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85-424: The name Tamuín has been spelled in many ways over time: Tamui, Tamuche, Tamuchi, Tam-Ohin, Tamo-Oxxi, Tam-Huinic, Tamuyn, Tamohi, Tamnoc. Its meaning is undetermined, and there have been many proposals about it, two of which being “ gar spot” (gar, a kind of fish) and “mosquito spot”. Another suggestion holds that the original name is Tam-Huinic and that this translates as “place of the book of knowledge”. This meaning

170-577: A branch of the Maya group of ethnicities. La Huasteca is detached from and far to the north of the main Maya region. Today, there are about 150,000 speakers of the Wastek language distributed between the states of San Luis Potosí and the neighboring state of Veracruz. Tamuín was the site of the first royal land lease ( merced de tierra ) in the portion of Huasteca which within the modern day state of San Luis Potosí. In 1555,

255-422: A longer, narrower, more cylindrical body, and can be distinguished from other species of gar by its snout, which is more than twice the length of the rest of its head. It can reach up to 6 feet and 8 inches in length and weigh up to 35–80 pounds. Like the shortnose gar, it has only a single row of teeth. Unlike its relatives, it enters brackish water from time to time. Females are larger and live longer than

340-628: A marine environment unlike modern gars, indicating that gars may have originally been marine fish prior to invading freshwater habitats before the Early Cretaceous. Although most succeeding gar fossils are known from freshwater environments, at least some marine gars are known to have persisted into the Late Cretaceous , with the likely marine Herreraichthys known from Mexico and the definitely marine Grandemarinus known from Morocco . Gars diversified in western North America throughout

425-582: A relative of the modern alligator gar ) is the oldest known animal of the Cenozoic , with one fossil specimen dated to just a few thousand years after the Chicxulub impact , indicating a rapid recovery of freshwater ecosystems. Two short-snouted gar genera, Masillosteus and Cuneatus , are known from the Eocene in western North America and Europe, but disappear shortly afterwards. Lepisosteus and Atractosteus show

510-725: A sideways strike of the head. They feed extensively on smaller fish and invertebrates such as crabs. Gars are found across much of the eastern portion of North America. Although gars are found primarily in freshwater habitats, several species enter brackish waters and a few, most notably Atractosteus tristoechus , are sometimes found in the sea. Some gars travel from lakes and rivers through sewers to get to ponds. The gar family contains seven extant species, in two genera: A. tropicus A. tristoechus A. spatula [REDACTED] L. oculatus L. platyrhincus L. osseus [REDACTED] L. platostomus [REDACTED] Family Lepisosteidae The largest member of

595-493: A similar initial distribution and eventual contraction, but both genera dispersed to eastern North America prior to their disappearance from western North America and Europe, with Atractosteus also dispersing further south to the Neotropics . Eastern North America has since served as a vital refugium for gars, with Lepisosteus undergoing a diversification throughout it. The following phylogeny of extant and fossil gar genera

680-521: A sizable United States expatriate community developing in relation to the industry. With the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution , which lasted roughly from 1910 to 1920, the U.S. monitored the situation to protect its citizens and investments. Doheny sold some of his businesses to the Standard Oil Company which operated its monopoly here. The oil-producing area was so productive it was called

765-573: A slower rate after reaching adulthood. They are deep green or yellow in color. Recreational fishing of the alligator gar became popular due to its massive size and its meat is sold for food. Over five decades of overfishing have brought it close to extinction, and man-made dams have contributed to this loss by restricting the gar's access to the flood plain areas in which it spawns. Some U.S. states have enacted laws to combat overfishing, and reintroduction programs are being carried out in some states, such as Illinois , where human activity has extirpated

850-491: A staple food. The municipality is situated in the eastern part of the State of San Luis Potosí and belongs to the region known as Huasteca , a region which covers parts of several states. Tamuín is bordered on the north by the state of Tamaulipas , on the south by the villages of San Vicente Tancuayalab and Tanlajás , on the east by the municipio of Ébano , and on the west by Ciudad Valles . The Tampaón River runs through

935-423: A temperature of 120 degrees Celsius, but as the roe's temperature does not typically reach that level when it is cooked, even cooked roe causes severe symptoms. It was once thought that the production of the toxin in gar roe was an evolutionary adaptation to provide protection for the eggs, but bluegills and channel catfish fed gar eggs in experiments remained healthy, even though they are the natural predators of

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1020-525: A wider distribution, having been found on every continent except Australia and Antarctica. Living gars are confined to North America. The distribution of the gars in North America lies mainly in the shallow, brackish waters off of Texas, Louisiana, and the eastern coast of Mexico, as well as in some of the rivers and lakes that flow into them. A few populations are also present in the Great Lakes region of

1105-468: Is a cement plant of Grupo Cemex , two 260 MW electric generating stations operated by the AES Corporation , and a meat packing plant. Fishing : fisheries include gar , river carp , mojarra , shrimp , and acamaya (local variety of freshwater crayfish). There is a large, modern airport. Commercial flights are on a limited scale for security reasons. The municipality of Tamuín encompasses three of

1190-441: Is a ceremonial plaza bordered by 23 buildings, with five platforms for conducting rituals occupying the center, which are surrounded by 13 round habitations and two rectangular, terraced large buildings which were probably for community use. The complex allows one to imagine what the religious life of the noble families of Tamtok must have been like. They may have believed in gods and practiced a fertility cult. Tamtok means place of

1275-642: Is a city and port in the southeastern part of the Mexican state of Tamaulipas . It is located on the north bank of the Pánuco River , about 10 kilometers (6 mi) inland from the Gulf of Mexico , and directly north of the state of Veracruz . Tampico is the fifth-largest city in Tamaulipas, with a population of 314,418 in the city proper and 929,174 in the metropolitan area . During the period of Mexico's first oil boom in

1360-430: Is a smaller species of gar, measuring just under four feet long and weighing 15 pounds on average. Like Florida gars, female spotted gars are typically larger than male spotted gars. This gar has dark spots covering its head, body, and fins. Its body is compact, and it has a shorter snout. It prefers to live in clearer shallow water with a depth of 3–5 meters, and to surround itself in foliage. Its habitat ranges from

1445-581: Is an eclectic mix, reflecting the growth of the city during the Porfiriato (the period of rule by President Porfirio Díaz ). During the oil boom of the first decades of the 20th century, much "grandiose" architecture was built, inviting comparisons with Venice , Italy, and New Orleans in the United States. Many buildings feature wrought-iron balconies (in the 20th century, these were mostly built of English cast iron ). Similar balconies are characteristic of

1530-467: Is attributed to the oil boom years. Not only was there money to spend, but many building supplies, including pre-built housing components, were shipped from New Orleans to this area during that period of rapid development. The historical downtown areas of Plaza de Armas and Plaza de Libertad have been restored and improved in recent years to emphasize their historic appeal, in part to encourage more heritage tourism. The Cathedral of Tampico, also known as

1615-513: Is commonly confused with its cousin, the spotted gar . Uneven black spots cover its head, body, and fins. Green-brown scales run along the back of its body, and the scales on its underbelly are white or yellow. This coloration, which blends well with the gar's surroundings, allows it to ambush its prey. The Florida gar has no ganoid scales on its throat. Female Florida gars grow to lengths between 13 and 34 inches, bigger than their male counterparts. The spotted gar ( Lepisosteus oculatus )

1700-502: Is found in the Mississippi River Basin , Indiana , Wisconsin , Montana , Alabama , and Louisiana . It prefers to live in lakes, swamps, and calm pools. The shortnose gar takes its name from its snout, which is shorter and broader than that of other gar species. Like the longnose gar , it has one row of teeth. The upper jaw is longer than the rest of its head. The shortnose gar is deep green or brown in color, similar to

1785-604: Is known for its food. Seafood is important in the city. The locals are informally known as Jaibas ( crabs ), and the crab emblem is seen in many places, from sports logos to the sides of buses to park benches. There are also typical dishes of the area, mainly the " torta de la barda " which is a sandwich that contains over 12 toppings, and the famous "tampiqueña" which is steak with refried beans and "entomatadas" (tortillas with tomato sauce and cheese). The Autonomous University of Tamaulipas has one of its two largest campuses in Tampico,

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1870-476: Is located in the northern part of the city of Tampico. It serves routes to Mexican cities, mainly Mexico City and Monterrey , and also has international services, with daily flights to Houston, Texas . The city also has excellent railway facilities serving the port, which is well-developed with warehouses and equipment for loading oil tankers. Major roads connect to the Pan-American Highway . Tampico

1955-443: Is mainly handled by the neighboring ocean port of Altamira . The name "Tampico" is of Huastec origin, tam-piko meaning "place of otters" (literally "water dogs"). The city is surrounded by rivers and lagoons of the delta of the Pánuco River , which was the habitat of a large population of otters . There have been successive human settlements in the area for centuries. The region had several early Huastec settlements, among them

2040-515: Is of white Carrara marble . The United States oil tycoon Edward Doheny of California, who drilled the first oil well in Mexico near Tampico, donated substantial funds for the cathedral's construction and maintenance after 1902, when he based his Mexican oil operations in Tampico. According to the INEGI 2010 census, the population of the city of Tampico was 297,284, and that of the municipality of Tampico

2125-455: Is representative of the Huastec culture in the last centuries of pre-Hispanic Mexico. The region's cultural development partook of the elements characteristic of the ancient cultures of North America. When its inhabitants dispersed during the first years of the conquest, they settled in the poblado known in today as Antiguo Tamuín (Old Tamuín), six kilometers from El Consuelo. The first mention of

2210-420: Is suggestive of the fact that Tamuín was the leading ceremonial center of the entire region of Huasteca . Yet another suggestion is that Tamuin is a corruption of the Huastec 'tamohi' meaning 'place of Ramon trees'. "An Archaeological Guide to Central and Southern Mexico" by Joyce & Jerry Kelly 2001 . This is supported by Huastec origins from the moist south Huastec people where ramon nuts are common and

2295-462: Is the largest; the alligator gar often grows to a length over 2 m (6.5 ft) and a weight over 45 kg (100 lb), and specimens of up to 3 m (9.8 ft) in length have been reported. Unusually, their vascularised swim bladders can function as lungs, and most gars surface periodically to take a gulp of air. Gar flesh is edible and the hard skin and scales of gars are used by humans, but gar eggs are highly toxic. The name "gar"

2380-485: The "Golden Belt ". The oil fields known as Ébano, Pánuco, Huasteca, and Tuxpan are all situated within a 160-kilometer (99 mi) radius of the city. Oil was often shipped on barges along the rivers. To improve transportation of oil to the port, the government built the Chijol Canal , beginning in 1901. It is 1.8 m (6 ft) deep and 7.6 m (25 ft) wide and runs 120 km (75 mi) southward through

2465-710: The Late Permian . The closest extinct relatives of gar are the Obaichthyidae , an extinct group of gar-like fishes from the Early Cretaceous of Africa and South America, which likely diverged from the ancestors of true gars during the Late Jurassic . The oldest anatomically modern gar is Nhanulepisosteus from the Upper Jurassic ( Kimmeridgian ) of Mexico , around 157 million years old. Nhanulepisosteus inhabited

2550-515: The Mesozoic . The oldest known ginglymodians appeared during the Middle Triassic , over 240 million years ago. Because they have the slowest known rate of molecular evolution among all jawed vertebrates, it has also slowed down their rate of speciation. The closest living relatives of gars are the bowfin , with the gars and bowfin together forming the clade Holostei ; both lineages diverged during

2635-580: The Mexican football league system , and their home stadium has been the 19,415-seat Estadio Tamaulipas since 1966. In 1953, Tampico Madero was champion of the México Primera División and also won the Campeón de Campeones title. La Jaiba Brava won consecutive Copa México titles in 1960 and 1961. The club spent most of the 1960s and 1970s in relegation but returned to the Primera División for

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2720-654: The Viceroy ordered the alcalde mayor (magistrate) of Pánuco not to hinder the fisheries of the Huastec tribe in Tamuín and Tampico . In 1787, the Spanish empire's new system of intendancies was extended into Mexico. The old magistrate district of the Villa de los Valles was abolished and it was incorporated into the vast intendancy of San Luis Potosí, whose borders extended to Louisiana in

2805-464: The alligator gar . Depending on the clarity of water, spots can be present on the caudal , dorsal , and anal fins . The shortnose gar has a lifespan of 20 years, reaches up to 5 pounds in weight, and grows to lengths of 24–35 inches. It consumes more invertebrates than any other gar, and their stomachs have been found to contain higher Asian carp content than any other native North American fish. The Longnose gar ( Lepisosteus osseus ) has

2890-418: The bowfins , which have a similar distribution. Gars have elongated bodies that are heavily armored with ganoid scales , and fronted by similarly elongated jaws filled with long, sharp teeth. Gars are sometimes referred to as "garpike", but are not closely related to pike , which are in the fish family Esocidae . All of the gars are relatively large fish, but the alligator gar ( Atractosteus spatula )

2975-662: The family Lepisosteidae . They comprise seven living species of fish in two genera that inhabit fresh , brackish , and occasionally marine waters of eastern North America , Central America and Cuba in the Caribbean , though extinct members of the family were more widespread. They are the only surviving members of the Ginglymodi , a clade of fish which first appeared during the Triassic , over 240 million years ago, and are one of only two surviving groups of holosteian fish, alongside

3060-654: The Early Cretaceous. Atractosteus and Lepisosteus had already diverged by the end of the Early Cretaceous, about 105 million years ago. From western North America, gars dispersed to regions as disparate as Africa, India, South America and Europe, and fossil remains of gars were widespread worldwide by the end of the Cretaceous. Several different gar genera survived the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event , although they remained restricted to North America and Europe after this point. One species ( Atractosteus grandei ,

3145-683: The French and Spanish-influenced architecture in New Orleans . Some of the balconies in Plaza de la libertad bear the original plaques showing their manufacture at the Derbyshire forge of Andrew Handyside and Company . Notable buildings include the neoclassical Town Hall (or Palacio Municipal ) in Plaza de Armas , and the English redbrick Customs House in the docks. The prevalence of New Orleans-style architecture

3230-454: The French archaeologist Stresser-Péan surveyed the area and conducted partial excavations. The work of restoration began 6 August 2001. Up to that point, the site had been virtually unknown. With an investment of 18 million pesos, in these four years of work 70 structures have been stabilized out of 255 discovered. Tamtok enjoyed its period of maximum splendor between 200 y 1300 A.D., during which period its population rose to 4,000. To judge by

3315-614: The Great Platform commenced. Among the most important objects encountered at the site are the sculpture, found in 1917, known as the Huastec Adolescent, probably a representation of the god Quetzalcóatl in his youth and considered one of the masterpieces of pre-Hispanic art in Huastec culture. Also important is the mural which covers one of the altars, in which is seen, in a series of images, personages with rich vestments. The figures are conspicuous for their originality and quality and

3400-493: The State of San Luis Potosí was enacted by its constituent congress on 16 October 1826, and almost one year later, by decree No. 61 promulgated on 8 October 1827, several municipios of the state were designated, among them Tamuín. Soon thereafter a law regulating municipios (the Ley de Arreglo de Municipios ) was enacted, wherein the Villa of Tamuín is mentioned as belonging to the division ( partido ) of Ciudad Valles . In March 1831,

3485-633: The Temple of the Immaculate Conception , located in Plaza de Armas , dates to the late 19th century. It has undergone several restorations. It is of the neoclassical style in light brown canter, with Corinthian -style columns and three enormous doors that form the entrance. Its two towers are made of three bodies. The eastern one has a large, London-made, public chiming clock , a gift from Don Angel Sainz Trapaga . Its recently refurbished interior holds several wall paintings and other works of art. The altar

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3570-417: The U.S. resented Huerta's demands for some recognition. In the resulting Tampico Affair , the U.S. sent naval and marine forces into port of Veracruz and occupied the city for seven months in a show of force. Due to resulting anti-American demonstrations on each coast, other U.S. Navy ships were used to evacuate some American citizens to refugee camps in southern U.S. cities. The U.S. occupation contributed to

3655-442: The United States, living in similar shallow waters. Gar bodies are elongated, heavily armored with ganoid scales , and fronted by similarly elongated jaws filled with long, sharp teeth. Their tails are heterocercal , and the dorsal fins are close to the tail. As their vascularised swim bladders can function as lungs, most gars surface periodically to take a gulp of air, doing so more frequently in stagnant or warm water when

3740-454: The United States. The Mexican government nationalized the oil industry in 1938 and has maintained that for 86 years. In November 2014, President Enrique Peña Nieto announced a policy change of ending Pemex 's monopoly and inviting private companies back into the oil and gas industry. While analysts believe the largest finds are likely to be offshore, new techniques may yield oil even at mature fields such as those of Tampico. In early 2015,

3825-520: The Villa of Tamuín was inundated for nearly three weeks due to torrential rains caused by hurricanes Gladys and Hilda. During this crisis, the population was rendered incommunicado by damage to the town's highway. This disaster prompted president Adolfo Ruiz Cortines to pay a visit to Tamuín. Agriculture : The most common crops are corn , sorghum , beans , sugar cane , papaya , and some produce . Animal Ranching : principally cattle, but also hogs, horses, sheep, and goats. Manufacturing : there

3910-523: The alligator gar can help maintain ecosystem balance by eating invasive species such as the Asian carp, and their success in a particular area can show scientists that area may also make a suitable habitat for other migratory species. The Florida gar ( Lepisosteus platyrhincus ) can be found in the Ocklockonee river , Florida , and Georgia , and prefers muddy or sandy bottoms with bountiful vegetation. It

3995-482: The artefacts discovered, it was a well-organized society based on agriculture. In the complex, an urbanism unique in Mesoamerica has been identified. One characteristic that distinguishes Tamtok is the large presence of women. For example, 90 percent of the human remains discovered in the zone are women, and the great majority of the clay and ceramic figurines that have been found represent women. Situated southeast of

4080-581: The average January high is 23 °C (73 °F) and the average low in January is 13 °C (58 °F). Rainfall is frequent from June through October. Tampico is an extremely humid city, with summer heat indices reaching 40 °C (104 °F). It is located on the Pánuco River and among extensive wetlands adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico. During autumn and winter, it is affected by cold fronts that pass through

4165-519: The ceramic art of the Preclassic period . Archaeological site today known as Agua Nueva, located within the “El Huracán” ranch, property of Celestino Rivera and Claudio Sánchez, 18.7 kilometers from the highway between Tamuín and San Vicente Tancuayalab. , which was an uncredited use of the Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México . Gar Gars are an ancient group of ray-finned fish in

4250-501: The city of Tamuín, El Consuelo is accessed by federal highway 70 in the direction of the Gulf port of Tampico. At kilometer 284 it connects with state highway 170. The site entrance is six kilometers down on state highway 170. The archaeological zone is known by the names Tamuín, for the municipio , and El Consuelo, for the ranch which occupies the vicinity. The village of Tamuín or Tamohí, a word which means "place of effervescence" in Wastek,

4335-498: The concentration of oxygen in the water is low. Experiments on the swim bladder has shown that the temperature of the water affects which respiration method the gar will use - aerial or aquatic. They increase the aerial breathing rate (breathing air) as the temperature of the water is increased. Gars can live completely submerged in oxygenated water without access to air and remain healthy while also being able to survive in deoxygenated water if allowed access to air. This adaptation can be

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4420-416: The district of Valles. In this period, the village ( pueblo ) of Tamuín was located further south than presently, at a site whose original name was El Choyal. In 1892, for the transfer of Tamuín to the place called La Cofradía , the hacienda of El Limón was taken over. Its 19,000 hectares were distributed among 17 ejidos , giving each farmer ( ejidatario ) approximately 20 hectares on average. In 1955,

4505-500: The downfall of Huerta, and Venustiano Carranza became president. He ensured that Mexico maintained neutrality during World War I , in part due to lingering animosity against the U.S. for these actions. In the 1970s, Tampico annexed the port city and suburb of Ciudad Madero , which now comprises part of the Tampico metropolitan area . Tampico has a modern port with excellent facilities, as well as rail and air connections to Mexico City and

4590-530: The early 20th century, the city was the "chief oil-exporting port of the Americas" and the second-busiest in the world, yielding great profits that were invested in the city's famous architecture, often compared to that of Venice and New Orleans . The first oil well in Mexico was drilled near Tampico in 1901 at Ébano . The city is also a major exporter of silver , copper , and lumber , as well as wool , hemp , and other agricultural products. Containerized cargo

4675-471: The gar eggs. Crayfish fed the roe were not immune to the toxin, and most died. The roe's toxicities to humans and crayfish may be coincidences, however, and not the result of explicit natural selection. Several species are traded as aquarium fish. The hard ganoid scales of gars are sometimes used to make jewelry whereas the tough skin is used to make such items as lamp shades. Historically, Native Americans used gar scales as arrowheads, native Caribbeans used

4760-682: The gar family, the alligator gar ( Atractosteus spatula ), can measure up to 10 feet long and weigh over 300 pounds. Its body and snout are wide and stocky, and it was named "alligator gar" because locals often mistook it for an alligator . The species can be found in Texas , Oklahoma , Louisiana , the Mississippi River , Ohio , the Missouri river , and the southern drainages into Mexico . Its habitat consists of lakes and bays with slow currents. The gars grow rapidly when young and continue to grow at

4845-473: The gar species. Near the supracleithrum is the posttemporal bone, which is significantly smaller than other actinopterygians. Gars also have no clavicle bone, although elongated plates have been observed within the area. All the gars are relatively large fish, but the alligator gar ( Atractosteus spatula ) is the largest. The largest alligator gar ever caught and officially recorded was 8 ft 5 in (2.6 m) long, weighed 327 lb (148 kg), and

4930-447: The gar. Before being released, each gar must meet a length requirement to ensure that it has the best chance of survival in the wild. Some states, such as Texas , restrict the number of gar that may be caught in a day, the season in which they may be caught, and the equipment anglers may use to catch them. Some states also impose a minimum length requirement to prevent gar from being caught at too early an age. Scientists have found that

5015-427: The government planned to accept bids on 169 blocks, 47 of which are within 110 kilometers (70 mi) of Tampico. It is expected that smaller companies will be active in the mature fields, such as those in this region. This area has extensive shale oil deposits, and the " U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates that Mexico has the world's eighth-largest shale-oil resources." Tampico's downtown architecture

5100-440: The gulf and bring high winds that can reach 50 km/h (37 mph) with gusts of 70 to 80 km/h (43 to 50 mph). Tampico is also located in a hurricane area, but it has not been directly affected by one since October 1966. On rare occasions, the city experiences surprisingly low temperatures for its zone; during late January and early February 2011, a cold wave caused temperatures to drop to 5 °C (41 °F), with

5185-466: The important site at Las Flores , which flourished between AD 1000 and 1250. In 1532, during the Spanish colonial period , the Franciscan priest Andrés de Olmos established a mission and monastery in the area, building over a former Huastec village. At his request, Spanish officials founded a settlement named San Luis de Tampico in 1554. This site was abandoned in 1684, and the population relocated to

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5270-513: The lieutenant colonel of engineers, Francisco Pocelli, sailed up the Pánuco River from Tampico in a steamboat and arrived at Tamuín. This event was quite memorable for the region, since it was the first time a steamboat had traversed there. By a decree of 30 June 1845 issued by the Assembly of the Department of San Luis Potosí, the ayuntamiento ( municipio government) of Tamuín was transferred to

5355-554: The lowest being 0 °C (32 °F) in the morning and noon of 4 February. In February 1895, snow was reported to have fallen in Tampico. This is the North American record for the farthest south report of snow at a coastal location, and makes Tampico one of the few places where snow has fallen in the tropics at sea level. The metropolitan area of Tampico, Ciudad Madero, and Altamira is served by General Francisco Javier Mina International Airport ( IATA airport code : TAM ), which

5440-461: The male longnose gar. Females live 22 years, and males about half as long. There are spots on the head, dorsal , anal , and caudal fins . Depending on the water clarity , the longnose gar comes in two colors. In clear water, they're a dark deep green color. In muddy waters, it is more brown in color. Edges of the ganoid scales and in between are black. These types of gar are occasionally fished by locals, and blamed for eating other fish in

5525-479: The middle of Tamuín. It joins the Moctezuma River to form the Pánuco River , which empties into the Gulf of Mexico . This region contains the following lagoons : Los Patitos, Tansey, Brasil, San José del Limón, Palmas Cortadas and Mirador. The climate is hot for most of the year, turning to between cool and cold between November and February. La Huasteca was the territory of the Wastek (Huastec) ethnicity,

5610-523: The most important sites of the Huastec culture: Tamtok, El Consuelo, and Tzintzin-Lujub. Tamtok or Tamtoc is a site of the highest importance in the archaeological history of the Huasteca region. Situated in a plain within a large bend of the Tampaón River and dominated by two great natural hills which are often at first glance mistaken for pyramids, the site comprises 50 small and medium sized mounds. There

5695-447: The northeast, and Tamuín continued in the administrative status of a simple village ( pueblo ). In 1793 the Franciscan friar, Fray Cristóbal Herrera Alcorcha described it in his report on the missions as the “Sanctuary of Tamud or Tamuín”. Under the constitution of the newly independent Mexican Republic , promulgated in 1824, the provinces of the former colony were transformed into " free and sovereign states ". The first constitution of

5780-462: The oil fields to Tuxpan. During the Mexican Revolution , on April 9, 1914, 10 Mexican soldiers and nine U.S. Navy sailors from the USS Dolphin confronted each other in a failure to communicate as U.S. forces tried to get fuel supplies. General Victoriano Huerta 's forces in the city were threatened by different groups from both north and south. The Americans were arrested and later freed, but

5865-513: The other being in Ciudad Victoria . The major schools of medicine, engineering, nursing, dentistry, architecture, and business are based here. Multiple high schools , both private and public, are located in Tampico. The local professional football team, Tampico Madero F.C. , was founded in 1945 and is also known as La Jaiba Brava . They currently play in the Ascenso MX , the second tier of

5950-408: The pelvic girdle resembles that of other actinopterygians while still having some of its own characteristics. Gars have a postcleithrun - which is a bone that is lateral to the scapula, but do not have postpectorals. Proximally to the postcleithrum, the supracleithrum is important as it plays a critical role in opening the gar's jaws. This structure has a unique internal coracoid lamina only present in

6035-597: The region, but in September, General Antonio López de Santa Anna forced the Spanish troops to surrender, and Mexican control of Tampico was reestablished. The first oil well in Mexico was drilled near Tampico at Ébano, S.L.P. , in 1901, by Californian Edward Doheny , who founded the Mexican Petroleum Corporation . In the early 20th century, there was extensive U.S. investment in oil development in Tampico, with

6120-467: The related genera Strongylura , Tylosurus , and Xenentodon of the family Belonidae . The generic name Lepisosteus comes from the Greek lepis meaning "scale" and osteon meaning "bone". Atractosteus is similarly derived from Greek, in this case from atraktos , meaning arrow. Gars are considered to be the only surviving members of the Ginglymodi , a group of bony fish that flourished in

6205-430: The result of environmental pressures and behavioral factors. As a result of this organ, they are extremely resilient and able to tolerate conditions that most other fish could not survive. The gar has paired pectoral fins and pelvic fins, as well as an anal fin, a caudal fin, and a dorsal fin. The bone structures within the fins are important to study as they can show homology throughout the fossil record. Specifically,

6290-527: The rivers. The longnose gar has a large range of territory in North America , into the Gulf of Mexico . Located in Florida , Quebec , all Great Lakes except Lake Superior , Missouri , Mississippi , Texas , and northern Mexico . The flesh of gar is edible, but its eggs contain an ichthyotoxin , a type of protein toxin which is highly toxic to humans. The protein can be denatured when brought to

6375-455: The site is due to Walter Staub, who in 1919 published an article with photographs of various sculptures. By 1946, the investigator Wilfrido Du Solier conducted excavations in El Consuelo ranch and in several buildings and discovered the so called Polychrome Altar. Work was discontinued until 1981 when numerous architectural elements were stabilized. In 1990 the work of exploring and reconstructing

6460-570: The skin for breastplates, and early American pioneers covered the blades of their plows with gar skin. It is suspected that gars have an unusually strong DNA repair apparatus. If confirmed by further studies, it could be used in medical treatments against human diseases like cancer. Not much is known about the precise function of the gar in Native American religion and culture other than the ritual "garfish dances" that have been performed by Creek and Chickasaw tribes. Tampico Tampico

6545-551: The south of the Pánuco River because of frequent attacks by pirates. The area was abandoned for nearly 150 years. The present city was founded on April 13, 1823, on the north bank of the Pánuco River about 10 kilometers (6 mi) from the Gulf, after Mexico achieved independence from Spain . Tampico built its economy on the exportation of silver; business development was mostly as a trading center and market town of an agricultural region. In August 1829, Spain sent troops from Cuba to invade Tampico in an effort to regain control of

6630-473: The state of Veracruz . Tampico has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen : Aw ), defined as such based on the mean average temperature of 18 °C (65 °F) for January as well as on precipitation patterns. Its weather, though relatively mild in spring and autumn, is hot in the summer; the average high reaches 32 °C (90 °F) in August, with an average low of 23 °C (74 °F). Winters are warm;

6715-591: The water clouds [sic] in the Wastek language . It occupies 133 hectares on the banks of the Tamuín River, an hour's drive by highway from Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí. It was discovered at the end of the 19th century. In about 1937 the first report was made of archaeological monuments located in what was then the El Aserradero ranch, where Tamtok lies. In recent times, some have argued that the ancient city might have been as big as Teotihuacán . Between 1962 and 1965

6800-587: The waters of Lake Michigan , the Lake Erie Basin , the Mississippi River System , and river drainages along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico from the Nueces River in Texas east to the lower Apalachicola River in Florida . It shares its habitat with the alligator gar , its main predator. These smaller gar live an average of 18 years. The shortnose gar ( Lepisosteus platostomus )

6885-478: Was 297,554, both ranking fifth in the state of Tamaulipas. The population of the Tampico—Ciudad Madero—Altamira metropolitan area was estimated at 859,419 people in 2010. The municipality has an area of 92.73 square kilometres (35.80 sq mi). The city is located on the north bank of the Pánuco River , about 10 kilometers (6 mi) inland from the Gulf of Mexico , and directly north of

6970-466: Was 47 in (120 cm) around the girth. Even the smaller species, such as Lepisosteus oculatus , are large, commonly reaching lengths of over 60 cm (2.0 ft), and sometimes much longer. Gars tend to be slow-moving fish except when striking at their prey. They prefer the shallow and weedy areas of rivers, lakes, and bayous , often congregating in small groups. They are voracious predators, catching their prey in their needle-like teeth with

7055-511: Was built between the 8th and 16th centuries and was depopulated at the time of the Spanish conquest. Among the major archaeological zones of Huasteca – which runs from the south of Tamaulipas State east to the northern part of Veracruz State and south to the eastern parts of the States of San Luis Potosí and Hidalgo – are Tancol, Las Flores, Castillo de Teayo , Tantoc (Tamtok), Agua Nueva, and Yahualica. The El Consuelo site

7140-562: Was found by Brownstein et al . (2022): † Obaichthyidae † Nhanulepisosteus † Masillosteus † Cuneatus † Herreraichthys Atractosteus [REDACTED] † Oniichthys (" Atractosteus " falipoui ) Lepisosteus [REDACTED] A slightly different phylogeny was found by Cooper et al (2023): † Obaichthyidae † Nhanulepisosteus † Masillosteus † Cuneatus † Grandemarinus Atractosteus [REDACTED] † Oniichthys Lepisosteus [REDACTED] Fossils indicate that gars formerly had

7225-519: Was originally used for a species of needlefish ( Belone belone ) found in the North Atlantic and likely took its name from the Old English word for "spear". Belone belone is now more commonly referred to as the "garfish" or "gar fish" to avoid confusion with the North American gars of the family Lepisosteidae. Confusingly, the name "garfish" is also commonly used for a number of other species of

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