63-551: The Taedonggang Battery Factory( Korean : 대동강축전지공장 ) , located in Saemaŭl-dong, P'yŏngch'ŏn-guyŏk , P'yŏngyang , North Korea , is a factory producing batteries for vehicles and power plants. It is served by rail via the P'yŏngnam Line of the Korean State Railway . It was built in 1975 with Soviet aid, becoming operational in 1982 and subsequently expanded in 1987. The factory, with
126-461: A or - ya towards one who is older than oneself or holds a higher status than oneself. Middle Korean had three classes of the vocative case but practically only -아 / -야 is remaining in everyday life. -여 / -이여 is only used in literature and archaic expressions, and -하 has completely disappeared. See Korean vocative case for more information. Ssi (씨, 氏) is the most commonly used honorific used amongst people of approximately equal speech level. It
189-402: A / - ya is used only between close friends and people who are familiar with each other, and its use between strangers or distant acquaintances would be considered extremely rude. - ya / - a is only used hierarchically horizontally or downwards: an adult or parent may use it for young children, and those with equal social standing may use it with each other, but a young individual will not use -
252-484: A Korean influence on Khitan. The hypothesis that Korean could be related to Japanese has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as Samuel E. Martin and Roy Andrew Miller . Sergei Starostin (1991) found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list . Some linguists concerned with
315-477: A core vowel. The IPA symbol ⟨ ◌͈ ⟩ ( U+0348 ◌͈ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW ) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/ . Its official use in the extensions to the IPA is for "strong" articulation, but is used in the literature for faucalized voice . The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice , but it is not yet known how typical this
378-453: A formal situation or when addressing acquaintances or strangers, regardless of their age or social status (except pre-adolescent children). The following are honorific endings for the four major types of sentences: Declarative: 습니다 Interrogative: 십니까 Prepositive: 습시다 Imperative: 시요, 십시오 However, one does not need to use honorific endings when speaking to close friends or family members, making honorifics optional. In this situation, consider
441-541: A later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families. Since the establishment of two independent governments, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation and vocabulary chosen. However, these minor differences can be found in any of the Korean dialects , which are still largely mutually intelligible . The Chinese language , written with Chinese characters and read with Sino-Xenic pronunciations ,
504-473: A phenomenon known as pronoun avoidance . The most common terms of address are kinship terms, which are divided into plain and honorific levels. The honorific suffix -님 ( -nim ) is affixed to many kinship terms to make them honorific. Thus, someone may address his own grandmother as 할머니 ( halmeoni ) but refer to someone else's grandmother as 할머님 ( halmeonim ). Unlike the Japanese language , which allows
567-562: A possible relationship.) Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre- Nivkh substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric ) were once distributed on the Korean Peninsula before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. Korean syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, glide /j, w, ɰ/ and final coda /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ surrounding
630-449: A proper noun) is the highest form of honorifics and above ssi . Nim will follow addressees' names on letters/emails and postal packages. It is often roughly translated as "Mr." or "Ms./Mrs.". -nim (as an affix) is used as a commonplace honorific for guests, customers, clients, and unfamiliar individuals. -nim is also used towards someone who is revered and admired for having a significant amount of skill, intellect, knowledge, etc. and
693-420: A sense of politeness. Although honorific form of 너 ( neo , singular "you") is 당신 ( dangsin , literally, "friend" or "dear"), that term is used only as a form of address in a few specific social contexts, such as between people who are married to each other, or in an ironic sense between strangers. Other words are usually substituted where possible (e.g., the person's name, a kinship term , a professional title,
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#1733104645671756-482: A sentence referent in subject or dative position through the application of lexical choices such as honorific particles. There is no honorific expression for inanimate '에(-e)'. The honorific version of '에게(-ege)' is '께(-kke)'. For example, while - 선생님- (- seonsaengnim-) 'teacher' is neutral and -선생님이- (- seonsaengnimi-) denotes the role of the noun as the subject of the sentence, -선생님께서- (- seonsaengnimkkeseo-) still means 'teacher', but it indicates that
819-534: A small age gap. The current Korean custom of deciding whether to use honorifics based on age in Korea was influenced by Japanese colonial occupation era. Before 1945, Japan operated its military and schools under a strict rank-and-file system, and the ranking based on age and seniority was stricter than it is now. These elements of the Japanese military system had a great influence on South and North Korean society. After Japan
882-448: A system based on politeness and closeness. Hierarchical based honorific ending are forgone with relationships such as one between older and younger sibling in which the younger sibling uses the “어/아” endings in place of 어요/아요” without change in respect, instead, exhibiting closeness in the relationship. Furthermore, the use of “chondae-n mal” (high formal speech) towards someone who is perceived as close could be rude and insensitive, whereas,
945-486: A title to be used alone for addressing people when an honorific expression is required (e.g., 先生 (sensei) teacher, 社長 (shacho) company president, 教授 (kyojyu) professor), Korean does not allow lone titles for addressing people. It is impolite to address someone as 사장 (sajang) president, 교수 (gyosu) professor, etc. without a suffix such as the honorific suffix -님 ( -nim ) except when addressing social equals or those lower in status. '상대 높임법 (Addressee Honorification)' refers to
1008-429: A title. Hubae (후배, 後輩) is used to refer to juniors. Usually, people in senior and junior relationships call each other '선배님 (Seonbaenim)' (e.g. Chaeryeong seonbaenim 채령 선배님) and '후배님(Hubaenim)' at the first meeting. Gun (군, 君) is used moderately in formal occasions (such as weddings), for young, unmarried males. gun is also used to address young boys by an adult. yang (양, 孃) is the female equivalent of gun and
1071-936: A total area of 165,000 m (1,780,000 sq ft), employs 4,500 workers. References [ edit ] ^ "The Taedonggang Battery Factory in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea" . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . ^ Dormels, Rainer (2014). "Profiles of the cities of DPR Korea - Pyongyang" (PDF) . Universität Wien . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taedonggang_Battery_Factory&oldid=1256499147 " Categories : Manufacturing companies of North Korea Soviet foreign aid Korea–Soviet Union relations Hidden category: Articles containing Korean-language text Korean language Korean ( South Korean : 한국어 , Hanguk-eo ; North Korean : 조선어 , Chosŏnŏ )
1134-600: Is 'making oneself lower'; the speaker can use honorific forms and also use humble forms to make themselves lower. The honorific system is reflected in honorific particles, verbs with special honorific forms or honorific markers and special honorific forms of nouns that includes terms of address. The age of each other, including the slight age difference, affects whether or not to use honorifics. Korean language speakers in South Korea and North Korea , except in very intimate situations, use different honorifics depending on whether
1197-424: Is a higher position (age, title, etc.) than the person you are referring to. "부장 님 , 이 과장 님께서는 지금 자리에 안 계십니다 (bujang nim , I gwajang nimkkeseoneun jigeum jarie an gyesimnida )" This means, "General Manager, Manager Lee is not at his desk now", with the bolded parts elevating the manager higher than the general manager, even though they both are in a higher position than you. The general manager would be offended by
1260-603: Is also generated by longstanding alliances, military involvement, and diplomacy, such as between South Korea–United States and China–North Korea since the end of World War II and the Korean War . Along with other languages such as Chinese and Arabic , Korean is ranked at the top difficulty level for English speakers by the United States Department of Defense . Modern Korean descends from Middle Korean , which in turn descends from Old Korean , which descends from
1323-656: Is an agglutinative language . The Korean language is traditionally considered to have nine parts of speech . Modifiers generally precede the modified words, and in the case of verb modifiers, can be serially appended. The sentence structure or basic form of a Korean sentence is subject–object–verb (SOV), but the verb is the only required and immovable element and word order is highly flexible, as in many other agglutinative languages. Question 가게에 gage-e store- LOC 가셨어요? ga-syeo-sseo-yo go- HON . PAST - CONJ - POL 가게에 가셨어요? gage-e ga-syeo-sseo-yo store-LOC go-HON.PAST-CONJ-POL 'Did [you] go to
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#17331046456711386-410: Is attached after the full name, such as ' Lee Seokmin ssi'' (이석민 씨) , or simply after the first name, ''Seokmin ssi'' (석민 씨) if the speaker is more familiar with someone. Appending ssi to the surname, for instance ''Park ssi'' (박 씨) can be quite rude, as it indicates the speaker considers himself to be of a higher social status than the person he is speaking to. Nim ( Hangul : 님) (by itself after
1449-511: Is closer to a near-open central vowel ( [ɐ] ), though ⟨a⟩ is still used for tradition. Grammatical morphemes may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include -eun/-neun ( -은/-는 ) and -i/-ga ( -이/-가 ). Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include -eul/-reul ( -을/-를 ), -euro/-ro ( -으로/-로 ), -eseo/-seo ( -에서/-서 ), -ideunji/-deunji ( -이든지/-든지 ) and -iya/-ya ( -이야/-야 ). Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically. Korean
1512-739: Is informal addressee-raising and the '해 체 ( hae form)' which is informal addressee-lowering. For example, you can write the following sentence differently by using different closing expressions. "Read this book." "이 책을 읽으십시오. (I chaegeul ilgeusipsio. )" : It uses '하십시오 체 (hasipsio form)'. "이 책을 읽으시오. (I chaegeul ilgeusio. )" : It uses '하오 체 (hao form)'. "이 책을 읽게. (I chaegeul ilgge. )" : It uses '하게 체 (hage form)'. "이 책을 읽어라. (I chaegeul ilgeora. )" : It uses '해라 체 (haera form)'. "이 책을 읽어요. (I chaegeul ilgeoyo. )" : It uses '해요 체 (haeyo form)'. "이 책을 읽어. (I chaegeul ilgeo. )" : It uses '해 체 (hae form)'. One must use honorific sentence endings (습니다 and/or 에요/요) in
1575-399: Is mainly reserved for specific circumstances such as newspapers, scholarly papers and disambiguation. Today Hanja is largely unused in everyday life but is still important for historical and linguistic studies. The Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in both South Korea and North Korea. The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo , which is thought to be
1638-399: Is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx. /s/ is aspirated [sʰ] and becomes an alveolo-palatal [ɕʰ] before [j] or [i] for most speakers (but see North–South differences in the Korean language ). This occurs with
1701-534: Is the native language for about 81 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It is the national language of both North Korea and South Korea . Beyond Korea, the language is recognized as a minority language in parts of China , namely Jilin , and specifically Yanbian Prefecture , and Changbai County . It is also spoken by Sakhalin Koreans in parts of Sakhalin , the Russian island just north of Japan, and by
1764-405: Is the humble form of 나 ( na , "I") and 저희 ( jeohui ) is the humble form of 우리 ( uri , "we")). However, Korean language allows for coherent syntax without pronouns, effectively making Korean a so-called pro-drop language ; thus, Koreans avoid using the second-person singular pronoun, especially when using honorific forms. Third-person pronouns are occasionally avoided as well, mainly to maintain
1827-549: Is used for people who are of a higher rank than oneself. Examples include family members ( eomeonim 어머님 & abeonim 아버님), teachers ( seonsaengnim 선생님), clergy (e.g. pastors – moksanim 목사님), and gods ( haneunim 하느님 / hananim 하나님). Seonbae (선배, 先輩) is used to address senior colleagues or mentor figures relating to oneself (e.g. older students in school, older/more experienced athletes, mentors, senior colleagues in academia, business, work, etc.). As with English titles such as Doctor, seonbae can be used either by itself or as
1890-438: Is used to address young girls. Both are used in a similar fashion to ssi , following either the whole name or the first name in solitude. For example, if the boy's name is '김유겸 (Kim Yugyeom)', it is used as '김유겸 군 (Kim Yugyeom-gun) 유겸 군 (Yugyeom-gun)'. And if the girl's name is '임나연 (Im Nayeon)', she can be called as '임나연 양 (Im Nayeon-yang)' or '나연 양 (Nayeon-yang)'. When speaking to someone about another person, you must calculate
1953-716: Is well attested in Western Old Japanese and Northern Ryukyuan languages , in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the Southern Ryukyuan language group . Also, the doublet wo meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyuan languages. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. (See Classification of the Japonic languages or Comparison of Japanese and Korean for further details on
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2016-511: The Koryo-saram in parts of Central Asia . The language has a few extinct relatives which—along with the Jeju language (Jejuan) of Jeju Island and Korean itself—form the compact Koreanic language family . Even so, Jejuan and Korean are not mutually intelligible . The linguistic homeland of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in contemporary Manchuria . The hierarchy of the society from which
2079-523: The yangban aristocracy, who looked down upon it too easy to learn. However, it gained widespread use among the common class and was widely used to print popular novels which were enjoyed by the common class. Since few people could understand official documents written in classical Chinese, Korean kings sometimes released public notices entirely written in Hangul as early as the 16th century for all Korean classes, including uneducated peasants and slaves. By
2142-570: The Proto-Koreanic language , which is generally suggested to have its linguistic homeland somewhere in Manchuria . Whitman (2012) suggests that the proto-Koreans, already present in northern Korea, expanded into the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and
2205-557: The Three Kingdoms of Korea (not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula), while " -eo " and " -mal " mean "language" and "speech", respectively. Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo , literally "national language". This name is based on the same Han characters ( 國語 "nation" + "language") that are also used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China ,
2268-403: The vocative case markers which grammatically identify a person (animal, object etc.) being addressed so that they eliminate possible grammatical ambiguities. -a or -ya ( Hangul : 아, 야) is a casual title used at the end of names. It is not gender exclusive. If a name ends in a consonant -a is used (e.g. Jinyoung-a 진영아), while - ya is used if the name ends in a vowel (e.g. Yeji-ya 예지야). -
2331-868: The 17th century, the yangban had exchanged Hangul letters with slaves, which suggests a high literacy rate of Hangul during the Joseon era. In the context of growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the Gabo Reform of 1894 abolished the Confucian examinations and decreed that government documents would be issued in Hangul instead of literary Chinese. Some newspapers were published entirely in Hangul, but other publications used Korean mixed script , with Hanja for Sino-Korean vocabulary and Hangul for other elements. North Korea abolished Hanja in writing in 1949, but continues to teach them in schools. Their usage in South Korea
2394-408: The 20th century. The script uses 24 basic letters ( jamo ) and 27 complex letters formed from the basic ones. When first recorded in historical texts, Korean was only a spoken language . Since the turn of the 21st century, aspects of Korean culture have spread to other countries through globalization and cultural exports . As such, interest in Korean language acquisition (as a foreign language )
2457-465: The addressee - some like to be addressed with respect while others prefer friendliness. Declarative: 어/아 Interrogative: 어/아 Prepositive: 어/아 Imperative: 어/아 The setting, ages, occupations, and other factors contribute to the relations between speaker, addressee, and the referent within this system. Traditionally the Korean honorifics were based on hierarchical relation in society, such as rank in occupations, but this has changed over time to develop into
2520-455: The beginnings of words. /l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and [l] or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/ . A written syllable-final ' ㄹ ', when followed by a vowel or a glide ( i.e. , when the next character starts with ' ㅇ '), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ] . Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before [j] , and otherwise became /n/ . However,
2583-622: The fact that you elevated the manager above him. However, '압존법(Relative honorifics)' in the workplace is far from Korean traditional language etiquette. In front of the superior, lowering another superior who is in a lower position may apply in private relationships, such as between family members and between teacher and student. But it is awkward to use it at the workplace. Therefore, the above sentence can be modified according to workplace etiquette as follows. "부장 님 , 이 과장 님은 지금 자리에 안 계십니다 . (Bujang nim , I gwajang nimeun jigeum jarie an gyesimnida .)" Korean also has humble speech, usually denoted with
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2646-399: The first Korean dynasty known to Western nations. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram or Koryo-in (literally, " Koryo/Goryeo persons"), and call the language Koryo-mal' . Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the nation, and its inflected form for the language, culture and people, "Korea" becoming more popular in
2709-479: The inflow of western loanwords changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or [l] . All obstruents (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with no audible release , [p̚, t̚, k̚] . Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ become nasals [m, n, ŋ] before nasal sounds. Hangul spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains
2772-408: The issue between Japanese and Korean, including Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities are not due to any genetic relationship , but rather to a sprachbund effect and heavy borrowing, especially from Ancient Korean into Western Old Japanese . A good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asá , meaning " hemp ". This word seems to be a cognate, but although it
2835-618: The language is most often called Joseon-mal , or more formally, Joseon-o . This is taken from the North Korean name for Korea (Joseon), a name retained from the Joseon dynasty until the proclamation of the Korean Empire , which in turn was annexed by the Empire of Japan . In mainland China , following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term Cháoxiǎnyǔ or
2898-466: The language originates deeply influences the language, leading to a system of speech levels and honorifics indicative of the formality of any given situation. Modern Korean is written in the Korean script ( 한글 ; Hangeul in South Korea, 조선글 ; Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea), a system developed during the 15th century for that purpose, although it did not become the primary script until
2961-451: The late 1800s. In South Korea the Korean language is referred to by many names including hanguk-eo ("Korean language"), hanguk-mal ("Korean speech") and uri-mal ("our language"); " hanguk " is taken from the name of the Korean Empire ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ; Daehan Jeguk ). The " han " ( 韓 ) in Hanguk and Daehan Jeguk is derived from Samhan , in reference to
3024-424: The other person's year of birth is one year or more older, or the same year, or one year or more younger. However, some Koreans feel that it is unreasonable to distinguish between the use of honorifics based on a small age difference and try to distinguish between the use of honorifics based on intimacy within a small age difference. But their influence is weak. Also, regardless of whether or not honorifics are used, if
3087-490: The plural 여러분 yeoreobun , or no word at all, relying on context to supply meaning instead). The National Institute of Korean Language classifies nim/ssi/gun/yang as dependent nouns that follow a proper noun , and they prescribe that a space should appear between a noun and its dependent noun. (e.g. Jaebeom nim 재범 님) This is not to be confused with the affix -nim used with common nouns , since affixes are written without spaces. (e.g. seonsaengnim 선생님) Korean has
3150-459: The population was illiterate. In the 15th century King Sejong the Great personally developed an alphabetic featural writing system , known today as Hangul , to promote literacy among the common people. Introduced in the document Hunminjeongeum , it was called eonmun ('colloquial script') and quickly spread nationwide to increase literacy in Korea. The Korean alphabet was denounced by
3213-468: The relative difference in position between the person you are referring to and the person you are speaking to. This is known as apjonbeop 압존법(壓尊法) or “relative honorifics”. '압존법 (Relative honorifics)' is usually used in the home or relationship between teacher and student. For example, "할아버지, 아버지 가 아직 안 왔습니다 . (Harabeoji, abeoji ga ajik an watseumnida .)" means "Grandfather, father hasn't come yet." Both grandfather and father are in higher position than
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#17331046456713276-474: The sentence in which it occurs is an honorific sentence and the speaker is treating the subject, - 선생님- (- seonsaengnim-) , courteously. In the Korean language, the honorific form of first person pronouns are humble forms, which speakers use to refer to themselves with humble pronouns and humble verb forms to make themselves lower. Korean second person pronouns do not appear in honorific conversation and professional titles and kinship terms are used instead,
3339-660: The short form Cháoyǔ has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and Yanbian , whereas Hánguóyǔ or the short form Hányǔ is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea. Korean is a member of the Koreanic family along with the Jeju language . Some linguists have included it in the Altaic family, but the core Altaic proposal itself has lost most of its prior support. The Khitan language has several vocabulary items similar to Korean that are not found in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages, suggesting
3402-408: The speaker is referring to themself in polite situations. These include 드리다 ( deurida ) and 올리다 ( ollida ) for 주다 ( juda , "give"). 드리다 ( deurida ) is substituted for 주다 ( juda ) when the latter is used as an auxiliary verb , while 올리다 ( ollida , literally "raise up") is used for 주다 ( juda ) in the sense of "offer". Pronouns in Korean have their own set of polite equivalents (e.g., 저 ( jeo )
3465-417: The speaker, but grandfather is much higher than father. In this special case, Korean do not use honorific expression on father to admire grandfather. Therefore, in this sentence, "아버지 가 (abeoji ga )" is used rather than "아버지 께서 (abeoji kkeseo )" and " 왔습니다(watseumnida) " rather than " 오셨습니다 (osyeotseumnida) ". For example, one must change the post positional particle and verb if the person you are speaking to
3528-431: The store?' Response 예/네. ye/ne AFF Korean honorifics The Korean language has a system of linguistic honorifics that reflects the social status of participants. Speakers use honorifics to indicate their social relationship with the addressee and/or subject of the conversation, concerning their age, social status , gender , degree of intimacy, and situation. One basic rule of Korean honorifics
3591-441: The tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (example: beoseot ( 버섯 ) 'mushroom'). /h/ may become a bilabial [ɸ] before [o] or [u] , a palatal [ç] before [j] or [i] , a velar [x] before [ɯ] , a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a [h] elsewhere. /p, t, t͡ɕ, k/ become voiced [b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ] between voiced sounds. /m, n/ frequently denasalize at
3654-464: The underlying, partly historical morphology . Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word. The traditional prohibition of word-initial /ɾ/ became a morphological rule called "initial law" ( 두음법칙 ) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial /ɾ/ in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example, ^NOTE ㅏ
3717-486: The use of “pan mal” towards one who is a stranger or distant in social relation would be rude. When the subject of the conversation is older or has higher seniority than the speaker, the Korean honorific system primarily index the subject by adding the honorific suffix -시 ( -si ) or -으시 ( -eusi ) into the stem verb. Thus, 가다 ( gada , "to go") becomes 가시다 ( gasida ). A few verbs have suppletive honorific forms: A few verbs have suppletive humble forms, used when
3780-471: The way the speaker uses honorifics towards the listener. '상대 높임법 (Addressee Honorification)' is the most developed honorification in Korean Language which is mainly realized by the closing expression, which is then largely divided into formal and informal forms, and categorised into 6 stages according to the degree of honorific. Formal forms include: Informal forms include the '해요 체 ( haeyo form)' which
3843-466: The year of birth is more than a year apart, no matter how close people are, Korean people do not think of each other as friends. It's often known that Korea is a custom that arose from being influenced more by Confucianism than Japan, but this is not true. Until the Joseon dynasty era, unlike today, on the Korean Peninsula, age was not considered as severe, so it was a culture of making friends within
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#17331046456713906-560: Was defeated in 1945, this culture of arrangement was greatly weakened in Japanese society due to the disbandment of the Japanese military and the establishment of a civilian government, but in South Korea and North Korea, elements of the Japanese military permeated every corner of the society due to the influence of the dictatorship. Therefore, unlike other countries, it is common in South and North Korea to frequently ask people about their age. The Korean language can index deference or respect toward
3969-487: Was first introduced to Korea in the 1st century BC, and remained the medium of formal writing and government until the late 19th century. Korean scholars adapted Chinese characters (known in Korean as Hanja ) to write their own language, creating scripts known as idu , hyangchal , gugyeol , and gakpil. These systems were cumbersome, due to the fundamental disparities between the Korean and Chinese languages, and accessible only to those educated in classical Chinese. Most of
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