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38-512: The river basin which drains approximately 508 square miles (1,316 km) is sandwiched between the Nishnabotna River to the west and the Nodaway River to the east. The name "Tarkio" is from a Native American word meaning "place where walnuts grow". The river passes rural areas and figures most prominently in the drainage system nears its mouth in management of Big Lake, Missouri and

76-532: A full stream just south of the county line in Montgomery County, Iowa north of Stanton, Iowa and heads south through Montgomery County into Page County, Iowa passing Coin, Iowa . It enters Missouri in Atchison County, Missouri at Blanchard, Iowa . It passes Tarkio, Missouri and Fairfax, Missouri (which is the main gage for river reporting). It enters Holt County near Corning, Missouri and enters

114-545: A humorous song "Four Wheel Drive" on the 1975 C.W. McCall album Wolf Creek Pass . At Randolph, Iowa , the river averages 747 cubic feet per second. The East and West rivers merge in southwestern Fremont County and continue as the Nishnabotna River for its short course past Hamburg and into northwestern Atchison County, Missouri , where it flows into the Missouri River 2 mi (3 km) west of Watson . In

152-467: A number of variants and allophones. It can appear as a dental tap or flap [ɾ] (especially word-medially), as an alveolar fricative [r] , as an (inter)dental fricative [ð] , as a lateral [l] , as a nasal [n] , or as a voiced dental plosive [d] . The velar nasal phoneme /ŋ/ does not occur word-initially, being confined to "medial position after a nasal vowel." In languages a certain clusters of phonemes show up in particular environments within

190-551: A single complex word. Aside from its complex verbal morphology , Chiwere differs from English in a number of significant ways. There are separate male and female registers , and interrogatives are formed with the question particle je , though this is omitted in informal speech. Finally, Chiwere word order is subject-object-verb , in contrast to English SVO order. The verbal complex is formed of preverbal and postverbal affixes, with preverbal affixes communicating positional, instrumental and pronominal elements. These are added to

228-462: A verb stem, which can be mono-, duo- or polysyllabic, and either agent ( transitive ) or patient ( intransitive ). Most verb stems are passive. Altogether, the Chiwere verb complex is arranged as follows: [wa- pronoun] [wa- directional] [positional] [-wa/ri- pronouns] [ha-/ra- pronouns] [reflexive] [possession] [gi- directional] [instrumental] STEM [pronoun suffix] [causative] Positional prefixes occupy

266-486: A word. According to William Whitman's research of Chiwere, approximately 23 known consonant clusters exist thath are word medial, and approximately 14 of these show up word initially or word medially. In this research Whitman found that the stop + stop consonant cluster čd , as in áčda ('then'), shows up in the word medial position but not as a word initial phoneme cluster. The stop + spirant clusters ʔθ , ʔs , and ʔh all show up word initially and word medially, whereas

304-529: Is between Hancock and Carson on the west fork and between Lewis and Griswold on the east fork (see "Paddling Iowa" by Nate Hoogeveen). The Wabash Trace Nature Trail crosses both forks. At its crossing of the west fork one can see the wreckage of a freight train that derailed and went into the drink in the 1960s. According to the Geographic Names Information System , the river has also been known as: Other literature sources cite many of

342-410: Is called Jíwere ich'é (pronounced [d̥ʒiꜜweɾɛ itʃʼeꜜ] ). The spelling Chiwere , used mostly by linguists, derives from the fact that the language has an aspiration distinction rather than a voice distinction (see the phonology section below), so that the unaspirated stops /b̥ d̥ d̥ʒ ɡ̊/ are variably voiced [b d dʒ ɡ] or unvoiced [p t tʃ k] . Although [tʃ] is a valid pronunciation of

380-549: Is distinctive as well. Chiwere grammar is agglutinative ; its verbal complex is central to the structure of the language. Verbs are formed by addition various affixes to a verb stem, each of which corresponds to a part of speech , such as a preposition , pronoun , case marker and so forth. Concepts such as possession , reflexivity and grammatical number , as well subject-object relation and case (including nine instrumental prefixes) are also expressed via affixing. In this way, large, complete sentences can be formed out of

418-457: Is mentioned as being an error for the spirant + stop combination hd . But the spirant + stop combination xd has also been found in the words chéxdó ('buffalo bull'), náxda ('sour'), and náxdage ('kick'). With this data we can see that the consonant cluster xd is a possible combination and can show up in word medial position. Chiwere has five oral vowel phonemes, /a e i o u/ , and three nasal vowel phonemes, /ã ĩ ũ/ . Vowel length

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456-594: The East Nishnabotna River and the West Nishnabotna River . The east and west branches are each about 120 miles (190 km) long; from their confluence the Nishnabotna flows approximately another 16 miles (26 km). Several sections of the rivers' courses have been straightened and heavily channelized . In March 2024 a fertilizer spill killed much of the aquatic life across a 60-mile stretch of

494-601: The Loess Bluffs National Wildlife Refuge , formerly known as Squaw Creek National Wildlife Refuge. Several streams and ditches in the Missouri River bottoms near its mouth contain the Tarkio name. The river starts as an arroyo in Cass County, Iowa ( 41°11′38″N 95°03′45″W  /  41.1938794°N 95.0624898°W  / 41.1938794; -95.0624898 ) southeast of Griswold, Iowa and becomes

532-553: The West Fork West Nishnabotna River , which rises in southwestern Carroll County and flows southwestwardly through Crawford and Shelby Counties, past Manilla and Defiance . Near Avoca it collects the East Branch West Nishnabotna River , which rises in southwestern Carroll County and flows southwestwardly through Audubon, Shelby and Pottawattamie Counties. The West Nishnabotna was the topic of

570-469: The Midwest and plains. The language is closely related to Ho-Chunk , also known as Winnebago. Non-Native Christian missionaries first documented Chiwere in the 1830s, but since then not much material has been published about the language. Chiwere suffered a steady decline after extended European American contact in the 1850s, and by 1940 the language had almost totally ceased to be spoken. "Tciwere itce" (in

608-463: The Missouri River at river mile (RM) 507 or river kilometer (RK) 816 ( 40°09′46″N 95°26′19″W  /  40.1627768°N 95.4385920°W  / 40.1627768; -95.4385920 ). The river has a mean annual discharge of 244 cubic feet per second at Fairfax. There are several streams with the Tarkio name in the Missouri River bottoms near where the Tarkio meets the Missouri. Almost none of

646-606: The Missouri River totally obliterating Big Lake. On July 7, 2011 the river rose 8 feet (2.4 m) in six hours in one burst at Fairfax. Nishnabotna River The Nishnabotna River ( / n ɪ ʃ n ə ˈ b ɑː t n ə / ) is a tributary of the Missouri River in southwestern Iowa , northwestern Missouri and southeastern Nebraska in the United States . It flows for most of its length as two parallel streams in Iowa,

684-468: The Nishnabotna river in Iowa and Missouri, leaving an estimated 789,000 fish dead in one of the region’s most ecologically devastating chemical spills on record. The source of the spill originated when a valve was left open on a storage tank over the weekend of March 9-11 at NEW Cooperative, an agricultural business in Red Oak, Iowa. The leak drained approximately 265,000 gallons of liquid nitrogen fertilizer into

722-643: The Otoe dialect) and "Tcekiwere itce" (in the Iowa dialect) translate to "To speak the home dialect." The name "Chiwere" is said to originate from a person meeting a stranger in the dark. If a stranger in the dark challenged a person to identify their self, that person might respond "I am Tci-we-re" (Otoe) or "I am Tce-ki-we-re" (Iowa), which translates to "I am belonging to the people of this land" or "I am belonging to those dwelling here." The Iowa tribe refers to their language as Báxoje ich'é or Bah Kho Je (pronounced [b̥aꜜxodʒɛ itʃʼeꜜ] ). The Otoe-Missouria dialect

760-513: The above name in addition to: 40°30′52″N 95°40′38″W  /  40.5145°N 95.6773°W  / 40.5145; -95.6773 Chiwere language Chiwere (also called Iowa-Otoe-Missouria or Báxoje-Jíwere-Nyútʼach ) is a Siouan language originally spoken by the Missouria , Otoe , and Iowa peoples, who originated in the Great Lakes region but later moved throughout

798-563: The cluster hñ has been found in the word medial position, as in péhñi ('whiskey') and thus appears to be another possible spirant + nasal consonant combination. The stop + semivowel consonant clusters θw , xw , and hw all appear to be restricted to the word medial environment, whereas the stop + semivowel consonant cluster sw appears to be the only stop + semivowel known to show up both word initially, as in swá̃la ('to be soft') and baswá ('to cut piece off'). The stop + liquid phoneme clusters θl , sl , and xl have all been found in

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836-416: The first position in the verbal complex. These prefixes refer to the location or direction of the verb's action: Chiwere distinguishes three persons – first, second and inclusive , which functions as an inclusive first person plural. Each person has an agent (subject) and patient (object) form. The agent forms mark the subjects of active verbs, whereas the patient forms mark the objects of active verbs and

874-504: The first sound of Jiwere ~ Chiwere , it may mislead English speakers into pronouncing it [tʃʰ] . Similarly, a common folk etymology of Báxoje is "dusty noses," based on the misunderstanding of the first syllable bá as pá , or "nose." However, the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma says that Bah-Kho-Je means "grey snow," due to their winter lodges being covered with snow that is stained grey by fire smoke. The last two fluent speakers died in

912-968: The future. They have provided tribal elders with recording devices to collect Chiwere words and songs. A 2012 NSF grant was used to provide digital access to existing audio recordings of fluent speakers. The Third Annual Otoe-Missouria Language and Culture Day was planned for September 2012. The Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians is establishing a language program in conjunction with the University of Oklahoma Native American Studies Department. The Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Oklahoma 's Otoe Language Program teaches weekly classes in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , and Red Rock, Oklahoma . The phoneme inventory of Chiwere consists of approximately 33 consonants, and five vowel qualities (three of which occur as nasalized). Voiceless stop sounds /p, t, tʃ, k/ may be heard as voiced [b, d, dʒ, ɡ] in final position. The phoneme /ɾ/ has

950-403: The language, and are distinguished by actual statements of time using words like "yesterday" or "today." The future tense is indicated with the particle hnye , which follows the verb. Chiwere is a pro-drop language ; once the subject of the sentence has been established, it can be omitted. Statements are negated with the particle skunyi , which follows the verb. Commands are formed using

988-400: The last mile of the river it flows from Missouri to Nebraska and back to Missouri before entering the Missouri river in west central Atchison County, MO. This is because an 1867 flood straightened a bend in the Missouri and caused the Nishnabotna to flow about two miles further to reach the Missouri. The Nishnabotna forms roughly the southeastern border of the 5,000 acre McKissick Island which

1026-537: The nearby East Nishnabotna River. Traditionally, it has been assumed that the name "Nishnabotna" comes from an Otoe (Chiwere) word meaning "canoe-making river." However, it has been proposed more recently that the name comes from the Osage language and means "spouting wellspring." The East Nishnabotna rises in southwestern Carroll County and flows generally south-southwestwardly through Audubon , Cass , Pottawattamie , Montgomery , Page and Fremont Counties, past

1064-450: The prefix has no literal meaning. Verbs are made reflexive by the ki- prefix; the reduplicated form kiki- expresses reciprocity. Thus: A number of verbs that are non-reflexive in English take the reflexive prefix in Chiwere. These three prefixes serve to indicate an indirect object and as such are grouped together, even though they do not occupy the same position within

1102-410: The pronominal hi- , and approximates the English third person plural object of a transitive verb. Additionally, the prefix can be used as a dummy pronoun to make transitive verbs intransitive; these verbal forms are often used as nouns, and this prefix is thus the general method of forming nouns from verb stems. There are several intransitive verbs that take the wa- prefix idiomatically, wherein

1140-449: The research of William Whitman, however, the spirant + stop cluster hk has been found to exist word medially, as in chéthka ('domestic cow'). According to Whitman's, research two spirant + nasal consonant clusters that have been found, which are hm , as in sáhmã ('seven') and hn , as in láhnũwe ('calumet'), however Whitman does account that hñ is a combination which appears as a future tense suffix. After reviewing further data,

1178-438: The stop + semivowel clusters dw and gw only show up word medially. The stop + liquid clusters bl and gl show up word initially and word medially. Spirant + stop clusters generally appear in both word initial and word medial position, these clusters include θg , sǰ , sg , hd , and hg , however the spirant + stop clusters sd and xd only appear word medially. These are all the spirant + stop clusters accounted for in

Tarkio River - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-543: The streams actually flows into the Tarkio although some are historically part of the river. The drainage of the river through the flatlands of the Missouri can sometimes lead to spectacular floods when the river cannot drain. In the Great Flood of 1993 flooding caused Interstate 29 to be closed near the mouth. In the 2011 Missouri River floods , the Tarkio River and its other namesakes overwashed an area from Fortescue to

1254-513: The subjects of passive verbs, making Chiwere, like many other Siouan languages, active-stative . Third person forms as they exist in English are not directly marked. Following are the subject and object forms of the pronominal prefixes: The inclusive object form is spelled wa-wa because it can be separated by the positional prefixes. The 3SG is not marked; the 2DU form does not exist. This prefix, perhaps best translated as "something," occurs before every other verbal element except for

1292-495: The towns of Exira , Brayton , Atlantic , Lewis , Elliott , Shenandoah , Red Oak and Riverton . At Red Oak, the river's average discharge is 506 cubic feet per second. The West Nishnabotna River rises in southwestern Carroll County and also flows generally south-southwestwardly through Crawford , Shelby , Pottawattamie , Mills and Fremont Counties, past the towns of Manning , Irwin , Kirkman , Harlan , Avoca , Hancock , Oakland and Carson . At Harlan it collects

1330-475: The verbal complex: There are nine separate prefixes that indicate instrumentality , all of which change passive verbs into active. The causative , wherein the subject causes or makes something else to do or be something, is expressed via the suffix -hi . The verbs prefixed by da- are intransitive and are made transitive with the -hi suffix. " Tense " in Chiwere can be divided into present/past and future. Present and past tenses are unmarked in

1368-525: The winter of 1996, and only a handful of semi-fluent speakers remain, all of whom are elderly, making Chiwere critically endangered . As of 2006, an estimated four members of the Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians still speak the language, while 30 members of the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma speak their language. The Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma has sponsored language workshops in the past and hopes to host more in

1406-444: The word initial and word medial environments. An interesting analysis of the Chiwere language has shown that the spirant + stop consonant cluster hg is the more commonly used pronunciation of the spirant + stop cluster θg and that the hg cluster may be replacing the θg altogether. In William Whitman's research, the spirant + stop combination xd , with the one given example used in this journal being iblí̃xdo ('blackbird'),

1444-597: Was the land Nebraska and Missouri both claimed. The Supreme Court in 1904 officially drew the border with Nebraska getting the land although it is east of Nebraska's normal eastern border which is the river. At Hamburg, the river has a mean annual discharge of 1,441 cubic feet per second. Parks along the river include Botna Bend in Hancock, Willow Slough Wildlife Management Area 3 miles southwest of Henderson, and Riverton Wildlife Management Area, just north of Riverton. Canoe rentals are available at Botna Bend. The best paddling

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