Diamond is a gemstone formed by cutting a raw diamond . Diamonds are one of the best-known and most sought-after gems, and they have been used as decorative items since ancient times.
170-478: The Taylor–Burton Diamond , a diamond weighing 68 carats (13.6 g), became famous in 1969 when it was purchased by actors Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor . Burton had previously been the underbidder when jeweller Cartier bought the diamond at auction for $ 1,050,000, setting a record price for a publicly sold jewel. Thousands of people in New York and Chicago queued to see the diamond after its 1969 sale. It
340-610: A Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature in 1951. During the early years of her marriage to John F. Kennedy, she took continuing education classes in American history at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. While attending George Washington, Jacqueline Bouvier won a twelve-month junior editorship at Vogue magazine; she had been selected over several hundred other women nationwide. The position entailed working for six months in
510-544: A Mass celebrated by Boston's Archbishop Richard Cushing . The wedding was considered the social event of the season with an estimated 700 guests at the ceremony and 1,200 at the reception that followed at Hammersmith Farm . The wedding dress was designed by Ann Lowe of New York City, and is now housed in the Kennedy Presidential Library in Boston. The dresses of her attendants were also created by Lowe, who
680-849: A tour of India and Pakistan with her sister Lee Radziwill in 1962. The tour was amply documented in photojournalism as well as in Galbraith's journals and memoirs. The president of Pakistan, Ayub Khan , had given her a horse named Sardar as a gift. He had found out on his visit to the White House that he and the First Lady had a common interest in horses. Life magazine correspondent Anne Chamberlin wrote that Kennedy "conducted herself magnificently" although noting that her crowds were smaller than those that President Dwight Eisenhower and Queen Elizabeth II attracted when they had previously visited these countries. In addition to these well-publicized trips during
850-498: A "tendency to withdraw frequently into a private world of her own." When their mother married Standard Oil heir Hugh Dudley Auchincloss Jr. , the Bouvier sisters did not attend the ceremony because it was arranged quickly and travel was restricted due to World War II . They gained three stepsiblings from Auchincloss's previous marriages, Hugh "Yusha" Auchincloss III, Thomas Gore Auchincloss, and Nina Gore Auchincloss . Jacqueline formed
1020-418: A 1.10-carat (220 mg) diamond for its better cut, avoiding a 1.00-carat (200 mg) diamond which is more likely to be a poorly cut stone. In the gem trade, the term light performance is used to describe how well a polished diamond will return light to the viewer. There are three light properties which are described in relation to light performance: brilliance, fire, and scintillation. Brilliance refers to
1190-586: A President , Kennedy was subject to significant media attention in 1966–1967 when she and Robert Kennedy tried to block its publication. They sued publishers Harper & Row in December 1966; the suit was settled the following year when Manchester removed passages that detailed President Kennedy's private life. White viewed the ordeal as validation of the measures the Kennedy family, Jacqueline in particular, were prepared to take to preserve John's public image. During
1360-648: A child of divorce, which was not common in that social group at that time. After seven years at Chapin, Jacqueline Bouvier attended the Holton-Arms School in Northwest Washington, D.C. , from 1942 to 1944 and Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut , from 1944 to 1947. She chose Miss Porter's because it was a boarding school that allowed her to distance herself from the Auchinclosses and because
1530-427: A diamond describes the manner in which a diamond has been shaped and polished from its beginning form as a rough stone to its final gem proportions. The cut of a diamond describes the quality of workmanship and the angles to which a diamond is cut. Often diamond cut is confused with "shape". There are mathematical guidelines for the angles and length ratios at which the diamond is supposed to be cut in order to reflect
1700-494: A diamond; indeed, it is commonly acknowledged that a well-cut diamond can appear to be of greater carat weight, and have clarity and color appear to be of better grade than they actually are. The skill with which a diamond is cut determines its ability to reflect and refract light. In addition to carrying the most importance to a diamond's quality as a gemstone, the cut is also the most difficult to quantitatively judge. A number of factors, including proportion, polish, symmetry , and
1870-639: A dinner party hosted by journalist Charles L. Bartlett in May 1952. She was attracted to Kennedy's physical appearance, wit and wealth. The pair also shared the similarities of Catholicism, writing, enjoying reading and having previously lived abroad. Kennedy was busy running for the U.S. Senate seat in Massachusetts ; the relationship grew more serious and he proposed to her after the November election. Bouvier took some time to accept, because she had been assigned to cover
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#17328546794142040-627: A dinner party in Washington. He was elected to the Senate that same year, and the couple married on September 12, 1953, in Newport, Rhode Island . They had four children, two of whom died in infancy . Following her husband's election to the presidency in 1960 , Kennedy was known for her highly publicized restoration of the White House and emphasis on arts and culture as well as for her style. She also traveled to many countries where her fluency in foreign languages and history made her very popular. At age 33, she
2210-471: A family friend to the Washington Times-Herald , where editor Frank Waldrop hired her as a part-time receptionist. A week later she requested more challenging work, and Waldrop sent her to city editor Sidney Epstein, who hired her as an "Inquiring Camera Girl" despite her inexperience, paying her $ 25 a week. He recalled, "I remember her as this very attractive, cute-as-hell girl, and all the guys in
2380-609: A few days after her father Richard Nixon was elected to the vice presidency in the 1952 election . During this time, Bouvier was briefly engaged to a young stockbroker named John Husted. After only a month of dating, the couple published the announcement in The New York Times in January 1952. After three months, she called off the engagement because she had found him "immature and boring" once she got to know him better. Jacqueline and U.S. Representative John F. Kennedy met at
2550-432: A kitchen on the family floor and new rooms for her children. The $ 50,000 that had been appropriated for this effort was almost immediately exhausted. Continuing the project, she established a fine arts committee to oversee and fund the restoration process and solicited the advice of early American furniture expert Henry du Pont . To solve the funding problem, a White House guidebook was published, sales of which were used for
2720-714: A less expensive and more timely fashion. They produce certificates that are similar to those of the GIA. The carat weight measures the mass of a diamond. One carat is defined as 200 milligrams (about 0.007 ounces avoirdupois ). The point unit—equal to one one-hundredth of a carat (0.01 carat, or 2 mg)—is commonly used for diamonds of less than one carat. All else being equal, the price per carat increases with carat weight, since larger diamonds are both rarer and more desirable for use as gemstones. The price per carat does not increase linearly with increasing size. Instead, there are sharp jumps around milestone carat weights, as demand
2890-423: A man ever had". Biographer Tina Santi Flaherty reports Jacqueline's early confidence in herself, seeing a link to her father's praise and positive attitude to her, and her sister Lee Radziwill stated that Jacqueline would not have gained her "independence and individuality" had it not been for the relationship she had with their father and paternal grandfather, John Vernou Bouvier Jr. From an early age, Jacqueline
3060-419: A million dollars. It is destined to hang round the neck of Mrs. Richard Burton. As somebody said it would have been nice to wear in the tumbril on the way to the guillotine. ... In this Age of Vulgarity marked by such minor matters as war and poverty, it gets harder everyday to scale the heights of true vulgarity. But given some loose millions, it can be done--and worse, admired". After its public exhibitions
3230-471: A more yellow hue is detectable, while intense pink or blue diamonds (such as the Hope Diamond ) can be dramatically more valuable. The Aurora Diamond Collection displays a spectacular array of naturally colored diamonds , which occur in every color of the rainbow. Most diamonds used as gemstones are basically transparent with little tint, or white diamonds . The most common impurity, nitrogen , replaces
3400-452: A relationship with her father, Jacqueline Bouvier also regarded her stepfather as a close paternal figure. He gave her a stable environment and the pampered childhood she otherwise would have never experienced. While adjusting to her mother's remarriage, she sometimes felt like an outsider in the WASP social circle of the Auchinclosses, attributing the feeling to her being Catholic as well as being
3570-611: A second term. He credited Jacqueline's visibility in the ads and stumping as vital assets in securing his victory and called her "simply invaluable". In July 1959, historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. visited the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts and had his first conversation with Jacqueline Kennedy; he found her to have "tremendous awareness, an all-seeing eye and a ruthless judgment". That year, John Kennedy traveled to 14 states, but Jacqueline took long breaks from
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#17328546794143740-500: A set of criteria for grading the cut of round brilliant stones that is now the standard in the diamond industry and is called Facetware. The process of shaping a rough diamond into a polished gemstone is both an art and a science. The choice of cut is often decided by the original shape of the rough stone, location of the inclusions and flaws to be eliminated, the preservation of the weight, popularity of certain shapes amongst consumers and many other considerations. The round brilliant cut
3910-414: A shift away from grading cut by the use of various angles and proportions toward measuring the performance of a cut stone. A number of specially modified viewers and machines have been developed toward this end. Hearts and Arrows viewers test for the " hearts and arrows " characteristic pattern observable in stones exhibiting high symmetry and particular cut angles. Closely related to Hearts and Arrows viewers
4080-429: A slightly larger table percentage, and a trade-off between pavilion angle and crown angle. Today, because of the relative importance of carat weight among buyers, many diamonds are often intentionally cut poorly to increase carat weight. There is a financial premium for a diamond that weighs the desirable 1.0 carat (200 mg), so often the girdle is made thicker or the depth is increased. Neither of these changes makes
4250-411: A small proportion of carbon atoms in a diamond's structure and causes a yellowish to brownish tint. This effect is present in almost all white diamonds; in only the rarest diamonds is the coloration from this effect undetectable. The GIA has developed a rating system for color in white diamonds, from D to Z (with D being "colorless" and Z having a bright yellow coloration), which has been widely adopted in
4420-588: A state of depression . However, the loss of their child had a positive impact on the marriage and brought the couple closer together in their shared grief. Arthur Schlesinger wrote that while John Kennedy always "regarded Jackie with genuine affection and pride," their marriage "never seemed more solid than in the later months of 1963". Jacqueline Kennedy's friend Aristotle Onassis was aware of her depression and invited her to his yacht to recuperate. President Kennedy initially had reservations, but he relented because he believed that it would be "good for her". The trip
4590-410: A tour of the White House . In the tour, she stated, "I feel so strongly that the White House should have as fine a collection of American pictures as possible. It's so important ... the setting in which the presidency is presented to the world, to foreign visitors. The American people should be proud of it. We have such a great civilization. So many foreigners don't realize it. I think this house should be
4760-658: A vault, and that Taylor was to be accompanied by armed guards when wearing it in public. Taylor would later have a replica made of the diamond that cost $ 2,800. After her second divorce from Burton in 1978, Taylor sold the diamond in June 1979 to Henry Lambert, a jeweller from New York for a figure believed to between $ 3–5 million. Part of the proceeds from the sale funded the construction of a hospital in Botswana . Taylor and Burton's second marriage had taken place in Botswana in 1975. Lambert sold
4930-646: A voluntary agreement between De Beers and the European Commission. The latter agreement had been overturned upon appeal by the Russian mining company Alrosa, but the European Court of Justice then upheld the decision and the European Commission subsequently concluded its investigation with no more action being taken against De Beers. Today, annual global rough diamond production is estimated to be about 130 million carats (26 tonnes; 29 short tons), of which 92%
5100-829: A war injury; in late 1954, he underwent a near-fatal spinal operation. Additionally, Jacqueline Kennedy suffered a miscarriage in 1955 and in August 1956 gave birth to a stillborn daughter, Arabella. They subsequently sold their Hickory Hill estate to Kennedy's brother Robert , who occupied it with his wife Ethel and their growing family, and bought a townhouse on N Street in Georgetown . The Kennedys also resided at an apartment at 122 Bowdoin Street in Boston , their permanent Massachusetts residence during John's congressional career. Kennedy gave birth to daughter Caroline on November 27, 1957. At
5270-493: A well-cut stone. Cuts are influenced heavily by fashion: the baguette cut—which accentuates a diamond's luster and downplays its fire—was popular during the Art Deco period, whereas the princess cut — which accentuates a diamond's fire rather than its luster — is currently gaining popularity. The princess cut is also popular amongst diamond cutters: of all the cuts, it wastes the least of the original crystal. The past decades have seen
Taylor–Burton Diamond - Misplaced Pages Continue
5440-411: A wish to purchase 200 diamonds (100 carats (20 g) total mass) of those approximate characteristics. Because of this, diamond prices (particularly among wholesalers and other industry professionals) are often quoted per carat, rather than per stone. Total carat weight (t.c.w.) is a phrase used to describe the total mass of diamonds or other gemstone in a piece of jewelry, when more than one gemstone
5610-479: Is a complementary color to yellow and so can appear to cancel it out, strong blue fluorescence had especially better color appearance with lower color graded diamonds that have a slight yellowish tint, such as I or J color, but had little effect on the more colorless D, E, and F color grades. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Jacqueline Lee " Jackie " Kennedy Onassis ( née Bouvier / ˈ b uː v i eɪ / ; July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994)
5780-416: Is also highly valued. Diamonds graded D–F are considered "colorless", G–J are considered "near-colorless", K–M are "slightly colored". N–Y usually appears light yellow or brown. In contrast to yellow or brown hues, diamonds of other colors are more rare and valuable. While even a pale pink or blue hue may increase the value of a diamond, more intense coloration is usually considered more desirable and commands
5950-406: Is as gemstones used for adornment —a usage which dates back into antiquity . The dispersion of white light into spectral colors is the primary gemological characteristic of gem diamonds. In the twentieth century, gemologists have developed methods of grading diamonds and other gemstones based on the characteristics most important to their value as a gem. Four characteristics known informally as
6120-440: Is completely surrounded by a rim of metal, which can be molded into any shape to accommodate the stone. Used to set earrings, necklaces, bracelets, and rings, bezel settings can have open or closed backs, and generally can be molded to allow a lot of light to pass through. Channel settings set the stones right next to each other with no metal separating them. This setting is mostly used in wedding and anniversary bands. The outer ridge
6290-456: Is currently considered the de facto retail price baseline. Jewelers often trade diamonds at negotiated discounts off the Rapaport price (e.g., "R −3%"). In the wholesale trade of gem diamonds, carat is often used in denominating lots of diamonds for sale. For example, a buyer may place an order for 100 carats (20 g) of 0.5-carat (100 mg), D–F, VS2-SI1, excellent cut diamonds, indicating
6460-584: Is cut and polished in India, mostly in the city of Surat . Some 85% of the world's rough diamonds, 50% of cut diamonds, and 40% of industrial diamonds are traded in Antwerp , Belgium—the diamond center of the world. The city of Antwerp also hosts the Antwerpsche Diamantkring , created in 1929 to become the first and biggest diamond bourse dedicated to rough diamonds. Antwerp's association with diamonds began in
6630-437: Is enough to reasonably establish an expected price range. More detailed information from within each characteristic is used to determine actual market value for individual stones. Consumers who purchase individual diamonds are often advised to use the four Cs to pick the diamond that is "right" for them. Other characteristics also influence the value and appearance of a gem diamond. These include physical characteristics such as
6800-468: Is estimated to be about 130 million carats (26 tonnes; 29 short tons). The process of diamonds being used for drilling ornamental beads dates back to 2nd millennium BC. Archaeologists working in Yemen have excavated beads with evidences of diamond drilling from 1200 BC to 1st century AD from the site of Hajar ar Rayhani, with double diamond drilling from 1000 to 600 BC. The double diamond drill technique
6970-439: Is it less than 50%. Sometimes the cutters compromise and accept lesser proportions and symmetry in order to avoid inclusions or to preserve the carat rating. Since the per carat price of diamond shifts around key milestones (such as 1.00 carat (200 mg)), many one-carat diamonds are the result of compromising cut for carat. Some jewelry experts advise consumers to buy a 0.99-carat (198 mg) diamond for its better price or buy
Taylor–Burton Diamond - Misplaced Pages Continue
7140-555: Is much higher for diamonds weighing just more than a milestone than for those weighing just less. As an example, a 0.99-carat diamond may have a significantly lower price per carat than a comparable 1.01-carat diamond, because of differences in demand. A weekly diamond price list, the Rapaport Diamond Report is published by Martin Rapaport , CEO of Rapaport Group of New York, for different diamond cuts, clarity and weights. It
7310-410: Is not possible to make out color shades. These are graded as E color or F color diamonds. Diamonds which show very little traces of color are graded as G or H color diamonds. Slightly colored diamonds are graded as I or J or K color. A diamond can be found in any color in addition to colorless. Some of the colored diamonds, such as pink, are very rare. A chemically pure and structurally perfect diamond
7480-418: Is perfectly transparent with no hue , or color . However, in reality most gem-sized natural diamonds are imperfect. The color of a diamond may be affected by chemical impurities and/or structural defects in the crystal lattice . Depending on the hue and intensity of a diamond's coloration, a diamond's color can either detract from or enhance its value. For example, most white diamonds are discounted in price as
7650-409: Is preferred when the crystal is an octahedron, as often two stones may be cut from one such crystal. Oddly shaped crystals such as macles are more likely to be cut in a fancy cut —that is, a cut other than the round brilliant—which the particular crystal shape lends itself to. Even with modern techniques, the cutting and polishing of a diamond crystal always results in a dramatic loss of weight; rarely
7820-482: Is the overall diameter. Typically a round brilliant 1.0-carat (200 mg) diamond should have a diameter of about 6.5 mm (0.26 in). Mathematically, the diameter in millimeters of a round brilliant should approximately equal to 6.5 times the cube root of carat weight, or 11.1 times the cube root of gram weight, or 1.4 times the cube root of point weight. Diamonds do not show all of their beauty as rough stones; instead, they must be cut and polished to exhibit
7990-503: Is the ASET which tests for light leakage, light return, and proportions. The ASET (and computer simulations of the ASET) are used to test for AGS cut grade. Proponents of these machines argue they help sellers demonstrate the light performance of the diamond in addition to the traditional 4 Cs. Detractors, however, see these machines as marketing tools rather than scientific ones. The GIA has developed
8160-444: Is then worked over the edges of the stones to create a smooth exterior surface. This also protects the girdle area of the stone. About a third of all diamonds will glow under ultraviolet light, usually a blue color, which may be noticeable under a black light or strong sunlight . According to the GIA , who reviewed a random sample of 26,010 natural diamonds, 65% of the diamonds in
8330-618: Is used. Diamond solitaire earrings, for example, are usually quoted in t.c.w. when placed for sale, indicating the mass of the diamonds in both earrings and not each individual diamond. T.c.w. is also widely used for diamond necklaces, bracelets and other similar jewelry pieces. Clarity is a measure of internal defects of a diamond called inclusions . Inclusions may be crystals of a foreign material or another diamond crystal, or structural imperfections such as tiny cracks that can appear whitish or cloudy. The number, size, color, relative location, orientation, and visibility of inclusions can all affect
8500-601: The De Beers Mining Company , and the Barnato Diamond Mining Company by Barney Barnato . In 1888, the two companies merged to form De Beers Consolidated Mines , which proceeded to establish a monopoly over the world's diamond market. That monopoly had ended by 2005, following an antitrust lawsuit in the US (which De Beers settled without admitting wrongdoing, upon payment of a US$ 295 million settlement), and
8670-577: The John F. Kennedy Space Center a week after the assassination. Kennedy later publicly praised Johnson for his kindness to her. Kennedy spent 1964 in mourning and made few public appearances. In the winter following the assassination, she and the children stayed at Averell Harriman 's home in Georgetown. On January 14, 1964, Kennedy made a televised appearance from the office of the Attorney General, thanking
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#17328546794148840-423: The U.S. presidential election . A little over two weeks later on November 25, Jacqueline Kennedy gave birth to the couple's first son, John F. Kennedy Jr. She spent two weeks recuperating in the hospital, during which the most minute details of both her and her son's conditions were reported by the media in what has been considered the first instance of national interest in the Kennedy family. Kennedy's husband
9010-522: The Vietnam War in November 1967, Life magazine dubbed Kennedy "America's unofficial roving ambassador" when she and David Ormsby-Gore , former British ambassador to the United States during the Kennedy administration, traveled to Cambodia, where they visited the religious complex of Angkor Wat with Chief of State Norodom Sihanouk . According to historian Milton Osborne , her visit was "the start of
9180-756: The White House Historical Association , the Committee for the Preservation of the White House , the position of a permanent Curator of the White House , the White House Endowment Trust , and the White House Acquisition Trust . She was the first presidential spouse to hire a White House curator. On February 14, 1962, Jacqueline Kennedy, accompanied by Charles Collingwood of CBS News , took American television viewers on
9350-533: The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in London for The Washington Times-Herald . After a month in Europe, she returned to the United States and accepted Kennedy's marriage proposal. She then resigned from her position at the newspaper. Their engagement was officially announced on June 25, 1953. She was 24 and he was 36. Bouvier and Kennedy married on September 12, 1953, at St. Mary's Church in Newport, Rhode Island , in
9520-430: The round brilliant cut by calculating the ideal shape to return and scatter light when a diamond is viewed from above. The modern round brilliant has 57 facets (polished faces), counting 33 on the crown (the top half), and 24 on the pavilion (the lower half). The girdle is the thin middle part. The function of the crown is to refract light into various colors, and the pavilion's function is to reflect light back through
9690-484: The "four Cs" are now commonly used as the basic descriptors of diamonds: carat, cut, color, and clarity. This system was developed by Gemological Institute of America in 1953 as internationally recognized standard to evaluate diamonds' characteristics. Most gem diamonds are traded on the wholesale market based on single values for each of the four Cs; for example knowing that a diamond is rated as 1.5 carats (300 mg), VS2 clarity, F color, excellent cut round brilliant,
9860-422: The "four Cs", which are color, cut, clarity, and carat. Other characteristics, such as presence or lack of fluorescence , also affect the desirability and thus the value of a diamond used for jewelry. Diamonds are used in engagement rings . The practice is documented among European aristocracy as early as the 15th century, though ruby and sapphire were more desirable gemstones. The modern popularity of diamonds
10030-454: The 12 best-dressed women in the world. On the other hand, her preference for French designers and her spending on her wardrobe brought her negative press. In order to downplay her wealthy background, Kennedy stressed the amount of work she was doing for the campaign and declined to publicly discuss her clothing choices. On July 13, at the 1960 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles,
10200-540: The 33.19-carat Krupp Diamond in May 1968 at a cost of $ 307,000. Burton and Taylor's jewels and other investments bought by the couple were officially assets of a tax shelter established by the pair, called the Atlantic Corporation. Kenmore had agreed to sell the diamond if it could be displayed at Cartier's stores in New York and Chicago, and after taking out a large advert in the New York Times to announce
10370-443: The 4th century BC describe the diamond as a well-known and precious stone but do not mention the details of diamond cutting. Another Indian description written in the beginning of the 3rd century describes strength, regularity, brilliance, ability to scratch metals, and good refractive properties as the desirable qualities of a diamond. Kalkutta was an important trading center for diamonds in central India . Diamonds were traded to
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#173285467941410540-506: The Bell Inn after the auction to tell him that he had been outbid. Burton later wrote of his reaction in his diary, writing that: "I turned into a raving maniac and insisted that he get Aaron on the phone as soon as possible. Elizabeth was as sweet as only she could be and protested that it didn't matter, that she didn't mind if she didn't have it, that there was much more in life than baubles, that she would manage with what she had. The inference
10710-515: The Bouviers was strained by the father's alcoholism and extramarital affairs ; the family had also struggled with financial difficulties following the Wall Street Crash of 1929 . They separated in 1936 and divorced four years later, with the press publishing intimate details of the split. According to her cousin John H. Davis , Jacqueline was deeply affected by the divorce and subsequently had
10880-543: The Caesarean delivery; her husband went to Boston to be with their infant son and was present when he died. On August 14, the President returned to Otis to take her home and gave an impromptu speech to thank nurses and airmen who had gathered in her suite. In appreciation, she presented hospital staff with framed and signed lithographs of the White House. The First Lady was deeply affected by Patrick's death and proceeded to enter
11050-623: The Ellendale diamond field in Australia that exhibit an ultra rare purple fluorescence. Some diamonds with "very strong" fluorescence can have a "milky" or "oily" look to them, but they are also very rare and are termed "over-blues." Their study concluded that with the exception of "over-blues" and yellow fluorescent diamonds, fluorescence had little effect on transparency and that the strong and very strong blue fluorescent diamonds on average had better color appearance than non-fluorescent stones. Since blue
11220-502: The First Lady heard what she thought to be a motorcycle backfiring . She did not realize that it was a gunshot until she heard Governor Connally scream. Within 8.4 seconds, two more shots had rung out, and one of the shots struck her husband in the head. Almost immediately, she began to climb onto the back of the limousine; Secret Service agent Clint Hill later told the Warren Commission that he thought she had been reaching across
11390-466: The First Lady on the White House lawn. After arriving in the country, she impressed the public with her ability to speak French, as well as her extensive knowledge of French history. At the conclusion of the visit, Time magazine seemed delighted with the First Lady and noted, "There was also that fellow who came with her." Even President Kennedy joked: "I am the man who accompanied Jacqueline Kennedy to Paris – and I have enjoyed it!" From France,
11560-560: The French people, and her visit to France with President Kennedy in 1961 was seen as a great success. During the visit, she made a speech in French at the American University in Paris, which was widely praised for its eloquence. In her speech, Jacqueline Kennedy spoke about the importance of cultural exchange between France and the United States, and she emphasized the shared values and history of
11730-500: The Kennedys traveled to Vienna, Austria, where Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was asked to shake the President's hand for a photo. He replied, "I'd like to shake her hand first." Khrushchev later sent her a puppy, Pushinka ; the animal was significant for being the offspring of Strelka , the dog that had gone to space during a Soviet space mission. At the urging of U.S. Ambassador to India John Kenneth Galbraith , Kennedy undertook
11900-519: The Ping Pong diamond and not its much larger counterparts. Burton wrote in his diary that "Elizabeth's delight in it is a joy to behold and a very quaint thing to witness is the obvious pleasure that other people take in her wearing it. Even Hjordis Niven and Princess Grace, who are coldish fish, seemed to enjoy her moment. And of course nobody can wear it better. The miraculous face and shoulders and breasts set it off to perfection". Taylor subsequently wore
12070-498: The Taylor–Burton Diamond in December 1979 to Robert Mouawad, of the jewellers Mouawad . Diamond (gemstone) The hardness of diamond and its high dispersion of light —giving the diamond its characteristic "fire"—make it useful for industrial applications and desirable as jewelry . Diamonds are such a highly traded commodity that multiple organizations have been created for grading and certifying them based on
12240-447: The United States known for her cultural and diplomatic work globally and would travel sometimes without President Kennedy to different countries to promote cultural exchange and diplomatic relations. She was highly regarded by foreign dignitaries, as she used her fluency in foreign languages such as French, Spanish, and Italian, as well as her cultural knowledge, to establish strong relationships with foreign leaders and to give speeches. She
12410-487: The White House and international support for the Kennedy administration and its Cold War policies. Although Kennedy stated that her priority as a first lady was to take care of the President and their children, she also dedicated her time to the promotion of American arts and preservation of its history. The restoration of the White House was her main contribution, but she also furthered the cause by hosting social events that brought together elite figures from politics and
12580-508: The White House for two weeks following the assassination. Wanting to "do something nice for Jackie", President Johnson offered an ambassadorship to France to her, aware of her heritage and fondness for the country's culture, but she turned the offer down, as well as follow-up offers of ambassadorships to Mexico and the United Kingdom . At her request, Johnson renamed the Florida space center
12750-534: The White House when they departed; this led to the lack of original historical pieces in the mansion. She personally wrote to possible donors in order to track down these missing furnishings and other historical pieces of interest. Jacqueline Kennedy initiated a Congressional bill establishing that White House furnishings would be the property of the Smithsonian Institution rather than available to departing ex-presidents to claim as their own. She also founded
12920-657: The arts. One of her unrealized goals was to found a Department of the Arts, but she did contribute to the establishment of the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities , established during Johnson's tenure. Kennedy had visited the White House on two occasions before she became first lady: the first time as a grade-school tourist in 1941 and again as the guest of outgoing First Lady Mamie Eisenhower shortly before her husband's inauguration. She
13090-513: The assassination. Ten months later, the Commission issued its report finding that Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone when he assassinated President Kennedy. Privately, his widow cared little about the investigation, stating that even if they had the right suspect, it would not bring her husband back. Nevertheless, she gave a deposition to the Warren Commission. Following the assassination and
13260-725: The auction at $ 700,000. The final price was $ 1,050,000, which was a new record for a public auction of a jewel. The previous record price for a diamond was $ 305,000 which had been set in 1957. A proviso of the sale stipulated that the diamond could be named by the buyer, and it was subsequently named the "Cartier Diamond". Burton and Taylor had been in England at the time of the auction, staying at The Bell Inn in Aston Clinton in Buckinghamshire , where they were visiting Ifor Jenkins, Burton's brother. Burton's lawyer, Jim Benton, called him at
13430-592: The blood-stained pink suit as she boarded Air Force One and stood next to Johnson when he took the oath of office as president. The unlaundered suit became a symbol of her husband's assassination, and was donated to the National Archives and Records Administration in 1964. Under the terms of an agreement with her daughter, Caroline, the suit will not be placed on public display before 2103. Johnson's biographer Robert Caro wrote that Johnson wanted Jacqueline Kennedy to be present at his swearing-in in order to demonstrate
13600-414: The campaign by writing a weekly syndicated newspaper column, "Campaign Wife", answering correspondence, and giving interviews to the media. Despite her non-participation in the campaign, Kennedy became the subject of intense media attention with her fashion choices. On one hand, she was admired for her personal style; she was frequently featured in women's magazines alongside film stars and named as one of
13770-426: The characteristic fire and brilliance that diamond gemstones are known for. Diamonds are cut into a variety of shapes that are generally designed to accentuate these features. Diamonds which are not cut into a round brilliant shape are known as "fancy cuts." Popular fancy cuts include the baguette (French, meaning rod or loaf of bread ), marquise , princess cut (square outline), heart , briolette (a form of
13940-462: The clarity and color are judged by the trained human eye and are therefore open to slight variance in interpretation. These associations are listed below. Within the last two decades, a number of for-profit gemological grading laboratories have also been established, many of them also based in Antwerp or New York. These entities serve to provide similar services as the non-profit associations above, but in
14110-441: The closest bond with Yusha, who became one of her most trusted confidants. The marriage later produced two more children, Janet Jennings Auchincloss in 1945 and James Lee Auchincloss in 1947. As a wedding gift, Mr. Auchincloss presented his new wife, Janet, with a car. But, being in the depths of World War II , no new cars were being produced. So, Mr. Auchincloss gave her a like-new 1940 Ford Deluxe Convertible. Jacqueline, 13 at
14280-403: The development of new diamond cuts, often based on a modification of an existing cut. Some of these include extra facets. These newly developed cuts are viewed by many as more of an attempt at brand differentiation by diamond sellers, than actual improvements to the state of the art. The quality of a diamond's cut is widely considered the most important of the four Cs in determining the beauty of
14450-436: The diamond appear any larger, and both greatly reduce the sparkle of the diamond. (A poorly cut 1.0-carat (200 mg) diamond may have the same diameter and appear as large as a 0.85-carat (170 mg) diamond.) The depth percentage is the overall quickest indication of the quality of the cut of a round brilliant. "Ideal" round brilliant diamonds should not have a depth percentage greater than 62.5%. Another quick indication
14620-406: The diamond appear white when viewed from the top. An inferior cut will produce a stone that appears dark at the center and in extreme cases the setting may be seen through the top of the diamond as shadows. Several different theories on the "ideal" proportions of a diamond have been and continue to be advocated by various owners of patents on machines to view how well a diamond is cut. These advocate
14790-473: The diamond at the 42nd Academy Awards on 7 April 1970, where she wore a dress designed by Edith Head . Taylor presented the Academy Award for Best Picture to Midnight Cowboy at the ceremony. A $ 1 million insurance policy was secured against the diamond with Lloyd's of London . The terms set by Lloyd's stipulated that it could only be publicly worn for thirty days in any given year, that it be stored in
14960-404: The diamond industry. Intense yellow coloration is considered one of the fancy colors, and is separate from the color grades of white diamonds. Gemologists have developed rating systems for fancy colored diamonds, but they are not in common use because of the relative rarity of such diamonds. Diamond cutting is the art and science of creating a gem-quality diamond out of mined rough. The cut of
15130-449: The diamond to be considered appropriate for use as a gemstone; the other 80% are relegated to industrial use. Of that top 20%, a significant portion contains one or more visible inclusions. Those that do not have a visible inclusion are known as "eye-clean" and are preferred by most buyers, although visible inclusions can sometimes be hidden under the setting in a piece of jewelry. Most inclusions present in gem-quality diamonds do not affect
15300-479: The diamond too heavy to wear as a ring, and commissioned an $ 80,000 diamond necklace which included a custom setting for the diamond. The necklace was designed to fit Taylor's neck allowing the diamond to cover her tracheotomy scar resulting from her bout with near fatal pneumonia in 1961. In 1980, Robert Mouawad, subsequent owner of the Taylor Burton diamond, had it recut to 68.0 carats (13.60 g). The diamond
15470-624: The diamond was taken to Taylor and Burton in Monaco in November 1969, who were staying on their yacht, the Kalizma , in Monaco's Port Hercules . The diamond's journey to Monaco took three weeks, with the use of three men with identical briefcases, of which only one held the actual diamond. The men flew from New York to Nice in France, and upon entering Monaco an armed guard with a machine gun gave further protection to
15640-482: The diamond with the Krupp Diamond , which Burton had bought for her in 1968, and the "Ping Pong" diamond, which was only 1 ⁄ 8 of a carat. The "Ping Pong" diamond had cost only $ 14 and had been bought for her by Burton after he promised her a diamond if she beat him by ten points at a game of ping pong . When people praised her diamonds at the ball, Taylor would make a show of pretending that they were praising
15810-599: The diamond. The couple were in Monaco to celebrate Princess Grace 's fortieth birthday at the 'Scorpio Ball', a gala ball held at the Hermitage Hotel in Monte Carlo . The briefcase that contained the diamond also held three 50 ¢ pairs of stockings that Taylor would buy in New York and were unavailable elsewhere, and Taylor was just as excited to receive the stockings as the diamond. At the Scorpio Ball Taylor wore
15980-403: The diamonds' performance or structural integrity. When set in jewelry, it may also be possible to hide certain inclusion behind mounting hardware such as prongs in a way that renders the defect invisible. However, large clouds can affect a diamond's ability to transmit and scatter light. Large cracks close to or breaking the surface may increase the likelihood of a fracture. Diamonds are graded by
16150-570: The east and west of India and were recognized by various cultures for their gemological or industrial uses. In his work Naturalis Historia , the Roman writer Pliny the Elder referred to the adamas (invulnerable stone) that occurred alongside gold and was used for ornament and engraving . This was long believed to refer to diamond, but is now thought more likely to mean other hard minerals such as corundum or spinel . Diamonds eventually spread throughout
16320-647: The fall of 1947, Jacqueline Bouvier entered Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York , at that time a women's institution. She had wanted to attend Sarah Lawrence College , closer to New York City, but her parents insisted that she choose the more isolated Vassar. She was an accomplished student who participated in the school's art and drama clubs and wrote for its newspaper. Due to her dislike of Vassar's location in Poughkeepsie, she did not take an active part in its social life and instead traveled back to Manhattan for
16490-609: The farm Vooruitzigt belonging to the De Beers brothers. This sparked off the famous "New Rush" and within a month, 800 claims were cut into the hillock which were worked frenetically by two to three thousand men. As the land was lowered so the hillock became a mine—in time, the world-renowned Kimberley Mine . Following agreement by the British government on compensation to the Orange Free State for its competing land claims, Griqualand West
16660-602: The following years, Kennedy attended selected memorial dedications to her late husband. She also oversaw the establishment of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum , which is the repository for official papers of the Kennedy Administration. Designed by architect I.M. Pei , it is situated next to the University of Massachusetts campus in Boston. Despite having commissioned William Manchester 's authorized account of President Kennedy's death, The Death of
16830-536: The highest prices. A variety of impurities and structural imperfections cause different colors in diamonds, including yellow, pink, blue, red, green, brown, and other hues. There is also a kind of pebble containing polycrystalline diamond that is black or gray, called carbonado , which may be of extraterrestrial origin. It is the toughest form of diamond and is used as an abrasive , though sometimes also as precious stone (for example The Enigma ). Diamonds with unusual or intense coloration are sometimes labeled "fancy" in
17000-419: The industry and is universally recognized, superseding several older systems. The GIA system uses a benchmark set of natural diamonds of known color grade, along with standardized and carefully controlled lighting conditions. Diamonds with higher color grades are rarer, in higher demand, and therefore more expensive, than lower color grades. Oddly enough, diamonds graded Z are also rare, and the bright yellow color
17170-492: The late 15th century when a new technique to polish and shape the gems evolved in this city. The diamond cutters of Antwerp are world renowned for their skill. More than 12,000 expert cutters and polishers are at work in the Diamond District , at 380 workshops, serving 1,500 firms and 3,500 brokers and merchants. In the 21st century, the technology to produce perfect diamonds synthetically was developed. Diamonds produced by
17340-660: The latest technologies are visually identical to mined, naturally occurring diamonds. It is too early to assess the effect of future wide availability of gem-quality synthetic diamonds on the diamond market, although the traditional diamond industry has taken steps to try to create a distinction between diamonds dug from the ground and diamonds made in a factory, in part by downplaying the fact that diamonds from both sources are actually visually identical. Synthetics currently represent 2% of gem-quality diamond supply used for jewelry, but 98% of industrial-quality supply used for abrasive applications. The most familiar usage of diamonds today
17510-561: The legitimacy of his presidency to JFK loyalists and to the world at large. Kennedy took an active role in planning her husband's state funeral , modeling it after Abraham Lincoln 's service. She requested a closed casket, overruling the wishes of her brother-in-law, Robert. The funeral service was held at the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle in Washington D.C., with the burial taking place at nearby Arlington National Cemetery . Kennedy led
17680-456: The magazine's New York City office and spending the remaining six months in Paris. Before beginning the job, she celebrated her college graduation and her sister Lee's high school graduation by traveling with her to Europe for the summer. The trip was the subject of her only autobiography, One Special Summer , co-authored with Lee; it is also the only one of her published works to feature Jacqueline Bouvier's drawings. On her first day at Vogue ,
17850-446: The major societies on a scale ranging from flawless to imperfect. The finest quality as per color grading is totally colorless, which is graded as D color diamond across the globe, meaning it is absolutely free from any color. The next grade has a very slight trace of color, which can be observed by any expert diamond valuer/grading laboratory. However, when studded in jewellery these very light colored diamonds do not show any color or it
18020-405: The managing editor advised her to quit and go back to Washington. According to biographer Barbara Leaming , the editor was concerned about Bouvier's marriage prospects; she was 22 years of age and was considered too old to be single in her social circles. She followed the advice, left the job and returned to Washington after only one day of work. Bouvier moved back to Merrywood and was referred by
18190-408: The maximum amount of light. Round brilliant diamonds, the most common, are guided by these specific guidelines, though fancy cut stones are not able to be as accurately guided by mathematical specifics. The techniques for cutting diamonds have been developed over hundreds of years, with perhaps the greatest achievements made in 1919 by mathematician and gem enthusiast Marcel Tolkowsky . He developed
18360-635: The media coverage that had focused intensely on her during and after the burial, Kennedy stepped back from official public view, apart from a brief appearance in Washington to honor the Secret Service agent, Clint Hill , who had climbed aboard the limousine in Dallas to try to shield her and the President. Don't let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief, shining moment that was known as Camelot. There'll be great presidents again ... but there will never be another Camelot. —Kennedy describing
18530-429: The media. Historian Gil Troy has noted that in particular, they "emphasized vague appearances rather than specific accomplishments or passionate commitments" and therefore fit in well in the early 1960s' "cool, TV-oriented culture". The discussion about Kennedy's fashion choices continued during her years in the White House, and she became a trendsetter, hiring American designer Oleg Cassini to design her wardrobe. She
18700-464: The most highly regarded first ladies by the assessments of historians. Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28, 1929, at Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York , to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou "Black Jack" Bouvier III and socialite Janet Norton Lee . Her mother was of Irish descent, and her father had French , Scottish , and English ancestry. Named after her father, she
18870-620: The most popular and recognizable first ladies in American history, and in 1999, she was placed on the list of Gallup's Most-Admired Men and Women of the 20th century. She died in 1994 and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery alongside President Kennedy and two of their children, one stillborn and one who died shortly after birth. Surveys of historians conducted periodically by the Siena College Research Institute since 1982 have consistently found Kennedy Onassis to rank among
19040-459: The musical, trying to express how the loss felt. The era of the Kennedy administration has subsequently been referred to as the "Camelot Era", although historians have later argued that the comparison is not appropriate, with Robert Dallek stating that Kennedy's "effort to lionize [her husband] must have provided a therapeutic shield against immobilizing grief." Kennedy and her children remained in
19210-684: The nation's capital and played an essential role in its history. She helped to stop the destruction of historic buildings along the square, including the Renwick Building, now part of the Smithsonian Institution, and her support of historic preservation also reached beyond the United States as she brought international attention to the thirteenth-century B.C. temples of Abu Simbel that were in danger of being flooded by Egypt's Aswan Dam. Prior to Kennedy's years as first lady, presidents and their families had taken furnishings and other items from
19380-424: The newsroom giving her a good look." The position required her to pose witty questions to individuals chosen at random on the street and take their pictures for publication in the newspaper alongside selected quotations from their responses. In addition to the random " man on the street " vignettes, she sometimes sought interviews with people of interest, such as six-year-old Tricia Nixon . Bouvier interviewed Tricia
19550-520: The party nominated John F. Kennedy for president. Jacqueline did not attend the nomination due to her pregnancy, which had been publicly announced ten days earlier. She was in Hyannis Port when she watched the September 26, 1960 debate —which was the nation's first televised presidential debate—between her husband and Republican candidate Richard Nixon , who was the incumbent vice president. Marian Cannon,
19720-417: The performance of light through a diamond. The three most commonly used settings are: Prong, Bezel, and Channel. Prong settings are the most popular setting for diamond jewelry. The prong setting consists of four or six 'claws' that cradle the diamond, allowing the maximum amount of light to enter from all angles, allowing the diamonds to appear larger and more brilliant. In bezel settings the diamond or gemstone
19890-473: The place we see them best." The film was watched by 56 million television viewers in the United States, and was later distributed to 106 countries. Kennedy won a special Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Trustees Award for it at the Emmy Awards in 1962, which was accepted on her behalf by Lady Bird Johnson . Kennedy was the only first lady to win an Emmy. Jackie Kennedy was a cultural ambassador of
20060-452: The presence of fluorescence as well as the diamond's source and which gemological institute evaluated the diamond. Cleanliness also dramatically affects a diamond's beauty. There are two major non-profit gemological associations which grade and provide reports, (informally referred to by the term certificate or cert , which is a misnomer for many grading reports) on diamonds; while carat weight and cut angles are mathematically defined,
20230-488: The presidency at the Russell Senate Office Building , and launched his campaign nationwide. In the early months of the election year, Jacqueline Kennedy accompanied her husband to campaign events such as whistle-stops and dinners. Shortly after the campaign began, she became pregnant. Due to her previous high-risk pregnancies, she decided to stay at home in Georgetown. Jacqueline subsequently participated in
20400-460: The price. The diamond was confirmed as theirs the next day, at a cost of $ 1.1 million. Burton also wrote in his diary that "I wanted that diamond because it is incomparably lovely ... and it should be on the loveliest woman in the world. I would have had a fit if it went to Jackie Kennedy or Sophia Loren or Mrs. Huntingdon Misfit of Dallas, Texas". The diamond was subsequently named the "Taylor Burton Diamond". Burton had previously bought Taylor
20570-516: The procession on foot and lit the eternal flame—created at her request—at the gravesite. Lady Jeanne Campbell reported back to the London Evening Standard : "Jacqueline Kennedy has given the American people ... one thing they have always lacked: Majesty." A week after the assassination, new president Lyndon B. Johnson issued an executive order that established the Warren Commission —led by Chief Justice Earl Warren —to investigate
20740-455: The public for the "hundreds of thousands of messages" she had received since the assassination, and said she had been sustained by America's affection for her late husband. She purchased a house for herself and her children in Georgetown but sold it later in 1964 and bought a 15th-floor penthouse apartment for $ 250,000 at 1040 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan in the hopes of having more privacy. In
20910-451: The public viewing, an estimated 6,000 people queued to see the diamond every day. The diamond also appeared as a guest on The Ed Sullivan Show . The publicity surrounding the purchase of the diamond was criticised in an editorial in The New York Times which said that "The peasants have been lining up outside Cartier's this week to gawk at a diamond as big as the Ritz that costs well over
21080-509: The relative angles of various facets, are determined by the quality of the cut and can affect the performance of a diamond. A diamond with facets cut only a few degrees out of alignment can result in a poorly performing stone. For a round brilliant cut, there is a balance between "brilliance" and "fire". When a diamond is cut for too much "fire", it looks like a cubic zirconia , which gives off much more "fire" than real diamond. A well-executed round brilliant cut should reflect light upwards and make
21250-427: The relative clarity of a diamond. The Gemological Institute of America (GIA) and other organizations have developed systems to grade clarity, which are based on those inclusions which are visible to a trained professional when a diamond is viewed under 10× magnification. Diamonds become increasingly rare when considering higher clarity gradings. Only about 20% of all diamonds mined have a clarity rating high enough for
21420-563: The repair to Cambodian-US relations, which had been at a very low ebb". She also attended the funeral services of Martin Luther King Jr. in Atlanta, Georgia , in April 1968, despite her initial reluctance due to the crowds and reminders of President Kennedy's death. After her husband's assassination, Jacqueline Kennedy relied heavily on her brother-in-law Robert F. Kennedy ; she observed him to be
21590-646: The restoration. Working with Rachel Lambert Mellon , Jacqueline Kennedy also oversaw the redesign and replanting of the Rose Garden and the East Garden, which was renamed the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden after her husband's assassination. In addition, Kennedy helped to stop the destruction of historic homes in Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C., because she felt these buildings were an important part of
21760-491: The rose cut), and pear cuts. Newer cuts that have been introduced into the jewelry industry are the "cushion" "radiant" (similar to princess cuts, but with rounded edges instead of square edges) and Asscher cuts . Many fancy colored diamonds are now being cut according to these new styles. Generally speaking, these "fancy cuts" are not held to the same strict standards as Tolkowsky-derived round brilliants and there are less specific mathematical guidelines of angles which determine
21930-457: The sample did not fluoresce . Of the 35% that did fluoresce, 97% had blue fluorescence of which 38% had faint blue fluorescence and 62% had fluorescence that ranged from medium to very strong blue. Other colors diamonds can fluoresce are green , yellow , and red , but are very rare and are sometimes a combination of the colors such as blue-green or orange . In October 2020, a population of diamonds were discovered within an alluvial deposit at
22100-576: The school placed an emphasis on college preparatory classes. In her senior class yearbook, Bouvier was acknowledged for "her wit, her accomplishment as a horsewoman, and her unwillingness to become a housewife". She later hired her childhood friend Nancy Tuckerman to be her social secretary at the White House. She graduated among the top students of her class and received the Maria McKinney Memorial Award for Excellence in Literature. In
22270-478: The setting. The thick part of the girdle is normally about 1.7% (of the overall diameter) thicker than the thin part of the girdle. The further the diamond's characteristics are from the Tolkowsky's ideal, the less light will be reflected. However, there is a small range in which the diamond can be considered "ideal". Tolkowsky's calculations can be repeated for a narrow range of pavilion angles. Such calculations show
22440-578: The summer at a home she and the President had rented on Squaw Island, which was near the Kennedy compound on Cape Cod, Massachusetts . On August 7 (five weeks ahead of her scheduled due date), she went into labor and gave birth to a boy, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy , via emergency Caesarean section at nearby Otis Air Force Base . The infant's lungs were not fully developed, and he was transferred from Cape Cod to Boston Children's Hospital , where he died of hyaline membrane disease two days after birth. Kennedy had remained at Otis Air Force Base to recuperate after
22610-405: The telephone from London, and Al Yugler of the jewellers Frank Pollock and Sons, bidding in the room for Burton. The auction began at $ 200,000 with everyone in the room shouting "Yes!" when the amount was announced, but by $ 500,000 only nine people remained in the auction. The sale proceeded in increments of $ 10,000 after $ 500,000, and only two people remained at $ 650,000. At $ 1 million, Yugler, who
22780-473: The three years of the Kennedy administration, she traveled to countries including Afghanistan , Austria, Canada, Colombia , United Kingdom, Greece , Italy , Mexico, Morocco , Turkey , and Venezuela . Unlike her husband, Kennedy was fluent in Spanish, which she used to address Latin American audiences. In early 1963, Kennedy was again pregnant, which led her to curtail her official duties. She spent most of
22950-921: The time, learned to drive in this 1940 Ford. She continued using the car with her siblings through the 1940s. Shortly before her graduation from George Washington University in 1951, the Auchincloss family sold the Ford. The car now resides in the Crumpley Family Collection in Texas. After the remarriage, Auchincloss's Merrywood estate in McLean, Virginia , became the Bouvier sisters' primary residence, although they also spent time at his other estate, Hammersmith Farm in Newport, Rhode Island , and in their father's homes in New York City and Long Island. Although she retained
23120-472: The time, she and her husband were campaigning across Massachusetts for his re-election to the Senate , and they posed with their infant daughter for the cover of the April 21, 1958, issue of Life magazine. They traveled together during the campaign as part of their efforts to reduce the physical separation that had characterized the first five years of their marriage. Soon enough, John Kennedy started to notice
23290-429: The top of the diamond. Tolkowsky's calculations included some approximations. He calculated the ideal dimensions as: The culet is the tiny point or facet at the bottom of the diamond. This should be a negligible diameter, otherwise light leaks out of the bottom. Tolkowsky's calculations included neither a culet nor a girdle. However, a girdle is required in reality in order to prevent the diamond from easily chipping in
23460-583: The traders of southeast Asia . The modern era of diamond mining began in the 1860s in Kimberley , South Africa with the opening of the first large-scale diamond mine. The first diamond there was found in 1866 on the banks of the Orange River and became known as the Eureka Diamond . In 1869, an even larger 83.50-carat (16.700 g; 0.5891 oz) diamond was found on the slopes of Colesberg Kopje on
23630-441: The trips to spend time with their daughter, Caroline. She also counseled her husband on improving his wardrobe in preparation for the presidential campaign planned for the following year. In particular, she traveled to Louisiana to visit Edmund Reggie and to help her husband garner support in the state for his presidential bid. On January 2, 1960, John F. Kennedy, then a U.S. senator from Massachusetts, announced his candidacy for
23800-439: The trunk for something coming off the right rear bumper of the car. Hill ran to the car and leapt onto it, directing her back to her seat. As Hill stood on the back bumper, Associated Press photographer Ike Altgens snapped a photograph that was featured on the front pages of newspapers around the world. She would later testify that she saw pictures "of me climbing out the back. But I don't remember that at all". The President
23970-421: The two nations. Throughout her husband's presidency and more than any of the preceding first ladies, Kennedy made many official visits to other countries, on her own or with the President. Despite the initial worry that she might not have "political appeal", she proved popular among international dignitaries. Before the Kennedys' first official visit to France in 1961, a television special was shot in French with
24140-414: The value his wife added to his congressional campaign. Kenneth O'Donnell remembered "the size of the crowd was twice as big" when she accompanied her husband; he also recalled her as "always cheerful and obliging". John's mother Rose, however, observed that Jacqueline was not "a natural-born campaigner" due to her shyness and was uncomfortable with too much attention. In November 1958, John was reelected to
24310-718: The weekends. She had made her debut to high society in the summer before entering college and became a frequent presence in New York social functions. Hearst columnist Igor Cassini dubbed her the " debutante of the year". She spent her junior year (1949–1950) in France—at the University of Grenoble in Grenoble , and at the Sorbonne in Paris—in a study-abroad program through Smith College . Upon returning home, she transferred to George Washington University in Washington, D.C., graduating with
24480-473: The white light reflections from the external and internal facet surfaces. Fire refers to the spectral colors which are produced as a result of the diamond dispersing the white light. Scintillation refers to the small flashes of light that are seen when the diamond, light source or the viewer is moved. A diamond that is cut and polished to produce a high level of these qualities is said to be high in light performance . The setting diamonds are placed in also affect
24650-562: The wife of Arthur Schlesinger, watched the debate with her. Days after the debates, Jacqueline Kennedy contacted Schlesinger and informed him that John wanted his aid along with that of John Kenneth Galbraith in preparing for the third debate on October 13; she wished for them to give her husband new ideas and speeches. On September 29, 1960, the Kennedys appeared together for a joint interview on Person to Person , interviewed by Charles Collingwood . On November 8, 1960, John F. Kennedy narrowly defeated Republican opponent Richard Nixon in
24820-614: The world, even though India had remained the only major source of the gemstone until diamonds were discovered in Brazil in 1725. A Chinese work from the 3rd century BC mentions: "Foreigners wear it [diamond] in the belief that it can ward off evil influences". The Chinese, who did not find diamonds in their country, initially did not use diamond as a jewel but used it as a " jade cutting knife". Diamonds reached ancient Rome from India. Diamonds were also discovered in 700 in Borneo , and were used by
24990-471: The years of her husband's presidency for Life On November 29, 1963—a week after her husband's assassination—Kennedy was interviewed in Hyannis Port by Theodore H. White of Life magazine. In that session, she compared the Kennedy years in the White House to King Arthur 's mythical Camelot , commenting that the President often played the title song of Lerner and Loewe 's musical recording before retreating to bed. She also quoted Queen Guinevere from
25160-674: Was baptized at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan and raised in the Roman Catholic faith. Caroline Lee , her younger sister, was born four years later on March 3, 1933. Jacqueline Bouvier spent her early childhood years in Manhattan and at Lasata , the Bouviers' country estate in East Hampton on Long Island . She looked up to her father, who likewise favored her over her sister, calling his elder child "the most beautiful daughter
25330-446: Was a bright student but often misbehaved; one of her teachers described her as "a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic, and full of the devil". Her mother attributed this behavior to her finishing her assignments ahead of classmates and then acting out in boredom. Her behavior improved after the headmistress warned her that none of her positive qualities would matter if she did not behave. The marriage of
25500-552: Was an American writer, book editor, and socialite who served as the first lady of the United States from 1961 to 1963, as the wife of president John F. Kennedy . A popular first lady, she endeared herself to the American public with her devotion to her family, dedication to the historic preservation of the White House , the campaigns she led to preserve and restore historic landmarks and architecture along with her interest in American history, culture, and arts. During her lifetime, she
25670-476: Was an enthusiastic equestrienne and successfully competed in the sport, and horse-riding remained a lifelong passion. She took ballet lessons, was an avid reader, and excelled at learning foreign languages, including French , Spanish , and Italian . French was particularly emphasized in her upbringing. In 1935, Jacqueline Bouvier was enrolled in Manhattan's Chapin School , where she attended grades 1–7. She
25840-567: Was annexed to the Cape Colony in 1877. From 1871 to 1914, 50,000 miners dug the Big Hole with picks and shovels, yielding 2,722 kg (6,001 lb) of diamonds , and by 1873 Kimberley was the second largest town in South Africa, having an approximate population of 40,000. The various smaller mining companies were amalgamated by the British businessmen Cecil Rhodes and Charles Rudd into
26010-489: Was announced that the auction would take place on 23 October 1969, with the diamond listed as lot 133, at Parke-Bernet in New York City. The diamond was flown to Gstaad in Switzerland so that the actress Elizabeth Taylor could see it, and flown back to the United States for the auction. Taylor's husband, the actor Richard Burton , had set a maximum bid of $ 1 million for the diamond, with his lawyer, Aaron Frosch, bidding on
26180-469: Was awarded the French Legion of Honor, the highest civilian award given by the French government, becoming the initial First Lady and first American woman to be such a recipient. Her role as a cultural ambassador had a significant impact on cultural diplomacy and helped strengthen ties between the United States and other countries. Jacqueline's language skills and cultural knowledge were highly respected by
26350-616: Was bidding for Taylor and Burton, dropped out of the auction, which ended shortly after. It was unsure in the crowded room as to who the winner was, but it was later revealed to be Robert Kenmore, from the Kenmore Corporation, the parent company of the jewellers Cartier . Underbidders in the sale included the jeweller Harry Winston , the Sultan of Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah , and the Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis , who had dropped out of
26520-418: Was dismayed to find that the mansion's rooms were furnished with undistinguished pieces that displayed little historical significance and made it her first major project as first lady to restore its historical character. On her first day in residence, she began her efforts with the help of interior decorator Sister Parish . She decided to make the family quarters attractive and suitable for family life by adding
26690-751: Was largely created by De Beers Consolidated Mines , which established the first large-scale diamond mines in South Africa. Through an advertising campaign in the late 1940s and continuing into the mid-20th century, De Beers made diamonds into a key part of the betrothal process and a coveted symbol of status . The diamond's high value has been the driving force behind dictators and revolutionary entities, especially in Africa, using slave and child labor to mine blood diamonds to fund conflicts. Though popularly believed to derive its value from its rarity, gem-quality diamonds are quite common compared to rare gemstones such as alexandrite , and annual global rough diamond production
26860-536: Was named Time magazine's Woman of the Year in 1962. After her husband's assassination and funeral in 1963, Kennedy and her children largely withdrew from public view. In 1968, she married Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis , which caused controversy. Following Onassis's death in 1975, she had a career as a book editor in New York City, first at Viking Press and then at Doubleday , and worked to restore her public image. Even after her death, she ranks as one of
27030-552: Was not credited by Jacqueline Kennedy. The newlyweds honeymooned in Acapulco , Mexico, before settling in their new home, Hickory Hill in McLean, Virginia , a suburb of Washington, D.C. Kennedy developed a warm relationship with her parents-in-law, Joseph and Rose Kennedy . In the early years of their marriage, the couple faced several personal setbacks. John Kennedy suffered from Addison's disease and from chronic and at times debilitating back pain, which had been exacerbated by
27200-497: Was originally bought by Harriet Annenberg Ames, the sister of the billionaire publisher Walter Annenberg , in 1967. Annenberg Ames feared wearing the diamond in her native New York City, and decided to sell the stone. She later said that "I found myself positively cringing and keeping my gloves on for fear it would be seen. ... It sat in a bank vault for years. It seemed foolish to keep it if one could not use it. As things are in New York one could not possibly wear it publicly". It
27370-507: Was present in Western India prior to 600 BC (7th century BC). There is also evidence of technique of double diamond drilling from Southern Thailand dating back to 400 BC. Before diamonds were discovered in Brazil in the 1700s, India was the only place where diamonds were mined. Early references to diamonds in India come from Sanskrit texts. The Arthashastra of Kautilya mentions diamond trade in India. Buddhist works dating from
27540-497: Was regarded as an international icon for her unique fashion choices, and her work as a cultural ambassador of the United States made her very popular globally. After studying history and art at Vassar College and graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in French literature from George Washington University in 1951, Bouvier started working for the Washington Times-Herald as an inquiring photographer. The following year, she met then- Congressman John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts at
27710-514: Was rushed for the 3.8-mile (6.1 km) trip to Parkland Hospital . At the First Lady's request, she was allowed to be present in the operating room. President Kennedy never regained consciousness. He died not long after, aged 46. After her husband was pronounced dead, Kennedy refused to remove her blood-stained clothing and reportedly regretted having washed the blood off her face and hands, explaining to Lady Bird Johnson that she wanted "them to see what they have done to Jack". She continued to wear
27880-596: Was subsequently worn by Taylor at Princess Grace of Monaco 's 40th birthday, and at the 42nd Academy Awards . The original rough diamond was found in 1966 in the Premier Mine in South Africa , weighing 241 carats (48.2 g). Harry Winston cut it into the shape of a pear weighing 69.42 carats (13.884 g). At the time of sale in 1969, the diamond was set in a platinum ring with two smaller diamonds on either side. After its purchase by Taylor and Burton, Taylor found
28050-463: Was sworn in as president on January 20, 1961. At 31, Kennedy was the third youngest woman to serve as first lady, as well as the first Silent Generation first lady. She insisted they also kept a family home away from the public eye and rented Glen Ora at Middleburg . As a presidential couple, the Kennedys differed from the Eisenhowers by their political affiliation, youth, and their relationship with
28220-426: Was that she would make do. But not me! ... I screamed at Aaron that bugger Cartiers, I was going to get that diamond if it cost me my life or 2 million dollars whichever was the greater. For 24 hours the agony persisted and in the end I won. I got the bloody thing". Burton had spent the day after the auction by the payphone in the Bell Inn, after having instructed Frosch to buy the diamond from Cartier regardless of
28390-545: Was the first presidential wife to hire a press secretary , Pamela Turnure , and carefully managed her contact with the media, usually shying away from making public statements, and strictly controlling the extent to which her children were photographed. The media portrayed Kennedy as the ideal woman, which led academic Maurine Beasley to observe that she "created an unrealistic media expectation for first ladies that would challenge her successors". Nevertheless, she attracted worldwide positive public attention and gained allies for
28560-474: Was the first time that she had joined her husband on such a trip in the U.S. After a breakfast on November 22, they took a very short flight on Air Force One from Fort Worth's Carswell Air Force Base to Dallas's Love Field , accompanied by Texas Governor John Connally and his wife Nellie . The First Lady was wearing a bright pink Chanel suit and a pillbox hat , which had been personally selected by President Kennedy. A 9.5-mile (15.3 km) motorcade
28730-578: Was to take them to the Trade Mart , where the president was scheduled to speak at a lunch. The First Lady was seated to her husband's left in the third row of seats in the presidential limousine , with the Governor and his wife seated in front of them. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife followed in another car in the motorcade. After the motorcade turned the corner onto Elm Street in Dealey Plaza ,
28900-421: Was widely disapproved of within the Kennedy administration, by much of the general public, and in Congress. The First Lady returned to the United States on October 17, 1963. She would later say she regretted being away as long as she was but had been "melancholy after the death of my baby". On November 21, 1963, the First Lady and the President embarked on a political trip to Texas with several goals in mind; this
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