The Tanganyika Rifles was the sole regiment in the Tanganyikan army, from 1961 to 1964.
35-596: With the independence of Tanganyika in December 1961, the two battalions of the King's African Rifles which had been raised in the colony were transferred to the newly independent nation. These were the 6th (Tanganyika Territory) Battalion (becoming the 1st Tanganyika Rifles), located at Colito Barracks in Dar-es-Salaam and the 26th (Tanganyika Territory) Battalion (becoming the 2nd Tanganyika Rifles). Despite having become part of
70-530: A United Nations Trust Territory after World War II . The next largest share of German East Africa was taken into Belgian trusteeship, eventually becoming present-day Burundi and Rwanda . The Tanganyika Independence Act 1961 ( 10 & 11 Eliz. 2 . c. 1) transformed the United Nations trust territory into the independent sovereign state of Tanganyika, with Elizabeth II as Queen of Tanganyika . The monarch's constitutional roles were mostly exercised by
105-488: A legal status under international law for specific territories following World War I , involving the transfer of control from one nation to another. These mandates served as legal documents establishing the internationally agreed terms for administering the territory on behalf of the League of Nations . Combining elements of both a treaty and a constitution , these mandates contained minority rights clauses that provided for
140-836: A U.S. territory with its head of state being the President of the United States and federal funds to the commonwealth administered by the Office of Insular Affairs of the U.S. Department of the Interior . Remnant Micronesia and the Marshall Islands , the heirs of the last territories of the Trust, attained final independence on 22 December 1990. (The UN Security Council ratified termination of trusteeship, effectively dissolving trusteeship status, on 10 July 1987.) The Republic of Palau , split off from
175-539: A greater level of control by the mandatory power: "...the Mandatory must be responsible for the administration of the territory under conditions which will guarantee freedom of conscience and religion." The mandatory power was forbidden to construct military or naval bases within the mandates. Class C mandates , including South West Africa and the South Pacific Islands, were considered to be "best administered under
210-703: A roughly equivalent status. In each case, the colonial power that held the mandate on each territory became the administering power of the trusteeship, except that of the Empire of Japan , which had been defeated in World War II, lost its mandate over the South Pacific islands, which became a "strategic trust territory" known as the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under U.S. administration. The sole exception to
245-642: A single mandate from the Council of the League of Nations, but in the countries subject to that mandate, one can distinguish two distinct States: Syria and the Lebanon, each State possessing its own constitution and a nationality clearly different from the other. After the United Nations was founded in 1945 and the League of Nations was disbanded, all but one of the mandated territories became United Nations trust territories ,
280-689: The Governor-General of Tanganyika . Tanganyika adopted a new constitution in 1962 that abolished the monarchy, and the National Assembly (the majority of whom were members of the Tanganyika African National Union Party ) thoroughly revised the new constitution to favour a strong executive branch of government, namely a president. Tanganyika then became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations , with Julius Nyerere as
315-697: The People's Republic of Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar on Union Day , 26 April 1964. The new state changed its name to the United Republic of Tanzania within a year. Tanganyika originally consisted of the Tanganyika Territory —the British share of German East Africa —which the British took under a League of Nations mandate in 1922, and which was later transformed into
350-575: The President of Tanganyika . After the Union of Zanzibar and Tanganyika, an interim constitution adapted from the 1962 Constitution became the governing document. Although meant to be temporary, the constitutions remained effective until 1977. The unification of Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964 followed Nyerere's principle of Ujamaa which entailed a strong "territorial nationalism." League of Nations mandate A League of Nations mandate represented
385-585: The Tanzania People's Defence Force was formed in September 1964, firmly under local civilian control. Many of the African officers of the 1st Battalion, and the officers and men of the 2nd, were incorporated into the new force. Tanganyika (1961%E2%80%931964) Tanganyika ( / ˌ t æ ŋ ɡ ə n ˈ j iː k ə , - ɡ æ n -/ TANG -gən- YEE -kə, -gan- ) was a sovereign state , comprising
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#1732845142135420-606: The Treaty of Versailles (1919), with the territories being allotted among the Allies on 7 May of that year. Ottoman territorial claims were first addressed in the Treaty of Sèvres (1920) and finalised in the Treaty of Lausanne (1923). The Ottoman territories were allotted among the Allied Powers at the San Remo conference in 1920. The League of Nations decided the exact level of control by
455-464: The United Nations , subject to future discussions and formal agreements. Most of the remaining mandates of the League of Nations (with the exception of South West Africa ) thus eventually became United Nations trust territories . Two governing principles formed the core of the Mandate System, being non-annexation of the territory and its administration as a "sacred trust of civilisation" to develop
490-569: The protectorates in that the mandatory power undertook obligations to the inhabitants of the territory and to the League of Nations. The process of establishing the mandates consisted of two phases: The divestiture of Germany's overseas colonies, along with three territories disentangled from its European homeland area (the Free City of Danzig , the Memel Territory , and the Saar ), was accomplished in
525-449: The 25th, assaulting and quickly capturing the barracks holding the 1st Battalion; many of the mutineers quickly surrendered after a guardroom was destroyed by an anti-tank missile . After landings later that day, including a small number of armoured cars of the 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers , most of the remaining mutineers had likewise surrendered; the 2nd Battalion had not been engaged, but had offered to surrender after hearing of
560-464: The Asiatic countries under the British and French mandates. Iraq is a Kingdom in regard to which Great Britain has undertaken responsibilities equivalent to those of a Mandatory Power. Under the British mandate, Palestine and Transjordan have each an entirely separate organisation. We are, therefore, in the presence of three States sufficiently separate to be considered as distinct Parties. France has received
595-662: The British High Commissioner briefly detained and most of the strategic points in the capital held by the mutineers. After appeals from the President, Julius Nyerere , the United Kingdom dispatched an aircraft carrier, HMS Centaur from Aden , with a force from the garrison there, to stand off Dar es Salaam. On the British government receiving the request in writing from Nyerere, a company of Royal Marines from No. 45 Commando were landed by helicopter in Dar es Salaam on
630-402: The League of Nations takes official cognisance of the appointment of the mandatory power and informs the latter that it [the council] considers it as invested with the mandate, and at the same time notifies it of the terms of the mandate, after ascertaining whether they are in conformance with the provisions of the covenant." The U.S. State Department 's Digest of International Law says that
665-408: The League of Nations was responsible for establishing an arbitral court to resolve disputes that might arise and stipulated that its decisions were final. A disagreement regarding the legal status and the portion of the annuities to be paid by the "A" mandates was settled when an Arbitrator ruled that some of the mandates contained more than one State: The difficulty arises here how one is to regard
700-399: The League of Nations." Three steps were required to establish a Mandate under international law: (1) The Principal Allied and Associated Powers confer a mandate on one of their number or on a third power; (2) the principal powers officially notify the council of the League of Nations that a certain power has been appointed mandatory for such a certain defined territory; and (3) the council of
735-715: The Ottoman Empire that were deemed to "... have reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognised subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatory." The second group of mandates, or Class B mandates , were all former German colonies in West and Central Africa , referred to by Germany as Schutzgebiete (protectorates or territories), which were deemed to require
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#1732845142135770-598: The South West Africa mandate. Eventually, in 1990, the mandated territory, now Namibia , gained independence, culminating from the Tripartite Accords and the resolution of the South African Border War — a prolonged guerrilla conflict against the apartheid regime that lasted from 1966 until 1990. Nearly all the former League of Nations mandates had become sovereign states by 1990, including all of
805-672: The Tanganyikan military, the bulk of the officers of the regiment were still British, as had been the case in the King's African Rifles . In January 1964, following the Zanzibar Revolution , the regiment mutinied. The 1st Battalion seized key points in Dar es Salaam on the 19th, deposing their officers and sending them to neighbouring Kenya; on the 20th, the 2nd Battalion, in Tabora, joined the mutiny. The entire country's military had now rebelled, with
840-637: The Treaty of Lausanne required the newly created states that acquired the territory detached from the Ottoman Empire to pay annuities on the Ottoman public debt and to assume responsibility for the administration of concessions that had been granted by the Ottomans. The treaty also let the States acquire, without payment, all the property and possessions of the Ottoman Empire situated within their territory. The treaty provided that
875-548: The establishment of a mandates system. The mandates system reflected a compromise between Smuts (who wanted colonial powers to annex the territories) and Wilson (who wanted trusteeship over the territories). All of the territories subject to League of Nations mandates were previously controlled by states defeated in World War I, principally Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire . The mandates were fundamentally different from
910-423: The events in Dar es Salaam; a party of Marines travelled there and secured the barracks the next day. Within twenty-four hours of the initial landings, and a week of the mutiny, the men of the 1st battalion were dismissed and the regiment effectively ceased to exist. The regiment was never reformed; after the union of Tanganyika with Zanzibar later that year, the previously existing army was formally disbanded, and
945-554: The former UN trust territories with the exception of a few successor entities of the gradually dismembered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (formerly Japan's South Pacific Trust Mandate). These exceptions include the Northern Mariana Islands which is a commonwealth in political union with the U.S. with the status of unincorporated organised territory . The Northern Mariana Islands does elect its own governor to serve as territorial head of government , but it remains
980-527: The laws of the Mandatory as integral portions of its territory." According to the Council of the League of Nations, meeting of August 1920: "draft mandates adopted by the Allied and Associated Powers would not be definitive until they had been considered and approved by the League... the legal title held by the mandatory Power must be a double one: one conferred by the Principal Powers and the other conferred by
1015-538: The mainland part of present-day Tanzania , that existed from 1961 until 1964. It first gained independence from the United Kingdom on 9 December 1961 as a Commonwealth realm headed by Queen Elizabeth II before becoming a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations a year later. After signing the Articles of Union on 22 April 1964 and passing an Act of Union on 25 April, Tanganyika officially joined with
1050-614: The mandatory power over each mandate on an individual basis. However, in every case the mandatory power was forbidden to construct fortifications or raise an army within the territory of the mandate, and was required to present an annual report on the territory to the Permanent Mandates Commission of the League of Nations. The mandates were divided into three distinct groups based upon the level of development each population had achieved at that time. The first group, or Class A mandates , were territories formerly controlled by
1085-577: The rights of petition and adjudication by the Permanent Court of International Justice . The mandate system was established under Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations , entered into force on 28 June 1919. With the dissolution of the League of Nations after World War II , it was stipulated at the Yalta Conference that the remaining mandates should be placed under the trusteeship of
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1120-400: The terms of the Treaty of Lausanne provided for the application of the principles of state succession to the "A" Mandates. The Treaty of Versailles provisionally recognised the former Ottoman communities as independent nations. It also required Germany to recognise the disposition of the former Ottoman territories and to recognise the new states laid down within their boundaries. The terms of
1155-519: The territory for the benefit of its native people. According to historian Susan Pedersen , colonial administration in the mandates did not differ substantially from colonial administration elsewhere. Even though the Covenant of the League committed the great powers to govern the mandates differently, the main difference appeared to be that the colonial powers spoke differently about the mandates than their other colonial possessions. The mandate system
1190-596: The transformation of the League of Nations mandates into UN trusteeships was that of South Africa and its mandated territory South West Africa . Rather than placing South West Africa under trusteeship like other former mandates, South Africa proposed annexation , a proposition rejected by the UN General Assembly . Despite South Africa's resistance, the International Court of Justice affirmed that South Africa continued to have international obligations regarding
1225-657: Was established by Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, drafted by the victors of World War I. The article referred to territories which after the war were no longer ruled by their previous sovereign, but their peoples were not considered "able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world". The article called for such people's tutelage to be "entrusted to advanced nations who by reason of their resources, their experience or their geographical position can best undertake this responsibility". U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and South African General Jan Smuts played influential roles in pushing for
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