46-563: Taraba is a state in north-eastern Nigeria , named after the Taraba River , which traverses the southern part of the state. It is known as "Nature's Gift to the Nation". Its capital is Jalingo . The state's main ethnic groups are the Fulani, Mumuye , Mambilla , Jukun , Kuteb , Karimjo Wurkun, Yandang , Ndola , Ichen, Jenjo , Tiv , Tigon , and Jibu. The northern part is mainly dominated by
92-645: A 4,000-year-old earthenware bowl containing well-preserved noodles at the Lajia archaeological site in north China; this is the oldest evidence of millet noodles in China. Palaeoethnobotanists have found evidence of the cultivation of millet in the Korean Peninsula dating to the Middle Jeulmun pottery period (around 3500–2000 BC). Millet continued to be an important element in the intensive, multicropping agriculture of
138-447: A different enzyme in photosynthesis from C3 plants, and this is why it improves water efficiency. In southern Australia millet is used as a summer quality pasture, utilizing warm temperatures and summer storms. Millet is frost-sensitive and is sown after the frost period, once soil temperature has stabilised at 14 °C or higher. It is sown at a shallow depth. Millet grows rapidly and can be grazed 5–7 weeks after sowing, when it
184-489: A food in parts of some countries, such as China , India , Burma and North Korea . People affected by gluten-related disorders , such as coeliac disease , non-celiac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy sufferers, who need a gluten-free diet , can replace gluten -containing cereals in their diets with millet. Nevertheless, while millet does not contain gluten , its grains and flour may be contaminated with gluten -containing cereals. The following table shows
230-552: A highly varied group of small-seeded grasses , widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food. Most millets belong to the tribe Paniceae . Millets are important crops in the semiarid tropics of Asia and Africa, especially in India , Mali , Nigeria , and Niger , with 97% of production in developing countries . The crop is favoured for its productivity and short growing season under hot dry conditions. The millets are sometimes understood to include
276-586: A minister . Each state is subdivided into local government areas (LGAs). There are 774 local governments in Nigeria. Under the Nigerian Constitution, the 36 states enjoy substantial autonomy but are not sovereign entities, as ultimate authority lies with the federal government. Amendments to the constitution can be proposed by the National Assembly, but for an amendment to be valid, it must be approved by
322-435: A modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive a plurality of votes and over 25% of votes in at least two-thirds of the state and local government areas. If no candidate passes the threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government areas. States of Nigeria Nigeria
368-564: A permanent secretary, who is also a senior civil servant of the state. The Judiciary is one of the co-equal arms of the state government concerned with the interpretation of the laws of the state government. The judiciary is headed by the chief justice of the state appointed by the governor subject to the approval of the state house of assembly. States And Capital In Nigeria, Their Slogans & Current Governors A comprehensive list of all states in Nigeria and their current governors. Millet Millets ( / ˈ m ɪ l ɪ t s / ) are
414-548: A term derived from Latin millium , the Latin name for these plants. In ancient Egyptian millet was called besha or beṭ-t , in Coptic ⲃϣⲧⲉ (bēshte). Millets are small-grained, annual, warm-weather cereals belonging to the grass family. They are highly tolerant of drought and other extreme weather conditions and have a similar nutrient content to other major cereals . The millets are closely related to sorghum and maize within
460-482: A two-thirds majority of the 36 state legislatures, as required under Section 9 of the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria. States of Nigeria have the right to organize and structure their individual governments in any way within the parameters set by the Constitution of Nigeria . At the state level, the legislature is unicameral , with the number of its members equal to three times the number of legislators it has in
506-653: A variety developed in India from a natural-growing millet variety in Burkina Faso , doubled yields. This breed was selected for trials in Zimbabwe . From there it was taken to Namibia , where it was released in 1990 and enthusiastically adopted by farmers. 'Okashana 1' became the most popular variety in Namibia, the only non- Sahelian country where pearl millet—locally known as mahangu —is the dominant food staple for consumers. 'Okashana 1'
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#1732855568339552-426: Is 20–30 cm high. The highest feed value is from the young green leaf and shoots. The plant can quickly come to head, so it must be managed accordingly because as the plant matures, the value and palatability of feed reduces. The Japanese millets ( Echinochloa esculenta ) are considered the best for grazing and in particular Shirohie, a new variety of Japanese millet, is the best suited variety for grazing. This
598-997: Is 40.35% with 54.98% relative humidity . The state is usually very warm in March with 40.44 ° C, and an average wind of 8.84 km/h. Many homes and commercial buildings in Taraba State are affected by flooding, including those in the suburbs. Taraba State has several hospitals and health care centers, some of them are: Taraba State consists of sixteen (16) Local Government Areas (LGAs), which are governed by elected chairmen. The local government areas are listed as follows: Languages of Taraba state listed by LGA include: Other languages spoken in Taraba State are Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali of Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. Taraba State has many schools and education centers. Federal highways are: One road to Cameroon east from A8 at Gembu to N6 at Banyo . Other major roads include Airports include The major occupation of
644-563: Is a federation of 36 states, each of which is a semi-autonomous political unit that shares powers with the federal government as enumerated under the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria . In addition to the states, there is the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), in which the capital city of Abuja is located. The FCT is not a state, but a territory of the federal government, governed by an administration headed by
690-470: Is also eaten sweet, boiled in water with apples added during the boiling process and honey added during the cooling process. Millet is the main ingredient in bánh đa kê, a Vietnamese sweet snack. It contains a layer of smashed millet and mungbean topped with sliced dried coconut meat wrapped in a crunchy rice cake. In parts of Africa it is mixed with milk and consumed as Brukina . In India, various alcoholic beverages are produced from millets. Millet
736-422: Is also the base ingredient for the distilled liquor rakshi . In addition to being used for seed, millet is also used as a grazing forage crop. Instead of letting the plant reach maturity, it can be grazed by stock and is commonly used for sheep and cattle. Millet is a C4 plant, which means that it has good water-use efficiency and utilizes high temperature and is therefore a summer crop. A C4 plant uses
782-567: Is an amalgamation of three former divisions: Wukari, Mambilla, and Muri. Taraba state is bordered in the west by Nasarawa state and Benue state (for 109 km), northwest by Plateau state for 202 km (126 miles), north by the Bauchi state for 54 km and Gombe state for 58 km, northeast by Adamawa state for about 366 km and south by Northwest Region in Cameroon for about 525 km. The Benue , Donga , Taraba and Ibi are
828-534: Is believed to have been domesticated around 5000 BC in Indian subcontinent and Kodo millet ( Paspalum scrobiculatum ) around 3700 BC, also in Indian subcontinent. Various millets have been mentioned in some of the Yajurveda texts, identifying foxtail millet ( priyaṅgu ), Barnyard millet ( aṇu ) and black finger millet ( śyāmāka ), indicating that millet cultivation was happening around 1200 BC in India. Upon request by
874-925: Is carried out by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research in Telangana , India, and by the United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service at Tifton , Georgia, United States. Pearl millet is one of the two major crops in the semiarid, impoverished, less fertile agriculture regions of Africa and southeast Asia. Millets are not only adapted to poor, dry infertile soils, but they are also more reliable under these conditions than most other grain crops. This has, in part, made millet production popular, particularly in countries surrounding
920-630: Is due to a number of factors: it gives better regrowth and is later to mature compared to other Japanese millets; it is cheap – cost of seed is $ 2–$ 3 per kg; it is quick to establish, can be grazed early, and is suitable for both sheep and cattle. Compared to forage sorghum, which is grown as an alternative grazing forage, animals gain weight faster on millet, and it has better hay or silage potential, although it produces less dry matter. Lambs do better on millet compared to sorghum . Millet does not contain prussic acid , which can be in sorghum. Prussic acid poisons animals by inhibiting oxygen utilisation by
966-480: Is over 65 percent (see mahangu ). Other countries in Africa where millets are a significant food source include Ethiopia , Nigeria and Uganda . Millet is also an important food item for the population living in the drier parts of many other countries, especially in eastern and central Africa, and in the northern coastal countries of western Africa. In developing countries outside Africa, millet has local significance as
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#17328555683391012-651: Is required. Per capita consumption of millets as food varies in different parts of the world, with consumption being the highest in Western Africa. In the Sahel region, millet is estimated to account for about 35 percent of total cereal food consumption in Burkina Faso , Chad and the Gambia . In Mali and Senegal , millets constitute roughly 40 percent of total cereal food consumption per capita, while in Niger and arid Namibia it
1058-846: The Chamba in Donga , Takum and Jibu culture dance in Bali , the Tagba of Acha People in Takum, Kuchecheb of Kutebs in Takum and Ussa, Kati and Bol of the Mambilla and host of others. Taraba is called "Nature's gift to the nation" as the state is rich and has many ethnic groups, including Kuteb , Chamba, Yandang , Mumuyes , Mambila , Karimjo, Wurkums , Jenjo , Jukun , Ichen, Tiv , Kaka, Pena, Kambu , Kodei, Wawa , Vute , Fulani , Hausa and Ndola . A striking historical fact about
1104-549: The Early Neolithic of China. Some of the earliest evidence of millet cultivation in China was found at Cishan (north), where proso millet husk phytoliths and biomolecular components have been identified around 10,300–8,700 years ago in storage pits along with remains of pit-houses, pottery, and stone tools related to millet cultivation. Evidence at Cishan for foxtail millet dates back to around 8,700 years ago. Noodles made from these two varieties of millet were found under
1150-454: The Federal House of Representatives . It has the power to legislate on matters on the concurrent list. At the state level, the head of the executive is the governor, who has the power to appoint people to the state executive council, subject to the advice and consent of the state house of assembly (legislature). The head of a ministry at the state level is the commissioner, who is assisted by
1196-647: The Indian Government in 2018, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations(FAO) declared 2023 as International Year of Millets. Pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ) was domesticated in the Sahel region of West Africa from Pennisetum violaceum . Early archaeological evidence in Africa includes finds at Birimi in northern Ghana (1740 cal BC ) and Dhar Tichitt in Mauritania (1936–1683 cal BC) and
1242-589: The Mumun pottery period (about 1500–300 BC) in Korea. Millets and their wild ancestors, such as barnyard grass and panic grass , were also cultivated in Japan during the Jōmon period sometime after 4000 BC. Chinese myths attribute the domestication of millet to Shennong , a legendary Emperor of China, and Hou Ji , whose name means Lord Millet. Little millet ( Panicum sumatrense )
1288-542: The PACMAD clade of grasses, and more distantly to the cereals of the BOP clade such as wheat and barley . Bambusoideae (bamboos) ( fescue , ryegrass ) Hordeum (barley) Triticum (wheat) Secale (rye) Oryza (rice) Pennisetum (fountaingrasses, pearl millet ) Millets Sorghum (sorghum) Zea (maize) The different species of millets are not all closely related. All are members of
1334-464: The Sahara in western Africa. Millets, however, do respond to high fertility and moisture. On a per-hectare basis, millet grain production can be 2 to 4 times higher with use of irrigation and soil supplements. Improved breeds of millet with enhanced disease resistance can significantly increase farm yield. There has been cooperation between poor countries to improve millet yields. For example, 'Okashana 1',
1380-497: The Fulani, Wurkun and Mumuye. The southern part is dominated by the Jukun, Chamba, Tiv, Kuteb and Ichen. The central region is mainly occupied by the Fulani, Mambilla, Ndola, Tigon, Jibu, Wurbo, and Daka people. There are about 80 distinct ethnic groups and their languages in the state. The Taraba state was created out of the former Gongola state on 27 August 1991 by the military government of General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida . The state
1426-570: The State is that it encompasses part of the Mambilla Region which is famed as the Bantu cradle, having been occupied for some five millennia to date (Schwartz, 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, 2003). The state government is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with members of the state's House of Assembly. The capital city of the state is Jalingo. The governor of the state is selected using
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1472-445: The cells and is transported in the blood around the body — ultimately the animal will die from asphyxia . There is no need for additional feed supplements such as sulfur or salt blocks with millet. The rapid growth of millet as a grazing crop allows flexibility in its use. Farmers can wait until sufficient late spring / summer moisture is present and then make use of it. It is ideally suited to irrigation where livestock finishing
1518-515: The cultivation of millets was of greater prevalence in prehistory than rice , especially in northern China and Korea. The cultivation of common millet as the earliest dry crop in East Asia has been attributed to its resistance to drought, and this has been suggested to have aided its spread. Asian varieties of millet made their way from China to the Black Sea region of Europe by 5000 BC. Millet
1564-468: The family Poaceae (the grasses), but they belong to different tribes and subfamilies. Commonly cultivated millets are: Eragrostideae tribe in the subfamily Chloridoideae : Paniceae tribe in the subfamily Panicoideae : Andropogoneae tribe, also in the subfamily Panicoideae : Specialized archaeologists called palaeoethnobotanists , relying on data such as the relative abundance of charred grains found in archaeological sites, hypothesize that
1610-716: The local staple, hand-rolled (that is, made without a rolling pin) flat bread ( rotla in Gujarati, bhakri in Marathi, or roti in other languages). Another cereal grain popularly used in rural areas and by poor people to consume as a staple in the form of roti . Other millets such as ragi (finger millet) in Karnataka , naachanie in Maharashtra , or kezhvaragu in Tamil, "ragulu" in Telugu, with
1656-641: The lower Tilemsi valley in Mali (2500 to 2000 cal BC). Studies of isozymes suggest domestication took place north east of the Senegal River in the far west of the Sahel and tentatively around 6000 BC. Pearl millet had arrived in the Indian subcontinent by 2000 BC to 1700 BC. Finger millet is originally native to the highlands of East Africa and was domesticated before the third millennium BC. Its cultivation had spread to South India by 1800 BC. Research on millets
1702-722: The main rivers in the state. They rise from the Cameroonian mountains, draining almost the entire length of the state in the North and South directions to link up with the River Niger . "Three children's bodies have been found after a boat carrying passengers capsized on Saturday while traveling from the Mayo-Renewo market to the Karim Lamido neighborhood of Taraba," according to diverse media reports. On Sunday, October 29, 2023, Abdullahi Usman,
1748-515: The people of Taraba state is agriculture . Cash crops produced in the state include coffee , tea , groundnuts and cotton . Crops such as maize , rice , sorghum , millet , cassava , and yam are also produced in commercial quantity. In addition, cattle , sheep and goats are reared in large numbers, especially on the Mambilla Plateau, and along the Benue and Taraba valleys . Similarly,
1794-613: The people of Taraba state undertake other livestock production activities like poultry production, rabbit breeding and pig farming in fairly large scale. In February 2024, the World Bank in Nigeria announced plans to empower 5,200 female livestock farmers in the state. Communities living on the banks of River Benue , River Taraba, River Donga and Ibi, engage in fishing all year round. Other occupational activities such as pottery, cloth-weaving, dyeing, mat-making, carving, embroidery and blacksmithing are also carried out in various parts of
1840-618: The popular ragi rotti and Ragi mudde is a popular meal in Karnataka. Ragi, as it is popularly known, is dark in color like rye, but rougher in texture. Millet porridge is a traditional food in Russian , German , and Chinese cuisines. In Russia, it is eaten sweet (with milk and sugar added at the end of the cooking process) or savoury with meat or vegetable stews. In China, it is eaten without milk or sugar, frequently with beans, sweet potato , and/or various types of squash . In Germany, it
1886-726: The sole exception is China , number three in global production, at 2.7 million tonnes. Millets are major food sources in arid and semiarid regions of the world, and feature in the traditional cuisine of many others. In western India, sorghum (called jowar , jola , dzonnalu , jwaarie , or jondhahlaa in Gujarati , Kannada , Telugu , Hindi and Marathi languages, respectively; mutthaari , kora , or panjappullu in Malayalam ; or cholam in Tamil ) has been commonly used with millet flour (called jowari in western India) for hundreds of years to make
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1932-585: The state's police spokesperson, confirmed the incident to TheCable . Given that they are passengers from the Mayo-Renewo market traveling to Karim Lamido, he said the exact number of passengers on that boat has yet to be determined. The climate of Taraba state is marked by an annual average temperature of 33 ° C but high level of cold in January and an increased rainfall in August. The percentage of rainfall in Taraba state
1978-691: The state. Taraba state has abundant natural resources for industrial and commercial use, these include: The government has made concerted efforts to improve areas of tourist attractions like Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park and game reserve in Gashaka . Karimjo Abedahh festival and the Nwunyu fishing festival in Ibi , all this is usually held in April of each year where activities such as canoe racing, swimming competition and cultural dances are held. Other festivals are Purma of
2024-401: The widely cultivated sorghum ; apart from that, pearl millet is the most commonly cultivated of the millets. Finger millet , proso millet , and foxtail millet are other important crop species. Millets may have been consumed by humans for about 7,000 years and potentially had "a pivotal role in the rise of multi-crop agriculture and settled farming societies". Etymologically, millet is
2070-631: Was growing wild in Greece as early as 3000 BC, and bulk storage containers for millet have been found from the Late Bronze Age in Macedonia and northern Greece. Hesiod describes that "the beards grow round the millet, which men sow in summer." And millet is listed along with wheat in the third century BC by Theophrastus in his "Enquiry into Plants". Proso millet ( Panicum miliaceum ) and foxtail millet ( Setaria italica ) were important crops beginning in
2116-483: Was then introduced to Chad . The breed has significantly enhanced yields in Mauritania and Benin . In 2022, global production of millet was 30.9 million tonnes . India is the top millet producer worldwide, with 11.8 million tonnes grown annually – some 38% of the world total and nearly triple its nearest rival. Eight of the remaining nine nations in the top 10 producers are in Africa, ranging from Niger (at 3.7 million tonnes) to Chad (0.7 million tonnes);
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