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28-630: The Iowa, Missouria , and Otoe tribes were all once part of the Ho-Chunk people , and they are all Chiwere language -speaking peoples. They left their ancestral homelands in Southern Wisconsin for Eastern Iowa , a state that bears their name. In 1837, the Iowa were moved from Iowa to reservations in Brown County , Kansas , and Richardson County , Nebraska . Bands of Iowa moved to Indian Territory in

56-563: A French trader in an argument; he was arrested and imprisoned in St. Louis, Missouri . After he escaped, he led a raid against the Osage . Afterward, he decided that his father's death was finally avenged. Mahaska lay down his arms and adopted the lifestyle of the European-American settlers, building a log home and farming. He refused to let his braves avenge the death of an Iowa chief named Crane at

84-517: A cardinal direction. A smoke hole enabled ventilation from a central hearth. During the hunting season or in warfare, they used the portable tipi. Like the Osage or Kansa, Iowa men traditionally shaved their heads and decorated them with deer hide. Like Great Plains tribes , they valued three feats during a battle. In prehistoric times, the Iowa emigrated from the Great Lakes region to present-day Iowa. In

112-702: A documentary film Lost Nation: The Ioway (2007; written and directed by Kelly Rundle and Tammy Rundle) was made, and followed by sequels 2 and 3. The Ioway Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska operates the Casino White Cloud at White Cloud, Kansas , on the Ioway Reservation . Jacob Keyes is the current tribal chairperson of the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma. The tribes operates the Cimarron Casino in Perkins, Oklahoma, and

140-757: A form of the Illinois language -name for the people: Wimihsoorita , which translates as "One who has dugout canoes". In their own Siouan language, the Missouri call themselves Niúachi , also spelled Niutachi , meaning "People of the River Mouth." The Osage called them the Waçux¢a, and the Quapaw called them the Wa-ju'-xd¢ǎ. The state of Missouri and the Missouri River are named for

168-655: A number of Iowa moved to Indian Territory preferring to live in the older community village way of life. The new reservation was located in Lincoln , Payne and Logan counties in the Indian Territory . However, despite their efforts to block allotment, their lands were divided anyway. Today the Iowa Reservation in Nebraska and Kansas is approximately 2,100 acres (8.5 km) in size, and has more than 150 residents. In 2007,

196-507: Is not an Ioway word. The word Ioway comes from Dakotan ayuxbe via French aiouez . Their autonym (their name for themselves) is Bah-Kho-Je , pronounced [b̥aꜜxodʒɛ] (alternate spellings: pahotcha , pahucha , báxoje ), which translates to "grey snow". Báxoje has been incorrectly translated as "dusted faces" or "dusty nose". The state of Iowa , where they once lived, was named after this tribe. Their name has been applied to other locations, such as Iowa County , Iowa City and

224-671: The Iowa River . Their estimated 1760 population of 1,100 dropped to 800 and by 1804, a decrease caused mainly by smallpox , to which they had no natural immunity . Their numbers were reduced to 500 by 1900. In 1960, 100 Iowa lived in Kansas and 100 in Oklahoma. By 1980 their population had recovered to 1,000 (of which only 20 spoke Iowa). In 1990 there were 1,700 people. According to the Bureau of Indian Affairs , in 1995 there were 533 individuals living in

252-686: The 16th century, they moved from the Mississippi River to the Great Plains, and possibly then separated from the Ho-Chunk tribe. From the 15th to 18th centuries, they lived in the Red Pipestone Quarry region ( Minnesota ). In the early 19th century, the Iowa had reached the banks of the Platte River , where in 1804 Lewis and Clark visited their settlements. There they engaged in trading with

280-744: The 17th and 18th centuries, the tribe lived in bands near the mouth of the Grand River and Missouri rivers at its confluence with the Missouri River , the mouth of the Missouri at its confluence with the Mississippi River , and in present-day Saline County, Missouri . Since Indian removal , they live primarily in Oklahoma . They are federally recognized as the Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians , headquartered in Red Rock, Oklahoma . French colonists adapted

308-565: The French and local tribes, thanks to their advantageous situation regarding the alum deposits. Between 1820 and 1840, the Iowa ceded their Minnesota, Iowa and Missouri lands to the U.S. government . By 1837 most were relocated to a reservation along the Kansas-Nebraska border, led by their chief Chief Mahaska ( Mew-hew-she-kaw , "White Cloud"; archaic Ioway Maxúshga pronounced [mõxuʃꜜkɐ] ; contemporary Maxúhga ). They surrendered

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336-719: The Iowa Reservation in Indian Territory . The Quakers negotiated a small separate reservation in Indian Territory. By 1890, most of the Coyote band rejoined the Quakers on their reservation. Under the Dawes Act , by 1907 members of the tribes were registered and allotted individual plots of land per household. The U.S. declared any excess communal land of the tribe as "surplus" and sold it to European-American settlers. The tribe merged with

364-484: The Iowa reservations of Kansas and 44 in Nebraska (Horton Agency), while 857 people lived in the Oklahoma Iowa Tribe (Shawnee Agency), amounting to a total of 2,934 people. According to the 2000 census, 1,451 people identified as full-blood Iowa, 76 were of mixed-Indian descent, 688 of mixed-race descent, and 43 of mixed-race and tribe descent, amounting to 2,258 people. The Iowa have had customs similar to those of

392-697: The Ioway Casino in Chandler, Oklahoma. Missouria The Missouria or Missouri (in their own language, Niúachi , also spelled Niutachi ) are a Native American tribe that originated in the Great Lakes region of what is now the United States before European contact. The tribe belongs to the Chiwere division of the Siouan language family, together with the Ho-Chunk , Winnebago , Iowa , and Otoe . Throughout

420-788: The Little Platte territory in Missouri in 1836. Other Missouri lands had been ceded in 1824. In 1837 they settled in a strip of land in Kansas, south of the Big Nemaha River, along with the Sauk and the Meskwaki , tribes with which they had long had friendly relations (though speaking unrelated Algonquian languages ). Some 45 Iowa fought in the American Civil War in the Union Army , among them Chief James White Cloud, grandson of Mahaska . In 1883

448-574: The Mahaska commission in 1906, Fry was living in Paris. He returned to Iowa the following summer to make preparatory drawings of Meskwaki at the nearby Settlement at Tama, Iowa , and to collect Indian artifacts and other reference materials. Returning to Paris, he began on a clay scale model, which he first showed at the Paris Salon in 1907. A year later, he exhibited the final full-sized sculpture, for which he

476-621: The Otoe tribe, which belongs to the same Chiwere branch of the Siouan language, because of a love affair between the children of two tribal chiefs. The 17th century brought hardships to the Missouria. The Sauk and Fox frequently attacked them. Their society was even more disrupted by the high fatalities from epidemics of smallpox and other Eurasian infectious diseases that accompanied contact with Europeans. The French explorer Jacques Marquette contacted

504-459: The Otoe tribe. The Curtis Act disbanded tribal courts and governmental institutions to assimilate Native people into mainstream American society and prepare Indian Territory for statehood, but the tribe created their own court system in 1900. The Missouria were primarily farmers in the early 20th century. After oil was discovered on their lands in 1912, the U.S. government forced many of the tribe off their allotments. Today, Missouri are part of

532-749: The Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians. They hold the Otoe-Missouria encampment each July and host social dances and ceremonies at the Otoe-Missouria Cultural Center in Red Rock, Oklahoma. According to the ethnographer James Mooney , the population of the tribe was about 200 families in 1702; 1000 people in 1780; 300 in 1805; 80 in 1829, when they were living with the Otoe ; and 13 in 1910. Since then, their population numbers are combined with those of

560-583: The Otoe. Chief Mahaska Mahaska (archaic Ioway Maxúshga pronounced [mõxuʃꜜkɐ] ; contemporary Maxúhga ), or White Cloud, (c. 1784–1834) was a chief of the Native American Iowa tribe . His son, also named Mahaska, was better known as Francis White Cloud . Mahaska was born into the Iowa tribe . He became chief at an early age after killing several enemy Sioux to avenge his father's death by them. Later Mahaska supposedly killed

588-509: The US government in 1830 and 1854 to cede their lands in Missouri. They relocated to the Otoe-Missouria reservation, created on the Big Blue River at the Kansas-Nebraska border. The US pressured the two tribes into ceding more lands in 1876 and 1881. In 1880, the tribes split into two factions, the Coyote, who were traditionalists, and the Quakers, who were assimilationists . The Coyote settled on

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616-528: The hands of Omaha Indians in 1833. When several Iowa killed six Omaha warriors, Mahaska assisted in their arrest. The next year one of the Iowa escaped from Fort Leavenworth and killed Mahaska by shooting him in the back as he sat by his campfire. He was buried along the Nodaway River in Edna Township, Cass County, Iowa . Mahaska became a symbol to settlers of the virtues of his native lifestyle, and of

644-530: The late 19th century and settled south of Perkins, Oklahoma , to become the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma. The Ioway tribe is also known as the Báxoje tribe. Their name has been said to come from the Sioux ayuhwa ("sleepy ones."). Early European explorers often adopted the names of tribes from the ethnonyms which other tribes gave them, not understanding that these differed from what the peoples called themselves. Thus, ayuhwa

672-788: The other Siouan-speaking tribes of the Great Plains , such as the Omaha, Ponca and Osage . They were a semi- nomadic people who had adopted horses for hunting, but they also had an agricultural lifestyle similar to the tribes inhabiting the Eastern woodlands . They planted maize and manufactured alum pipes, which they traded along with furs with the French colonizers. Historically, their houses included bark lodges ( chakiruthan ), tipis , and at times, earth lodges —oven-shaped buildings covered with earth for protection from extremes of temperature and oriented to

700-482: The people. He built Fort Orleans in 1723 as a trading post near present-day Brunswick, Missouri . It was occupied until 1726. In 1730, an attack by the Sauk/Fox tribe nearly destroyed the Missouria, killing hundreds. Most survivors reunited with the Otoe, while some joined the Osage and Kansa . After a smallpox outbreak in 1829, fewer than 100 Missouria survived, and they all joined the Otoe. They signed treaties with

728-429: The possibility of peace between natives and settlers. Sculptor Sherry Edmundson Fry 's earliest public commission was a bronze statue of Mahaska. Recently restored, it still stands on its pedestal in the courthouse square of Oskaloosa , which is the governmental seat of Mahaska County, Iowa, in the southeastern section of the state. At the right of the base is the artist's signature "S.E. Fry, 1907". When he accepted

756-400: The tribe in 1673 and paved the way for trade with the French. The Missouria migrated west of the Missouri River into Osage territory. During this time, they acquired horses and hunted bison . The French explorer Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont visited the people in the early 1720s. He married the daughter of a Missouria chief. They settled nearby, and Veniard created alliances with

784-492: The tribe. The tribe's oral history tells that they once lived north of the Great Lakes , where they were part of a larger tribe that included the Ho-Chunk , Iowa , and Otoe . They began migrating south in the 16th century. The beginning of the 17th century, the Missouria lived near the confluence of the Grand and Missouri rivers, where they settled through the 18th century. Later, their oral history says that they split from

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