35-485: (Redirected from Tartu Peace Treaty ) Treaty of Tartu may refer to: Treaty of Tartu (Estonia–Russia) Treaty of Tartu (Finland–Russia) See also [ edit ] Treaty of Dorpat , a Russo-Swedish treaty of 1564 Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Treaty of Tartu . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
70-455: A monetary reform and ordered the mintage of silver one ruble coins from imported joachimsthalers and new kopek coins from copper (old silver kopeks were left in circulation). Although around 1 million of such rubles was made, its lower weight (28–32 grams) against the nominal ruble (48 g) led to counterfeiting, speculation and inflation, and after the Copper Riot of 1662 the new monetary system
105-490: A paper credit ruble was worth about nine-tenths of a silver ruble These circulated, in various types, until the revolution, with 500 ruble notes added in 1898 and 250 and 1,000 ruble notes added in 1917. In 1915, two kinds of small change notes were issued. One, issued by the Treasury, consisted of regular style (if small) notes for 1, 2, 3, 5 and 50 kopeks. The other consisted of the designs of stamps printed onto card with text and
140-845: A part of this larger conflict, the Estonians declared independence from the then warring Russian and German Empires , and won their freedom during the Estonian War of Independence . The new Bolshevik Russian government acknowledged Estonia's freedom in the 1920 Treaty of Tartu. The treaty established the border between Estonia and Russia, affirmed the right of Estonian people to return to Estonia and Russian people to return to Russia and required that Estonian movable property evacuated to Russia in World War I be returned to Estonia. Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic also agreed to absolve all Russian Imperial debt and to pay Estonia 15 million gold rubles ,
175-399: A ruble varied in the 18th century. Additionally, coins worth over a ruble were minted in gold and platinum . By the end of the 18th century, the ruble was set to 4 zolotnik 21 dolya (or 4 21 ⁄ 96 zolotnik , almost exactly equal to 18 grams) of pure silver or 27 dolya (almost exactly equal to 1.2 g (0.039 ozt)) of pure gold, with a ratio of 15:1 for the values of
210-481: A share from the gold reserves of the former Russian Empire . Additionally RSFSR agreed to grant concessions to exploit one million hectares of Russian forest land and to build a railway line from the Estonian border to Moscow. The treaty was signed by Jaan Poska on the Estonian side and Adolf Joffe for Soviet Russia, as well as by other representatives of both parties. The Tartu Peace Treaty has been regarded as
245-530: Is a peace treaty that was signed in Tartu on 2 February 1920 between the Republic of Estonia and Soviet Russia , ending the 1918–1920 Estonian War of Independence . In the treaty, Bolshevik Russia recognized the independence of the newly established democratic state of Estonia . The terms of the treaty stated: "In consequence of the right of all peoples to self-determination, to the point of seceding completely from
280-737: Is a tendency for older sources to use rouble and more recent ones to use ruble . However, usage is not consistent and major publications are known to use both (though usually preferring one or the other). The Russian plurals that may be seen on the actual currency are modified according to Russian grammar . Numbers ending in 1 (except for 11) are followed by nominative singular рубль rubl , копейка kopeyka . Numbers ending in 2, 3 or 4 (except for 12–14) are followed by genitive singular рубля rublya , копейки kopeyki . Numbers ending in 5–9, 0, or 11–14 are followed by genitive plural рублей rubley , копеек kopeyek . In several languages spoken in Russia and
315-506: Is currently formally subdivided, although denga (½ kopek) and polushka (½ denga, thus ¼ kopek) were minted until the 19th century. Historically, the grivna , ruble and denga were used in Russia as measurements of weight. In 1704, as a result of monetary reforms by Peter the Great , the ruble became the first decimal currency . The silver ruble was used until 1897 and the gold ruble was used until 1917. The Soviet ruble officially replaced
350-1002: Is the currency unit of Belarus and Russia . Historically, it was the name of the currency of the Russian Empire (the Imperial ruble) and, later, of the Soviet Union (the Soviet ruble ). As of 2022 , currencies named ruble in circulation include the Belarusian ruble (BYN, Rbl) in Belarus and the Russian ruble (RUB, ₽) in Russia. Additionally, the Transnistrian ruble is used in Transnistria , an unrecognized breakaway province of Moldova . These currencies are subdivided into one hundred kopeks . No kopek
385-535: The birth certificate of the Republic of Estonia because it was the first de jure recognition of the state. The treaty was also of utmost importance to the diplomatically isolated Soviet Russia, with Lenin expressing satisfaction with the treaty as "an incomparable victory over Western imperialism". Some members of the Entente opposed the treaty with the intention to keep Soviet Russia in international isolation. After
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#1732844077016420-508: The 17th centuries the ruble was neither a coin nor a currency but rather a unit of weight. The most used currency was a small silver coin called denga (pl. dengi ). There were two variants of the denga, minted in Novgorod and Moscow. The weight of a denga silver coin was unstable and inflating, but by 1535, one Novgorod denga weighed 0.68 g (0.022 ozt), the Moscow denga being a half that of
455-476: The 19th century, copper coins were issued for 1 ⁄ 4 , 1 ⁄ 2 , 1, 2 and 5 kopeks, with silver 5, 10, 25 and 50 kopeks and 1 ruble and gold 5, although production of the 10 ruble coin ceased in 1806. Silver 20 kopeks were introduced in 1820, followed by copper 10 kopeks minted between 1830 and 1839, and copper 3 kopeks introduced in 1840. Between 1828 and 1845, platinum 3, 6 and 12 rubles were issued. In 1860, silver 15 kopeks were introduced, due to
490-790: The Assignation rubles fell relative to the coins until, in 1839, the relationship was fixed at 1 silver ruble = 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 assignat rubles. In 1840, the State Commercial Bank issued 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 ruble notes, followed by 50 ruble credit notes of the Custody Treasury and State Loan Bank. In 1843, the Assignation Bank ceased operations, and state credit notes (Russian: государственные кредитные билеты , gosudarstvenniye kreditniye bilety ) were introduced in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 rubles. In 1859
525-513: The Novgorod denga. Thus one account ruble consisted of 100 Novgorod or 200 Moscow dengi (68 g (2.2 ozt) of silver). As the Novgorod denga bore the image of a rider with a spear ( Russian : копьё, kop’yo ), it later has become known as kopek . In the 17th century, the weight of a kopek coin reduced to 0.48 g (0.015 ozt), thus one ruble was equal to 48 g (1.5 ozt) of silver. In 1654–1655 tsar Alexis I tried to carry out
560-484: The Russian noun рубец ( rubets ), the seam that is left around a silver bullions after casting: silver was added to the cast in two steps. Therefore, the word "ruble" means "a cast with a seam". A popular theory deriving the word ruble from rupee is probably not correct. The ruble was the Russian equivalent of the mark , a measurement of weight for silver and gold used in medieval Western Europe. The weight of one ruble
595-571: The State of which they form part, a right proclaimed by the Socialist and Federal Russian Republic of the Soviets, Russia unreservedly recognizes the independence and sovereignty of the State of Estonia, and renounces voluntarily and forever all sovereign rights possessed by Russia over the Estonian people and territory whether these rights be based on the juridical position that formerly existed in public law, or in
630-507: The former Soviet Union, the currency name has no etymological relation with ruble . Especially in Turkic languages or languages influenced by them, the ruble is often known (also officially) as som or sum (meaning pure ), or manat (from Russian moneta , meaning coin ). Soviet banknotes had their value printed in the languages of all 15 republics of the Soviet Union. From the 14th to
665-454: The former coin with a rider on it soon became colloquially known as kopek and was the higher coin until the beginning of the 18th century. Ruble coins as such did not exist till Peter the Great, when in 1704 he reformed the old monetary system and ordered mintage of a 28 g (0.90 ozt) silver ruble coin equivalent to 100 new copper kopek coins. Apart from one ruble and one kopek coins other smaller and greater coins existed as well. Both
700-527: The imperial eagle printed on the reverse. These were in denominations of 1, 2, 3, 10, 15 and 20 kopeks. In 1917, the Provisional Government issued treasury notes for 20 and 40 rubles. These notes are known as " Kerenki " or " Kerensky rubles". The provisional government also had 25 and 1,000 ruble state credit notes printed in the United States but most were not issued. In 1917, the Russian ruble
735-540: The imperial ruble in 1922 and continued to be used until 1993, when it was formally replaced with the Russian ruble in the Russian Federation and by other currencies in other post-Soviet states . In the past, several other countries influenced by Russia and the Soviet Union had currency units that were also named ruble , including the Armenian ruble , Latvian ruble and Tajikistani ruble . According to one version,
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#1732844077016770-506: The international treaties which, in the sense here indicated, lose their validity in future." Ratifications of the treaty were exchanged in Moscow on 30 March 1920. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on 12 July 1922. Estonia had been a province of Imperial Russia since 1721. In 1917, three years into World War I , the Russian Empire fell into revolution and civil war. As
805-520: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tartu&oldid=1004105517 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Treaty of Tartu (Estonia%E2%80%93Russia) The Treaty of Tartu ( Estonian : Tartu rahu , lit. 'Tartu peace', Russian : Тартуский договор )
840-408: The ruble was never part of a grivna but a synonym for it. This is attested in a 13th-century birch bark manuscript from Novgorod , where both ruble and grivna referred to 204 grams (6.6 troy ounces) of silver. The casting of these pieces included some sort of cutting (the exact technology is unknown), hence the name from рубить ( rubit ). Another version of the word's origin is that it comes from
875-661: The signing, Soviet Russia did not fulfill several points of the treaty. For example, the museological collections of the University of Tartu have not been returned to this day from Voronezh and the migration of Estonians was obstructed. In 1940–1941 and 1944–1991 Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union . The Estonia–Russia border today leaves some land granted to Estonia by the Treaty of Tartu under Russian control. Rubles The ruble or rouble ( / ˈ r uː b əl / ; Russian: рубль , IPA: [rublʲ] )
910-723: The spellings ruble and rouble are used in English, depending on the author's native dialect. The earliest use recorded in English is the now completely obsolete robble . The form rouble is preferred by the Oxford English Dictionary and probably derives from the transliteration into French used among the Tsarist aristocracy . It may have been retained in English to avoid confusion with "rubble". In general, American, and some Canadian, authors tend to use "ruble" while other English-speaking authors use "rouble". In American English there
945-508: The two metals. In 1828, platinum coins were introduced with 1 ruble equal to 77 2 ⁄ 3 dolya (3.451 grams). On 17 December 1885, a new standard was adopted which did not change the silver ruble but reduced the gold content to 1.161 grams, pegging the gold ruble to the French franc at a rate of 1 ruble = 4 francs. This rate was revised in 1897 to 1 ruble = 2 2 ⁄ 3 francs (17.424 dolya or 0.77424 g fine gold). This ruble
980-478: The use of this denomination (equal to 1 złoty ) in Poland, whilst, in 1869, gold 3 rubles were introduced. In 1886, a new gold coinage was introduced consisting of 5 and 10 ruble coins. This was followed by another, in 1897. In addition to smaller 5 and 10 ruble coins, 7 + 1 ⁄ 2 and 15 ruble coins were issued for a single year, as these were equal in size to the previous 5 and 10 ruble coins. The gold coinage
1015-440: The word "ruble" is derived from the Russian verb рубить ( rubit ), "to cut, to chop, to hack", as a ruble was considered a cutout piece of a silver grivna . Rubles were parts of the grivna or pieces of silver with notches indicating their weight. Each grivna was divided into four parts; the name "ruble" came from the word "cut" because the silver rod weighing 1 grivna was split into four parts, which were called rubles. Others say
1050-413: Was abandoned in favour of the old one. In 1704 Peter the Great finally reformed the old Russian monetary system, minting a silver ruble coin of weight 28.1 g (0.90 ozt) and 72% fineness; hence 20.22 g fine silver. The decision to subdivide it primarily into 100 copper kopeks, rather than 200 Muscovite denga, made the Russian ruble the world's first decimal currency. The amount of silver in
1085-574: Was equal to the weight of one grivna . In Russian, a folk name for ruble, tselkovyj (целковый, IPA: [tsɨlˈkovɨj] , wholesome), is known, which is a shortening of the целковый рубль ("tselkovyj ruble"), i.e., a wholesome, uncut ruble. This name persists in the Mordvin word for ruble, целковой . Since the monetary reform of 1534, one Russian accounting ruble became equivalent to 100 silver Novgorod denga coins or smaller 200 Muscovite denga coins or even smaller 400 polushka coins. Exactly
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1120-588: Was never minted in numbers, and never circulated in public. Its existence became known in 1857 in foreign publications. In 1768, during the reign of Catherine the Great , the Russian Assignation Bank was instituted to issue the government paper money. It opened in Saint Petersburg and in Moscow in 1769. In 1769, Assignation rubles were introduced for 25, 50, 75 and 100 rubles, with 5 and 10 rubles added in 1787 and 200 rubles in 1819. The value of
1155-619: Was replaced by the Soviet ruble ( ISO 4217 code: SUR) which, issued by the State Bank of the USSR , remained the sole currency of the Soviet Union, until its breakup in 1991. Afterwards, it continued to be used in the 15 Post-Soviet states until it was replaced by new national currencies: Since 2000, the Russian ruble (code: RUB) and the Belarusian ruble (code: BYN) have been the only ruble currencies in circulation that have been issued by internationally recognized countries. The ruble sign “ ₽ ”
1190-552: Was suspended in 1911, with the other denominations produced until the First World War. The Constantine ruble (Russian: константиновский рубль , konstantinovsky rubl' ) is a rare silver coin of the Russian Empire bearing the profile of Constantine , the brother of emperors Alexander I and Nicholas I . Its manufacture was being prepared at the Saint Petersburg Mint during the brief Interregnum of 1825 , but it
1225-463: Was worth about US$ 0.5145 in 1914. With the outbreak of World War I , the gold standard peg was dropped and the ruble fell in value, suffering from hyperinflation in the early 1920s. With the founding of the Soviet Union in 1922, the Russian ruble was replaced by the Soviet ruble. The pre-revolutionary Chervonetz was temporarily brought back into circulation from 1922 to 1925. By the beginning of
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