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30-563: 0°44′13″N 69°28′04″W  /  0.736873°N 69.467713°W  / 0.736873; -69.467713 The Pira-tapuya call themselves Waíkana. They speak the Piratapuyo language , one of the Eastern Tucanoan languages . Other ethnic groups in the region also speak Eastern Tucanoan languages apart from the Tariana people , who originally spoke an Arawakan language . The lingua franca of

60-487: A colon divided by a tilde is used for this in the extensions to the IPA : [n͋] is a voiced alveolar nasal fricative, with no airflow out of the mouth, and [n̥͋] is the voiceless equivalent; [v͋] is an oral fricative with simultaneous nasal frication. No known language makes use of nasal fricatives in non-disordered speech. Nasalization may be lost over time. There are also denasal sounds, which sound like nasals spoken with

90-481: A head cold. They may be found in non-pathological speech as a language loses nasal consonants, as in Korean . Vowels assimilate to surrounding nasal consonants in many languages, such as Thai , creating nasal vowel allophones. Some languages exhibit a nasalization of segments adjacent to phonemic or allophonic nasal vowels , such as Apurinã . Contextual nasalization can lead to the addition of nasal vowel phonemes to

120-477: A nasal flap [ɾ̃] (or [n̆] ) as an allophone of / ɾ / before a nasal vowel; voiced retroflex nasal flaps are common intervocalic allophones of / ɳ / in South Asian languages. A nasal trill [r̃] has been described from some dialects of Romanian, and is posited as an intermediate historical step in rhotacism . However, the phonetic variation of the sound is considerable, and it is not clear how frequently it

150-530: A volume containing a study of Wanano kinship terms, a grammatical sketch of the language and a long interlinearized text (Waltz and Waltz 1997) and the grammatical overview of Wanano found in the Caro y Cuervo collection (Waltz and Waltz 2000). In 2007, Nathan Waltz published a Wanano – Spanish dictionary (Waltz 2007). More research has been done on the Wanano language by Dr. Kristine Stenzel who has been conducting research in

180-584: Is 75% lexically similar. Wanano is a member of the Tucanoan language family, which is found in northwest Amazonia. The Tukanoan family can be sub-categorized into two groups: Western Tukanoan Languages and Eastern Tucanoan Languages, Wanano belonging to the Eastern Tucanoan family. The Eastern Tukanoan group is much larger than the Western Tukanoan family with 16 languages and around 28,000 speakers, while

210-460: Is actually trilled. Some languages contrast /r, r̃/ like Toro-tegu Dogon and Inor . A nasal lateral has been reported for some languages, Nzema language contrasts /l, l̃/ . Other languages, such as the Khoisan languages of Khoekhoe and Gǀui , as well as several of the !Kung languages , include nasal click consonants. Nasal clicks are typically with a nasal or superscript nasal preceding

240-472: Is estimated at 447. The number of speakers is quite high, it is still the first language of most of the population. It is seen as a healthy indigenous language. The Jesuits were the first ones to make their way into the area that is inhabited by the Wanano people today. In the late 1700s they established their base in São Gabriel da Cachoeira. Missionary expeditions along with resettlement continued throughout

270-408: Is she? a’ri-ro DEM : PROX - SG a’ri-ro DEM:PROX-SG This man si-ro DEM : PROX - SG si-ro DEM:PROX-SG That man ~o-i DEIC : PROX - LOC Nasalization In phonetics , nasalization (or nasalisation ) is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by

300-591: Is sometimes seen, especially when the vowel bears tone marks that would interfere with the superscript tilde. For example, [ą̄ ą́ ą̀ ą̂ ą̌] are more legible in most fonts than [ã̄ ã́ ã̀ ã̂ ã̌] . Many languages have nasal vowels to different degrees, but only a minority of world languages around the world have nasal vowels as contrasting phonemes. That is the case, among others, of French , Portuguese , Hindustani , Nepali , Breton , Gheg Albanian , Hmong , Hokkien , Yoruba , and Cherokee . Those nasal vowels contrast with their corresponding oral vowels . Nasality

330-549: Is suprasegmental and moves from left to right through a word. Wanano is a nominative accusative language with an SOV sentence structure that contains the following grammatical categories: nouns, verbs, particles, pronouns, and interrogatives. These are outlined in Stenzel’s Reference Grammar of Wanano (2004). Under nouns Stenzel goes into further detail regarding the animates: human vs non-human animates and inanimates: mass nouns vs count nouns (xi). Stenzel discusses

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360-461: Is usually seen as a binary feature, although surface variation in different degrees of nasality caused by neighboring nasal consonants has been observed. There are languages, such as in Palantla Chinantec , where vowels seem to exhibit three contrastive degrees of nasality: oral e.g. [e] vs lightly nasalized [ẽ] vs heavily nasalized [e͌] , although Ladefoged and Maddieson believe that

390-503: The ( allophonically ) nasalized approximant [w̃] and so is likely to be a true fricative rather than an approximant. In Old and Middle Irish , the lenited ⟨m⟩ was a nasalized bilabial fricative [β̃] . Ganza has a phonemic nasalized glottal stop [ʔ̃] while Sundanese has it allophonically; nasalized stops can occur only with pharyngeal articulation or lower, or they would be simple nasals. Nasal flaps are common allophonically. Many West African languages have

420-405: The 1900s. Boarding schools were set up in larger settlements like São Gabriel and students were sent to study there. People from these missionaries would go into villages and encourage the indigenous peoples to abandon their beliefs and practice Christianity, along with speaking Portuguese. The first documentation of Wanano people came from naturalist Alfred Wallace during his 1852 expedition along

450-457: The Upper Rio Negro area since 2000. She has published a book on the grammar of Kotiria (Wanano) that discusses the morphology and syntax of the language (Stenzel 2015). Along with this book she has written many articles about different aspects of the Wanano language and people (Stenzel 2005a, 2005b, 2006, 2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2009a, 2009b, 2009c, 2010, 2012, 2014) (Stenzel 2015). Wanano

480-464: The Vaupés River. Later in 1904, a German ethnologist Theodor Kock-Grünberg conducted research in the Wanano region. He observed their interactions with other indigenous groups, including ceremonies that included dance and burial practices. Something that has been noted by Stenzel in her research that is an important detail to include is the Wanano people are very multilingual. The first known work on

510-500: The Wanano language was a grammatical outline recorded by a Salesian missionary named Antônio Giacone in 1967. Since then a lot of work has been conducted by Nathan and Carolyn Waltz who have worked with the SIL organization in Colombia from 1963 to 1996. They have published a pedagogical grammar (Waltz 1976), papers on the aspects of Wanano phonology (Waltz and Waltz 1967, Waltz 1982, Waltz 2002),

540-491: The Wanano society and published a book called “The Wanano Indians of the Brazilian Amazon” which takes a deeper look into Wanano society. Nasalization is carried on vowels. Voiced plosives and /j/ may surface as the nasal consonants [ m ] , [ n ] , [ ŋ ] , and [ ɲ ] in the environment of nasal vowels. Syllables may be marked with either a high or low stress accent . Nasalization

570-560: The Western Tucanoan family has 4 languages with around 3,000 speakers. Wanano/Piratapuyo belongs to the Northern branch of the Eastern Tucanoan languages, along with Tucano . The Wanano people live in northwestern Amazonia, on the Vaupés River. The diaspora of the Wanano people is spread between Brazil and Colombia, the total population is estimated at 1560, however the population in Brazil

600-412: The airflow characteristic of fricatives is produced not in the mouth but at the anterior nasal port , the narrowest part of the nasal cavity . (Turbulence can also be produced at the posterior nasal port, or velopharyngeal port, when that port is narrowed – see velopharyngeal fricative . With anterior nasal fricatives, the velopharyngeal port is open.) A superimposed homothetic sign that resembles

630-697: The consonant (for example, velar-dental ⟨ ŋ͡ǀ ⟩ or ⟨ ᵑǀ ⟩ and uvular-dental ⟨ ɴ͡ǀ ⟩ or ⟨ ᶰǀ ⟩). Nasalized laterals such as [‖̃] (a nasalized lateral alveolar click) are easy to produce but rare or nonexistent as phonemes; nasalized lateral clicks are common in Southern African languages such as Zulu . Often when /l/ is nasalized, it becomes [n] . Besides nasalized oral fricatives, there are true nasal fricatives, or anterior nasal fricatives , previously called nareal fricatives . They are sometimes produced by people with disordered speech . The turbulence in

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660-412: The lightly nasalized vowels are best described as oro-nasal diphthongs . Note that Ladefoged and Maddieson's transcription of heavy nasalization with a double tilde might be confused with the extIPA adoption of that diacritic for velopharyngeal frication . By far the most common nasal sounds are nasal consonants such as [m] , [n] or [ŋ] . Most nasal consonants are occlusives, and airflow through

690-744: The mouth is blocked and redirected through the nose. Their oral counterparts are the stops . Nasalized versions of other consonant sounds also exist but are much rarer than either nasal occlusives or nasal vowels. The Middle Chinese consonant 日 ( [ȵʑ] ; [ʐ] in modern Standard Chinese ) has an odd history; for example, it has evolved into [ ʐ ] and [ɑɻ] (or [ ɻ ] and [ ɚ ] respectively, depending on accents) in Standard Chinese ; [ z ] / [ ʑ ] and [ n ] in Hokkien ; [z] / [ʑ] and [n] / [ n̠ʲ ] while borrowed into Japan. It seems likely that it

720-476: The mouth. An archetypal nasal sound is [n] . In the International Phonetic Alphabet , nasalization is indicated by printing a tilde diacritic U+0303 ◌̃ COMBINING TILDE above the symbol for the sound to be nasalized: [ã] is the nasalized equivalent of [a] , and [ṽ] is the nasalized equivalent of [v] . A subscript diacritic [ą] , called an ogonek or nosinė ,

750-705: The point where it joins the Rio Negro . The main settlements are the town of Mitú , capital of the Vaupés Department in Colombia, and Iaraueté, seat of a district in the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira . The Pira-tapuya live in the middle Papuri in the vicinity of Teresita, and in the lower Uaupés. Some have migrated to other locations of Rio Negro and São Gabriel. As of 2014 Siasi/Sesai estimated that there were 1,325 Pira-tapuya in Amazonas. As of 1988 there were an estimated 400 Pira-tapuya in Colombia. The peoples of

780-954: The pronouns which will be examined further below. For verbs Wanano have suffix morphemes that indicate evidentiality, as well as imperative, interrogative and irregular morphemes. While there are adverbial morphemes in Wanano, there are no adjectives. Pronouns in Wanano are categorized by personal, possessive, interrogative and demonstrative. A like English, gender is seen in 3rd person pronouns only. The pronouns are categorized into deictic for 1st and 2nd person and anaphoric for 3rd person. ti-ro ANPH - SG yoa-ro-pʉ be.long- PART - LOC wa’a-ra go- VIS . PERF . NON . 1 ti-ro yoa-ro-pʉ wa’a-ra ANPH-SG be.long-PART-LOC go-VIS.PERF.NON.1 He went far away. yʉ 1SG phʉ-kʉ parent- MASC yʉ phʉ-kʉ 1SG parent-MASC my father ~doa who hi-hari INT . IMPERF ti-ko-ro ANPH - FEM - SG ~doa hi-hari ti-ko-ro who INT.IMPERF ANPH-FEM-SG Who

810-682: The region intermarry, trade, and engage in shared rituals, forming the Uaupés/Pira-Paraná socio-cultural complex. Piratapuyo language Guanano ( Wanano ), or Piratapuyo , is a Tucanoan language spoken in the northwest part of Amazonas in Brazil and in Vaupés in Colombia . It is spoken by two peoples, the Wanano  [ es ] and the Piratapuyo . They do not intermarry, but their speech

840-582: The region is the Tucano language , which has around 20,000 speakers. The Pira-tapuya live along the banks of the Vaupés River and its tributaries such as the Tiquié , Papurí and Querari rivers. The 1,375 kilometres (854 mi) Uaupés River rises in Colombia and flows for 845 kilometres (525 mi) to the border with Brazil. For over 188 kilometres (117 mi) it forms the border between Colombia and Brazil, then for 342 kilometres (213 mi) flows through Brazil to

870-603: Was described in a language documentation project funded by Programa de Documentação de Línguas e Culturas Indígenas (ProDocLin) at the Museu do Índio. The project was coordinated by Dr. Kristine Stenzel and was a teaching workshop of Kotiria pedagogical grammar (Saltarelli 2014). Dr. Kristine Stenzel has also written articles regarding anthropological aspects of the Wanano people (2010, 2013) as well in her 2004 dissertation where she discusses cultural aspects such as marriage and multilingualism. Anthropologist Janet Chernela has also studied

900-491: Was once a nasalized fricative, perhaps a palatal [ʝ̃] . In Coatzospan Mixtec , fricatives and affricates are nasalized before nasal vowels even when they are voiceless. In the Hupa , the velar nasal /ŋ/ often has the tongue not make full contact, resulting in a nasalized approximant, [ɰ̃] . That is cognate with a nasalized palatal approximant [ȷ̃] in other Athabaskan languages . In Umbundu , phonemic /ṽ/ contrasts with

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