35-549: Tasciovanus (died c. 9 AD) was a historical king of the Catuvellauni tribe before the Roman conquest of Britain . Tasciovanus is known only through numismatic evidence. He appears to have become king of the Catuvellauni c. 20 BC, ruling from Verlamion (the site of modern-day St Albans ). He is believed to have moved the tribal capital to that site from an earlier settlement, near modern-day Wheathampstead . (recent excavations on
70-498: A basilica and forum complex providing an administrative and economic focus. Civitates had a primary purpose of stimulating the local economy in order to raise taxes and produce raw materials. All this activity was administered by an ordo or curia , a civitas council consisting of men of sufficient social rank to be able to stand for public office. Defensive measures were limited at the civitates , rarely more than palisaded earthworks in times of trouble, if even that. Towards
105-400: A civitas . During the later empire, the term was applied not only to friendly native tribes and their towns but also to local government divisions in peaceful provinces that carried out civil administration. Land destined to become a civitas was officially divided up, some being granted to the locals and some being owned by the civil government. A basic street grid would be surveyed in but
140-533: A ceremony of union after which they were named Quirites after the Sabine town of Cures . The two groups became the first curiae , subordinate assemblies, from co-viria ("fellow assemblymen", where vir is "man", as only men participated in government). The Quirites were the co-viri . The two peoples had acquired one status. The Latin for the Sabine Quirites was cives , which in one analysis came from
175-549: A common treaty ( foedus ); next came the civitates liberae ("free cities"), which indicated communities that had been granted specific privileges by Rome, often in the form of tax immunity (hence liberae et immunes ); the final, and by far most common group, were the civitates stipendariae ("tributary states"), which while retaining their internal legal autonomy were obliged to pay tax. Prestigious and economically important settlements such as Massilia and Messana are examples of occupied regions granted semi-autonomy during
210-415: Is the law that binds them together, giving them responsibilities ( munera ) on the one hand and rights of citizenship on the other. The agreement ( concilium ) has a life of its own, creating a res publica or "public entity" (synonymous with civitas ), into which individuals are born or accepted, and from which they die or are ejected . The civitas is not just the collective body of all
245-686: The 2nd century , occupying the town of Verlamion (modern St Albans ) and the surrounding areas of Hertfordshire , Bedfordshire and southern Cambridgeshire . Their territory was bordered to the north by the Iceni and Corieltauvi , to the east by the Trinovantes , to the west by the Dobunni and Atrebates , and to the south by the Regni and Cantiaci . The name 'Catuvellauni' ( Common Brittonic : * Catu-wellaunī/Catu-uellaunī , 'war-chiefs, chiefs-of-war') stems from
280-737: The Brigantes , but their queen, Cartimandua , was loyal to the Romans and handed him over in chains. Caratacus was exhibited as a war-prize as part of a triumphal parade in Rome. He was allowed to make a speech to the Senate , and made such an impression that he and his family were freed and allowed to live in peace in Rome. Verulamium , the Roman settlement near Verlamion, gained the status of municipium ca 50, allowing its leading magistrates to become Roman citizens . It
315-491: The Indo-European *kei-, "lie down" in the sense of incumbent, member of the same house. City , civic , and civil all come from this root . Two peoples were now under the same roof, so to speak. Civitas was a popular and widely used word in ancient Rome, with reflexes in modern times. Over the centuries the usage broadened into a spectrum of meaning cited by the larger Latin dictionaries: it could mean in addition to
350-742: The Roman Empire . Under Cunobelinus and his family, the Catuvellauni appear to have become the dominant power in south-eastern Britain. His brother Epaticcus gained territory to the south and west at the expense of the Atrebates until his death ca AD 35. The grave of the " Druid of Colchester " dates to this period, providing evidence of medical practices and technology within the Catuvellauni tribe. Three sons of Cunobelinus are known to history. Adminius , whose power-base appears from his coins to have been in Kent ,
385-540: The Roman Republic . The island of Malta was granted this status as a reward for loyalty to Rome during the Second Punic War . The new Romanised urban settlements of these client tribes were also called civitates and were usually re-founded close to the site of an old, pre-Roman capital. At Cirencester , for example, the Romans made use of the army base that originally oversaw the nearby tribal oppidum to create
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#1732849047607420-521: The Roman conquest , attested by inscriptions into the 4th century . The fortunes of the Catuvellauni and their kings before the conquest can be traced through ancient coins and scattered references in classical histories. They are mentioned by Cassius Dio , who implies that they led the resistance against the conquest in AD 43 . They appear as one of the civitates of Roman Britain in Ptolemy 's Geography in
455-596: The Atrebatic king, Verica , that prompted Claudius to launch a successful invasion, led by Aulus Plautius , in AD 43. Dio tells us that, by this stage, Cunobelinus was dead, and Togodumnus and Caratacus led the initial resistance to the invasion in Kent. They were defeated by Plautius in two crucial battles on the rivers Medway (see Battle of the Medway ) and Thames . He also tells us that
490-573: The Bodunni, a tribe or kingdom who were tributary to the Catuvellauni, switched sides. This may be a misspelling of the Dobunni , who lived in Gloucestershire , and may give an indication of how far Catuvellaunian power extended. Togodumnus died shortly after the battle on the Thames. Plautius halted and sent word for the emperor to join him, and Claudius led the final advance to Camulodunum. The territories of
525-639: The Catuvellauni became the nucleus of the new Roman province . Caratacus, however, had survived, and continued to lead the resistance to the invaders. We next hear of him in Tacitus 's Annals , leading the Silures and Ordovices in what is now Wales against the Roman governor Publius Ostorius Scapula . Ostorius defeated him in a set-piece battle somewhere in Ordovician territory in AD 51, capturing members of his family, but Caratacus again escaped. He fled north to
560-577: The Celtic root catu- ('combat') attached to uellauni/wellauni ('chiefs, commandants'). It is probably related to the name of the ' Catalauni ', a Belgic tribe dwelling in the modern Champagne region during the Roman period . The Catuvellauni are part of the Aylesford-Swarling archaeological group in Southern England often linked to Belgic Gaul and possibly to an actual Belgic conquest of
595-469: The citizens, it is the contract binding them all together, because each of them is a civis . Civitas is an abstract formed from civis . Claude Nicolet traces the first word and concept for the citizen at Rome to the first known instance resulting from the synoecism of Romans and Sabines presented in the legends of the Roman Kingdom . According to Livy , the two peoples participated in
630-426: The citizenship established by the constitution the legal city-state, or res publica, the populus of that res publica (not people as people but people as citizens), any city state either proper or state-like, even ideal, or (mainly under the empire) the physical city, or urbs. Under that last meaning some places took on the name, civitas, or incorporated it into their name, with the later civita or civida as reflexes. As
665-506: The degree of linguistic change suggesting a long period of oral transmission. The remainder of the genealogy contains the names of a sequence of Roman emperors, and two Welsh mythological figures, Guidgen ( Gwydion ) and Lou ( Lleu ). He appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth 's fictional Historia Regum Britanniae (1136) as the legendary king Tenvantius , son of Lud . When his father died, he and his older brother Androgeus were still minors, so
700-709: The development of the civitas from there was left to the inhabitants although occasional imperial grants for new public buildings would be made. Tacitus describes how the Romano-Britons embraced the new urban centres: "They spoke of such novelties as 'civilisation', when this was really only a feature of their slavery." (Agricola, 21) The civitates differed from the less well-planned vici that grew up haphazardly around military garrisons; coloniae , which were settlements of retired troops; and municipia , formal political entities created from existing settlements. The civitates were regional market towns complete with
735-418: The empire grew, inhabitants of the outlying Roman provinces would either be classed as dediticii , meaning "capitulants", or be treated as client states with some independence guaranteed through treaties. There were three categories of autonomous native communities under Roman rule: the highest, civitates foederatae ("allied states"), were formed with formally independent and equal cities, and sealed by
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#1732849047607770-436: The end of the empire, the civitates' own local militias , led by a decurion , likely served as the only defensive force in outlying Romanised areas threatened by barbarians. There is evidence that some civitates maintained some degree of Romanisation and served as population centres beyond the official Roman withdrawal, albeit with limited resources. Certain civitates groups survived as distinct tribal groupings even beyond
805-500: The kingship of Britain was given to their uncle Cassibelanus . Tenvantius was made Duke of Cornwall and participated in his uncle's defence of Britain against Julius Caesar . Androgeus went to Rome with Caesar, so when Cassibelanus died, Tenvantius succeeded him as king. He was in turn succeeded by his son Kimbelinus (Cunobeline), who had been brought up at the court of Augustus . In Middle Welsh versions of Geoffrey's Historia, his name appears as Teneufan and Trahayant . Under
840-404: The lands of the Atrebates . A genealogy preserved in the medieval Welsh manuscript British Library Harley MS 3859 (see Harleian genealogies ) contains three generations which read "Caratauc map Cinbelin map Teuhant". This is the equivalent of " Caratacus , son of Cunobelinus , son of Tasciovanus", putting the three historical figures in the correct order, although the wrong historical context,
875-439: The legend RICON, for * Rigonos , Common Brittonic for "great/divine/legitimate king". Some of his coins bear other abbreviated names such as "DIAS", "SEGO" and "ANDOCO": these are generally considered to be the names of co-rulers or subordinate kings, but may instead be mint-marks. He died c. AD 9, succeeded by his son Cunobeline , who ruled primarily from Camulodunum. Another son, Epaticcus , expanded his territory westwards into
910-609: The name of Tenewan ap Lludd (Geoffrey of Monmouth's Tenvantius Welshified), he is claimed as a paternal ancestor in the Mostyn Ms. 117 by the Mathrafal Dynasty (The Lleision Tribal Princes) and therefore subsequently the Kings of Rhwng Gwy Y Hafren (The Iorwerthion Tribal Princes) also. Catuvellauni The Catuvellauni ( Common Brittonic : * Catu-wellaunī , "war-chiefs") were a Celtic tribe or state of southeastern Britain before
945-493: The northeast of England. 51°48′N 0°06′E / 51.8°N 0.1°E / 51.8; 0.1 Civitas In Ancient Rome , the Latin term civitas ( Latin pronunciation: [ˈkiːwɪtaːs] ; plural civitates ), according to Cicero in the time of the late Roman Republic , was the social body of the cives , or citizens , united by law ( concilium coetusque hominum jure sociati ). It
980-584: The region alluded to by Caesar. John T. Koch conjectures that the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains and the modern name of Châlons-en-Champagne preserves the name of an original continental tribe of Catuvellauni, a name he derives from a compound of the ancient Celtic roots * katu- ("battle") and * wer-lo ("better"), thus meaning "excelling in battle", the same source as that of the later British and Breton personal name Cadwallon . Cassivellaunus , who led
1015-466: The resistance to Julius Caesar 's first expedition to Britain in 54 BC, is often taken to have belonged to the Catuvellauni. His tribal background is not mentioned by Caesar, but his territory, north of the Thames and to the west of the Trinovantes , corresponds to that later occupied by the Catuvellauni. The extensive earthworks at Devil's Dyke near Wheathampstead , Hertfordshire are thought to have been
1050-486: The southern plateau of the ver valley revealed evidence of occupation, including sherds of mid-first century Roman pottery plus several republican denari minted in Rome between 100 and 80 BC, indicating an established settlement existed from the early first century BC. For a brief period (c. 15–10 BC) he issued coins from Camulodunum ( Colchester ), apparently supplanting Addedomarus of the Trinovantes . After this, he once again issued his coins from Verlamion, now bearing
1085-543: The time of Septimius Severus in the early 3rd century. Saint Alban , the first British Christian martyr , was a citizen of Verulamium in the late 3rd or early 4th century, and was killed there. The city took its modern name from him. The tombstone of a woman of the Catuvellauni called Regina, freedwoman and wife of Barates, a soldier from Palmyra in Syria , was found in the 4th-century Roman fort of Arbeia in South Shields in
Tasciovanus - Misplaced Pages Continue
1120-504: The tribe's original capital. Tasciovanus was the first king to mint coins at Verlamion , beginning ca 20 BC. He appears to have expanded his power at the expense of the Trinovantes to the east, as some of his coins, ca 15–10 BC, were minted in their capital Camulodunum (modern Colchester ). This advance was given up, possibly under pressure from Rome , and a later series of coins were again minted at Verulamium. However, Camulodunum
1155-491: Was destroyed in the rebellion of Boudica in 60 or 61, but was soon rebuilt. Its forum and basilica were completed in 79 or 81, and were dedicated in an inscription by the governor, Gnaeus Julius Agricola , to the emperor Titus . Its theatre, the first Roman theatre in Britain, was built ca 140. An inscription records that the civitas of the Catuvellauni were involved in the reconstruction of Hadrian's Wall , probably in
1190-458: Was exiled by his father shortly before AD 40 according to Suetonius , prompting the emperor Caligula to mount his abortive invasion of Britain. Two other sons, Togodumnus and Caratacus , are named by Dio Cassius. No coins of Togodumnus are known, but Caratacus' rare coins suggest that he followed his uncle Epaticcus in completing the conquest of the lands of the Atrebates. It was the exile of
1225-496: Was retaken, either by Tasciovanus or by his son Cunobelinus , who succeeded him ca AD 9 and ruled for about 30 years. Little is known of Cunobelinus's life, but his name survived into British legend, culminating in William Shakespeare 's play Cymbeline . Geoffrey of Monmouth says he was brought up at the court of Augustus and willingly paid tribute to Rome. Archaeology indicates increased trading and diplomatic links with
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