duty,

1547-787: Is scant linguistic basis for a Proto-/Deutero-Malay split. The findings suggests that the Proto-Malay and the Deutero-Malay peoples possibly come from the same origin. Previous theories suggested that the Deutero-Malays came in a second wave of migration, around 300 BCE, compared to the arrival of the Proto-Malays who came much earlier. Ernest-Théodore Hamy (1896) first identified 3 Proto-Malay groups that are found in Sumatra and Borneo , Indonesia : Both Koentjaraningrat and Alfred Russel Wallace 's (1869) research also concluded that most of

1638-577: Is the largest producer of Indonesian coffee . Small-holders grow Arabica coffee ( Coffea arabica ) in the highlands, while Robusta ( Coffea canephora ) is found in the lowlands. Arabica coffee from the regions of Gayo, Lintong and Sidikilang is typically processed using the Giling Basah (wet hulling) technique, which gives it a heavy body and low acidity. Sumatra is a highly seismic island. Huge earthquakes have been recorded throughout history. In 1797, an 8.9 earthquake shook Western Sumatra, and in 1833,

1729-456: Is village ceremonial dancing. When the Temuan get married their will organised "Gogo" at between 8   p.m. until 7   a.m. the next day. The live band will play the music and every people from other village join to dance. Some traditional superstitions still held by Temuans: Typical Temuan food are usually cooked in bamboo. Temuan dishes are such as:- The Temuan people also possess knowledge in traditional medicine. There also those from

1820-623: The "Celau" storm. Gunung Gajak (Gunung Rajah, Pahang, Malaysia) became the birth places and ancestral home of the Temuan tribe. Mamak Bungsuk (Adam) and Inak Bungsuk (Eve) are the Temuan analogues of Adam and Eve in the myth of the birth of humanity. The Temuan celebrate Aik Muyang (Ancestor Day) at the end of the year and the beginning of new year. Aik Muyang honoring their ancestor for giving them good life and save from Celau (storm). The celebration take place in different day between 15 December to 15 January. List of places and its Aik Gayak Muyang celebration dates:- Gogo ( Bogeng )

1911-518: The 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake and the 2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami . Lake Toba is the site of a supervolcanic eruption that occurred around 74,000 years ago, representing a climate-changing event. The most important rivers in Sumatra belong to the catchment area of the South China Sea . Heading north to south, the Asahan , Rokan , Siak , Kampar , Indragiri , Batanghari flow into

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2002-404: The 2013 Southeast Asian haze which caused considerable tensions between Indonesia and affected countries Malaysia and Singapore . The widespread deforestation and other environmental destruction in Sumatra and other parts of Indonesia has often been described by academics as an ecocide . Several unconnected railway networks built during Netherlands East Indies exist in Sumatra, such as

2093-829: The Barisan Mountains in the west and swampy plains in the east. Sumatra is the closest Indonesian island to mainland Asia. To the southeast is Java , separated by the Sunda Strait . To the north is the Malay Peninsula (located on the Asian mainland), separated by the Strait of Malacca . To the east is Borneo , across the Karimata Strait . West of the island is the Indian Ocean . The Great Sumatran fault (a strike-slip fault), and

2184-521: The Malacca Strait , while the island's largest river, the Musi , flows into the sea at Bangka Strait in the south. To the east, big rivers carry silt from the mountains, forming the vast lowland interspersed by swamps. Even if mostly unsuitable for farming, the area is currently of great economic importance for Indonesia. It produces oil from both above and below the soil – palm oil and petroleum . Sumatra

2275-639: The Malay Peninsula and Malay Archipelago in a long series of migrations between 2500 and 1500 BCE, before that of the Deutero-Malays about a thousand years later. The Proto-Malays are descendants of the first humans living in Southeast Asia, and are "ancestral" for humans in east Asia and the Americas. The Proto-Malays are believed to have been seafarers knowledgeable in oceanography who possessed advanced fishing as well as basic agricultural skills. Over

2366-697: The Moluccans came under the Proto-Malay classification with a admixture with Melanesian. However, António Mendes Correia 's findings re-classified the Timorese in Alfred Russel Wallace's ethnological chart as predominantly Proto-Malay. This is evidenced by the striking similarity in the architectural designs of traditional houses in Lospalos , East Timor with the Batak and Toraja people. In Sulawesi , not only are

2457-569: The Second World War , Japan invaded Sumatra in 1942. The Free Aceh Movement fought against Indonesian government forces in the Aceh Insurgency from 1976 to 2005. Security crackdowns in 2001 and 2002 resulted in several thousand civilian deaths. The island was heavily impacted by both the 1883 Krakatoa eruption and the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami . Sumatra’s population as of 2023 was estimated to be about 60,795,669 ; it has about

2548-473: The Simeulue , Nias , Mentawai , Enggano , Riau Islands , Bangka Belitung and Krakatoa archipelago . Sumatra is an elongated landmass spanning a diagonal northwest–southeast axis. The Indian Ocean borders the northwest, west, and southwest coasts of Sumatra, with the island chain of Simeulue , Nias , Mentawai , and Enggano off the western coast. In the northeast, the narrow Strait of Malacca separates

2639-569: The Sunda megathrust (a subduction zone ), run the entire length of the island along its west coast. On 26 December 2004, the western coast and islands of Sumatra, particularly Aceh province, were struck by a tsunami following the Indian Ocean earthquake . This was the longest earthquake recorded, lasting between 500 and 600 seconds (8.33–10 minutes). More than 170,000 Indonesians were killed, primarily in Aceh. Other recent earthquakes to strike Sumatra include

2730-586: The Toraja people are regarded as part of the ancient Proto-Malay, but their neighboring Minahasan people as well who have migrated to the island in the megalithic period. In Sumatra , a little known pygmy tribe called the Mante people of Aceh are regarded as Proto-Malay and are thought to be extinct. Other ethnic groups that are closely related to the Proto-Malay are such as the Nage people from Flores , which are considered

2821-449: The batin a small portion of their rice harvest, as well as a large game animal. The position of the batin is usually inherited by his eldest son, but if he does not have the traits of a leader, someone else can be chosen to replace him. The assistant of the batin in governing is his deputy, the pemangku (deputy village head; his duty is dividing animal game obtained from hunting), the second deputy jenang and his assistant jekara ;

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2912-462: The dakwah program, policy of "positive discrimination" for newly converted Muslims was also implemented by rewarding of material goods, benefits in the field of education and promotion in the civil service. The purpose of this policy was to facilitate the assimilation of the Orang Asli into the Malay community. However, the results of the dakwah were not impressive. They were especially ineffective in

3003-527: The 13th century, the latter took power over the peninsula. At the end of the 14th century, the Malays who came from Sumatra , established trading settlements on the coast. Among them was the Malacca Sultanate kingdom, which soon became the leading state in the region. After the capture of Malacca by the Portuguese Empire , the Malay rulers moved to Johor . A key moment in the history of the peninsula

3094-475: The 13th century. In terms of economic development the port of Banda Aceh only started to face competition in the 18th century when more ports were constructed in Sumatra for maritime transport . Nevertheless, major pepper suppliers used the port of Banda Aceh at the beginning of the 19th century. The port in Medan grew swiftly in the late 19th and early 20th century. Meanwhile the medium sized port of Palembang faced

3185-1157: The 2010 census (including Riau Islands , Bangka Belitung , Nias , Mentawai , Simeulue and islands around it) There are over 52 languages spoken, all of which (except Chinese and Tamil) belong to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. Within Malayo-Polynesian, they are divided into several sub-branches: Chamic (which are represented by Acehnese in which its closest relatives are languages spoken by Ethnic Chams in Cambodia and Vietnam), Malayic ( Malay , Minangkabau and other closely related languages), Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands ( Batak languages , Gayo and others), Lampungic (includes Proper Lampung and Komering ) and Bornean (represented by Rejang in which its closest linguistic relatives are Bukar Sadong and Land Dayak spoken in West Kalimantan and Sarawak ( Malaysia )). Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands and Lampungic branches are endemic to

3276-472: The 6th and 7th centuries AD. At the beginning and end of the 13th century the formation of the kingdom, the king of the Samudra kingdom had converted to Islam. Marco Polo visited the island in 1292, and his fellow Italian Odoric of Pordenone in 1321. Aceh in the north of Sumatra became known in the 16th century as trading centre for the pepper trade by shipping quality piperaceae ( pepper ). Aceh became

3367-574: The Department of Orang Asli Development ( Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli in Malay, JAKOA). This department is authorized to resolve all issues in the Orang Asli communities, depriving them of any autonomy. Malaysia's rapid economic development, which began in the 1970s, required land and natural resources. The government, often with the participation of JHEOA, has increasingly encroached on Orang Asli lands, frequently ignoring their rights, which are not always legislated. Invasion by individuals, corporations and

3458-601: The Indonesian government announced a plan to protect Sumatra's remaining forests. The island includes more than 10 national parks, including three which are listed as the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra World Heritage Site – Gunung Leuser National Park , Kerinci Seblat National Park and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park . The Berbak National Park is one of three national parks in Indonesia listed as

3549-554: The Latin alphabet although no standard orthography has been made. Asyik FM , Malaysia's national radio broadcasts daily in the Temuan language. The medium of education of the Temuans is conducted in Malay. It is believed that the Proto-Malays arrived on the Malay Peninsula by sea in about 2,000 BC. By the 5th century AD, the Orang Asli were already suppliers of jungle products in international trade networks. The popular folk history of

3640-659: The Portuguese throughout the 16th and 17th century. When the Dutch were weakened in the 18th century the British empire began to actively intervene in Aceh, establishing close relations between Banda Aceh and Penang . In the 17th and 18th century the Aceh Sultanate battled the Siak sultanate in the south of Sumatra. The port city of Banda Aceh was recorded in European historical writings since

3731-616: The Proto-Malay are classified under the native Orang Asli group of people in the Peninsular Malaysia . They are officially known as: Other ethnic groups outside of the Peninsular Malaysia that are also regarded as Proto-Malay apart from the Orang Asli people group are such as the Rungus people . In the Philippines , there are several people groups that have been identified as part of

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3822-588: The Proto-Malay group: While there are other ethnic groups in the Philippines , that are in some ways related or shares a mixture of Proto-Malay, namely: Sumatra Sumatra ( / s ʊ ˈ m ɑː t r ə / ) is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia . It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km (182,812 mi. ), including adjacent islands such as

3913-550: The Riau Islands, Nias and the Bangka-Belitung group), it now covers ten of Indonesia's 38 provinces , which are set out below with their areas and populations. The longest axis of the island runs approximately 1,790 km (1,110 mi) northwest–southeast, crossing the equator near the centre. At its widest point, the island spans 435 km (270 mi). The interior of the island is dominated by two geographical regions:

4004-631: The Temuan community of Kampung Bukit Tampoi through the loss of their customary land, which was part of a highway construction. The main occupations of the Temuan people are agriculture and forestry. The main food crop is rice. Three varieties of wet rice are grown ( masuri , pulut and malinja ), the whole crop is used for own consumption. However, buying rice from stores are still necessary as many families do not get sufficient rice from their fields. Rubber and other commodity crops are also grown. Most Orang Asli have collectively owned rubber, palm oil or cocoa plantations. The sale of rubber provides most of

4095-559: The Temuan people live alongside other ethnic groups. The dynamics in the population of the Temuan people in Malaysia :- Population distribution of the Temuan people by state (1996, JHEOA census):- Despite the government's efforts to modernize the indigenous way of living, the Orang Asli are still a marginalized people of the country's population. Literacy rates among the indigenous stood at 43% in 1991, compared with 86% nationally at that time. The average life expectancy of an Orang Asli person

4186-495: The Temuan people treated all these objects with great respect. The most revered of these is Mount Gunung Rajah ("Ruler's Mountain"), sacred to the Temuans, located on the border of Selangor and Pahang. An ancient Temuan legend says that it was on this mountain that their ancestors hid during the Great Flood , which destroyed the rest of humanity. The Temuan's culture reflects their belief in these nature spirits. Their animism takes

4277-423: The Temuan people with many variations tells of two brothers who participated in the gathering of earthly tribes in "times of grace, when men understood the language of animals." On the way home, a storm broke and overturned their ship. Abang (older brother) managed to grab his blowgun before the ship sank in the stormy waves, and swam ashore. Adik (the younger brother) managed to save only the sacred scroll, but that

4368-495: The Temuans, are caused by the activities of evil spirits, Temuan people will also seek a dukun or bomoh to cure the disease. The folk healer gives the patient a herbal medicine, and in a trance performs special rites to reverse the effects of spirits. Temuans distinguish their shamans by strength. Traditional healers also provide services to outsiders, but for money. There are also various taboos associated with ghosts and demons in Temuan beliefs. Loyok , an evil bird that flies in

4459-513: The backbone of the island, while the northeastern area contains large plains and lowlands with swamps, mangrove forest and complex river systems. The equator crosses the island at its centre in West Sumatra and Riau provinces. The climate of the island is tropical , hot, and humid. Lush tropical rain forest once dominated the landscape. Sumatra has a wide range of plant and animal species but has lost almost 50% of its tropical rainforest in

4550-417: The cash income for these people. They also sell some jungle produce ( durian , petai , rattan, bamboo), which are harvested from the jungle. In addition to rice, they also buy tobacco, clothes and other luxury items. The main economic aggregate of the Temuan people is similar to the Malays. To some extent, these neighboring communities are competitors, and for this reason hostility do exists between them. In

4641-406: The city folks who would seek consultation from the Orang Asli to cure their illness and problems. Among of the illness that the Temuan shaman could cure are such as fever, diarrhea, blood clot, kidney disease and many more by using herbs or animal based medicine. Examples of herbs used:- It is also known that the Temuan people themselves have begun to cultivate some of the herbs as an indication of

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4732-473: The city, they retain their own tribal structure by following the traditional way of life. The Temuan people have an ambiguous perception of the socio-cultural and economic changes that are taking place. Although people are generally satisfied with modern living conditions, they are also dissatisfied with the loss of their traditional culture. The younger generation prefers to live a modern life, wants to have fun and pleasures. The colorful life they see around them

4823-407: The close connection between several villages, which is common for Temuan communities. Although Temuans live in close contact with Malays, Chinese and Indians, mixed marriages are almost non-existent. Despite significant changes in their lives, the Temuan people continue to look at the world through the eyes of jungle dwellers. It is difficult for them adapt to city life. Even after the resettlement in

4914-479: The common health problems faced by them. Examples of such species that have been cultivated by the Temuan people instead of gathering them from the wild are:- The common method of administering the herbs by the Temuan people are by consuming the decoction of the roots orally, such as the Polyalthia bullata, Andrographis paniculata , Parkia speciosa , Zingiber officinale and many more. Other methods of administering

5005-407: The countryside and suburban villages of Selangor , Negeri Sembilan , as well as Pahang and Melaka . Usually these villages consist of purely Temuan people. Traditionally, the Temuans were forest dwellers. However, with the implementation economic development programmes, relocation of individuals of Orang Asli communities to new villages are often in suburban areas by the government. In urban areas,

5096-407: The crops they grow and for the peaceful life they have had. In the 1970s, Malaysia began a policy of converting the Orang Asli to Islam . First sluggish, but it intensified in the 1980s, and in the 1990s the programs of Islamization ( dakwah ) began where specially trained Muslim missionaries operate in indigenous communities, and in prayer halls ( surau ) that were opened in each village. As part of

5187-468: The earth, in which they honor their ancestors and try to calm the guardian spirits. At the end of every year, the Temuans celebrate the biggest holiday in the Temuan community, the Aik Gayak Muyang (Ancestor Day). It takes place in late December to early January, after harvest and fruit picking. Each village has its own date of the holiday. People gather for a feast to thank their God and ancestors for

5278-504: The environment of the Temuan settlements. The percentage of Muslims among the Orang Asli in 1997 was 11.1% in Selangor, 9.2% in Negeri Sembilan, and 14.0% in Melaka. While the percentage among Temuan Muslims was 1,928 people, including 976 people in the state of Selangor, 592 people in the state of Negeri Sembilan, 241 person in the state of Pahang, 118 people in the state of Melaka and one person in

5369-439: The evening, causes illness and death. So people should remain indoors at this time and not go outside. Another bird, Kelong Kuat functions as a messenger from the realm of the dead. When people hear the sound of this bird, they know that someone has died. Temuans cannot kill a person, otherwise the ghost of the murdered will pursue the killer. Every night the Temuans light a fire in the courtyard to ward off evil spirits and ghosts;

5460-433: The form of taboos , herbal remedies, ritual ceremonies and magic. They have dukun (folk healers) and a village bomoh ( shaman ) who, when in a trance state, communicates with the nature spirits. It is the shaman who leads the tribe in the annual sawai or sewang - an ancient earth healing ritual to honour their ancestors and appease the guardian spirits. In an event of diseases and natural disasters; which according to

5551-473: The government into areas inhabited by the Orang Asli became more frequent since the mid-1980s and gained widespread in the 1990s. These processes have mostly affected the Temuan people, whose traditional lands are located in the heart of Peninsular Malaysia, near the capital. Communities in the development zone were relocated to other areas. Some villages, such as in Bukit Lanjan , were relocated several times. In

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5642-844: The herbs includes eating, rubbing, chewing, bathing, shampooing and poultice. Some herbs have multiple methods of administering its medicinal properties to treat for different illness. For example, root decoction of Alpinia conchigera is used as a shampoo to clean fleas on the head, its leaves are used as poultice to treat boils and post-childbirth swelling on the stomach, while its rhizome can be pounded as rubbing for bone ache, and also powdered to be mixed with water as poultice for stomach ache. Proto-Malay The term Proto-Malay , primeval Malays , proto-Hesperonesians , first-wave Hesperonesians or primeval Hesperonesians , which translates to Melayu Asli (aboriginal Malay) or Melayu Purba (ancient Malay) or Melayu Tua (old Malay), refers to Austronesian speakers who moved from mainland Asia, to

5733-669: The island from the Malay Peninsula , which is an extension of the Eurasian continent. In the southeast, the narrow Sunda Strait , containing the Krakatoa Archipelago , separates Sumatra from Java . The northern tip of Sumatra is near the Andaman Islands , while off the southeastern coast lie the islands of Bangka and Belitung, Karimata Strait and the Java Sea . The Bukit Barisan mountains, which contain several active volcanoes, form

5824-663: The island. Like all parts of Indonesia, Indonesian (which was based on Riau Malay) is the official language and the main lingua franca. Although Sumatra has its own local lingua franca, variants of Malay like Medan Malay and Palembang Malay are popular in North and South Sumatra, especially in urban areas. Minangkabau (Padang dialect) is popular in West Sumatra, some parts of North Sumatra, Bengkulu, Jambi and Riau (especially in Pekanbaru and areas bordered with West Sumatra ) while Acehnese

5915-627: The jungle. They also fish in the surrounding rivers. Some Temuans, mostly of the younger generations, are employed in the neighbouring cities. In the Desa Temuan settlement; located on the outskirts of Petaling Jaya , residents rent out their homes to foreign workers. There are educated people among the Orang Asli who work in the public sector, but most of them still maintain a traditional way of thinking and lifestyle. Temuans people live in autonomous rural communities consisting of nuclear families numbering from 50 to 500 people. Temuan communities have

6006-635: The last 35 years. Many species are now critically endangered , such as the Sumatran ground cuckoo , the Sumatran tiger , the Sumatran elephant , the Sumatran rhinoceros , and the Sumatran orangutan . Deforestation on the island has also resulted in serious seasonal smoke haze over neighbouring countries, such as the 2013 Southeast Asian haze which caused considerable tensions between Indonesia and affected countries Malaysia and Singapore . The widespread deforestation and other environmental destruction in Sumatra and other parts of Indonesia has often been described by academics as an ecocide . Sumatra

6097-575: The latter two organize and control collective work. Pengulu balai (head of the hall) organizes joint holidays and celebrations. There are also several panglima s in the Temuan communities, consisting of former military leaders who led groups of soldiers to protect a certain area of the village. The basic social unit of the Temuan society are generally a nuclear family or conjugal family units. Usually most families in one village are connected by family and affinal (connected through marriage) ties. The houses of close relatives are nearby. The nuclear family

6188-428: The local batins. Through the means of mixed marriages, the Minangkabau gained the right to inherit power. On the Negeri Sembilan territory, Minangkabau principalities emerge as the ruling dynasties of which derived their roots from the local batins. The ancient history of the region is preserved in oral traditions, which were passed down from generation to generation. The people of Negeri Sembilan knew that they first under

6279-413: The main commercial centre of the Aceh Sultanate and trading routes were established to the Mediterranean via the Red Sea to rival the Portuguese shipping lanes . The reign of Iskandar Muda is known as the golden age of Sumatra because he extended the cultural influence of the Aceh Sultanate to Padang and Johor . The Aceh Sultanate sustained the rivalry with the Johor sultanate , the Dutch, and

6370-405: The milestone of Kepaksian Sekala Brak in the 13th century AD with the Dalom building. At the same time, the spread of Islam in Indonesia occurred gradually and indirectly, starting from the western regions such as the Sumatra area which became the first place for the spread of Islam in the archipelago, then Java, then to the eastern regions of Indonesia, Sulawesi and Maluku. The island of Sumatra

6461-540: The mountainous jungle areas and change their way of living. They began to live by hunting and gathering jungle products, and cultivating fallow farmland . These indigenous groups became the minority that rejected assimilation. During the British Malaya colonial period, the Bedouin Muslims were already considered Malays, and indigenous groups of Temuan people began to be counted among the aborigines (obsolete official name for Orang Asli). The aborigines were defined as primitive people in need of paternalistic care. Orang Asli

6552-598: The name for the entire island. By the year 692 , the Melayu Kingdom was absorbed by Srivijaya . Srivijaya's influence waned in the 11th century, specifically in the year 1025, after suffering defeat at the hands of the Chola Empire in southern India By the end of the 12th century, Srivijaya had been reduced to a kingdom, and its dominant role in South Sumatra ended with the last king, Ratu Sekekhummong, who founded

6643-416: The nearby Mentawai Islands . There are about 300 freshwater fish species in Sumatra. There are 93 amphibian species in Sumatra, 21 of which are endemic to Sumatra. The Sumatran tiger , Sumatran rhinoceros , Sumatran elephant , Sumatran ground cuckoo , Sumatran orangutan and Tapanuli orangutan are all critically endangered, indicating the highest level of threat to their survival. In October 2008,

6734-519: The new places, the government provided the natives with housing, land, basic infrastructure, collective ownership of plantation were given, as well as compensation for the loss of traditional land were paid. Conflict situations often occurred. Sometimes Temuan communities took legal action for the violation their rights. In 2002, the Supreme Court ordered the Selangor state government to pay compensation to

6825-616: The past, there were fights and acts of violence between them. Despite this situation, the Temuans do trade with the Malays. In addition to the main farm, the Temuan people keep gardens in their backyards where they grow a variety of vegetables and tropical fruits. Temuan villages are usually located near the jungle. Collecting jungle produce provides income for the Temuans and is also an additional source of food. In addition to wild fruits, medicinal plants are harvested, as well as wood for construction. Wild boars, deer, monkeys, monitor lizards, porcupines and other animals and birds are also hunted in

6916-503: The relationship between India and the Indonesian archipelago. In the late 13th century, Marco Polo referred to the kingdom as Samara , while his contemporary fellow Italian traveller Odoric of Pordenone used the form Sumoltra . Later in the 14th century the local form "Sumatra" became popular abroad due to the rising power of the kingdom of Samudera Pasai and the subsequent Sultanate of Aceh . From then on, subsequent European writers mostly used Sumatra or similar forms of

7007-473: The same number of inhabitants as South Africa , making it the fifth-most populous island in the world . Yet because it is such a large island, it is not densely populated: it has an average of about 126 people per km . The largest indigenous ethnic groups in Sumatra are Malays, Minangkabaus, Bataks, Acehnese, and Lampungs. Other major non-indigenous ethnic groups are Javanese , Sundanese , and Chinese . Below are 11 largest ethnic groups in Sumatra based on

7098-542: The same time in the new environment, the Temuan people are becoming a marginalized stratum of society. Due to lack of qualifications, they face difficulties in obtaining a good and stable job. They do not save money as they are reckless spender. Alcoholism has also become a serious problem, and the lack of money provokes people to steal. Other serious social problems also includes gambling and illegal racing. The majority of Temuans (64.2%) follow traditional beliefs, 30% Muslims, 5.8% Christians. Traditional religion ( adat pepati )

7189-476: The state of Johor. Although today the Temuans mostly adhere to their animistic beliefs, the rest have now largely converted to either Christianity or Islam . This happens especially when Temuans married with people outside of their ethnic groups, whether it's with the Malays , Chinese or other ethnic groups in the country . Thousands of years ago, many Temuan people died because they had committed "Celau" (the sins that angered god and their ancestors; as it

7280-630: The subjugation of the Majapahit rulers, followed by the Sultan of Malacca, and its successive, the Johor Sultanate . There was an active integration of Minangkabau migrants and local residents such as Jakun, Temuan into a single ethnic group (Biduanda), now known as the Malays of Negeri Sembilan. By adopting Islam, the Temuans became Malays. But not all indigenous people have embraced the new religion. Groups that decided to remain pagans were forced to retreat to

7371-530: The tenth through thirteenth centuries, in reference to a kingdom near modern-day Banda Aceh which was the first landfall for traders. The island has also been known by other names, including Andalas or Percha Island . Scholars suggest that mention of Suwarnadwipa in the Hindu Epic the Ramayana may be a reference to Sumatra. According to experts on The Ramayana , the epic is one of the first sources to document

7462-429: The territories it controlled. The result of this invasive action was the death of about a third of the displaced due to unsanitary living conditions and psychological stress. Realizing their mistakes, the government changed its methods. The Orang Asli were then placed under total control, and their villages were turned into forts under the protection of soldiers, which were also provided with shops and medical facilities. It

7553-405: The vocabulary but still mutually intelligible to one another. Example of Temuan Belandas dialect: diak (he/she), hajak (only), kitak (we), tai (the end of sentence particle). Example of Temuan Mantra dialect: dien (he/she), hajen (only), kiten (we), tea (the end of sentence particle). Traditionally, the Temuan people do not have their own written language. Temuan is mostly written in

7644-475: The whole world will turn upside down and humanity will perish. The Temuans also believe that the whole world is inhabited by ghosts and spirits of hantu and jinn . Each of these supernatural beings has its own territories and is endowed with certain qualities. Each river, hill, stream, rock, tree and shrub is animated by a guardian spirit. Rivers are guarded by dragons ( naga ) and snakes ( ular ) which often cause mayhem if their homes are desecrated. Therefore,

7735-529: The years, they settled in various places and adopted various customs and religions as a result of acculturation and inter-marriage with most of the people they come in contact with such as Orang Asli tribes such as the Semang and Senoi peoples. The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History has pointed out three theories of the origin of the Proto-Malay: Some historical linguists have concluded that there

7826-584: Was enough to take precedence over Abang. Abang remained hunter-gatherers and Adik, with newly acquired knowledge, could institutionalized religion and write new laws for people to live by. In the 11th century, the territory of the Malay Peninsula came under the rule of the Malay Kingdom of Srivijaya with its center in Palembang ( South Sumatra ). After the defeat of Srivijaya by the Javanese Majapahit in

7917-501: Was known in ancient times by the Sanskrit names of Svarṇadvīpa ('Island of Gold') and Svarṇabhūmi ('Land of Gold'), because of the gold deposits in the island's highlands . The earliest known mention of the current form "Sumatra" was in 1017, when the local king Haji Sumatrabhumi ("king of the land of Sumatra") sent an envoy to China . Arab geographers referred to the island as Lamri ( Lamuri , Lambri or Ramni ) in

8008-444: Was led by a batin , the village head. At same time, the Temuan people already had their own political structures or proto-state formations. The Malays refer to the natives as Jakuns, Biduanda, Mantras, Orang Bukit or Sakais. Eventually, the Malay population spread gradually to the interior. In Negeri Sembilan, these migrants consisted mainly of the Minangkabau people from West Sumatra . Colonizing new lands, they form agreements with

8099-563: Was noticed only during the Malayan Emergency (1948-1960), when it turned out that most of them supported the communist insurgents, consisting of mostly ethnic Chinese. The Chinese had close contacts with the aborigines, in particular, among the Temuan people as there were many people of mixed Sino-Temuan blood. In order to remove the Orang Asli from the influence of the Communists, the government resorted to relocating indigenous communities to

8190-408: Was the adoption of Islam by the Sultan of Malacca in the early 15th century. During the time of the emergence of the Malays, the Temuan community lived in the modern state of Negeri Sembilan and its neighbouring areas. The basis of their economic activity was the cultivation of irrigated rice. Local peasants used sophisticated field irrigation techniques. The land belonged to the local communities that

8281-527: Was the special Department of Aboriginal Affairs' responsibility to look after the communities of indigenous people. Among the aborigines were formed the Senoi Praaq , a paramilitary unit to fight the Communists. Temuan people were also included into the unit. After the declaration of Independence of Malaysia and the Malayan Emergency , the Department of Aboriginal Affairs was renamed to Department of Orang Asli ( Jabatan Orang Asli in Malay, JOA) and at present,

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