178-509: Tablighi Jamaat ( Urdu : تبلیغی جماعت lit. ' Society of Preachers ' , also translated as "propagation party" or "preaching party") is an international Islamic religious movement . It focuses on exhorting Muslims to be more religiously observant and encourages fellow members to return to practise their religion according to the teachings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , and secondarily give dawah (calling) to non-Muslims. "One of
356-747: A Member of the Punjab Provincial Assembly and the Punjab Legislative Assembly for over 20 years. Yasin Khan's political leadership created three infamous political dynasties in the region, the Tayyab Husain clan , Rahim Khan clan and the Ahmed clan . Khan guided two political leaders during his lifetime, his own son, Tayyab Husain as well as Khurshid Ahmed . Later on, Rahim Khan also emerged as political leader in rebellion to these two in
534-633: A dialect continuum ranging from Persianised to Sanskritised vocabulary, but now they are more and more different in words due to politics. Old Urdu dictionaries also contain most of the Sanskrit words now present in Hindi. Mutual intelligibility decreases in literary and specialised contexts that rely on academic or technical vocabulary. In a longer conversation, differences in formal vocabulary and pronunciation of some Urdu phonemes are noticeable, though many native Hindi speakers also pronounce these phonemes. At
712-467: A Delhi rebel leader, prompting Balban's intervention. Balban's forces engaged in a pitched battle, resulting in heavy casualties among the Mewatis and forcing the rebels to flee. By 1260, the Mewatis had regrouped under a new leader, Malkha. In response to ongoing raids and unrest, Balban launched a second campaign. His forces captured Mewat's operations capital, and conducted a thorough and brutal suppression of
890-529: A Muslim reaches "perfection". Tablighi Jamaat follows an informal organisational structure and keeps an introverted institutional profile. It has been described as "a free-floating religious movement with minimal dependence on hierarchy, leadership positions, and decision-making procedures." It keeps its distance from the mass media and avoids publishing details about its activities and membership. The group also exercises complete abstinence from expressing opinions on political and controversial issues, mainly to avoid
1068-717: A Muslim state be established without such politics? But those who should participate in politics must be scholars, scholars must be scholars according to the correct understanding of the Book (Qur'an) and Sunnah (ideology of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad) and according to the understanding of the Salaf al-Saliheen, etc., and that is why we agree with them (the Tabligh Jamaat) on this issue, we agree with them in general, but we do not agree with them in detail, so now we say: leaving politics
1246-406: A core vocabulary of native Sanskrit and Prakrit derived words and a significant number of Arabic and Persian loanwords, with a consensus of linguists considering them to be two standardised forms of the same language and consider the differences to be sociolinguistic ; a few classify them separately. The two languages are often considered to be a single language (Hindustani or Hindi-Urdu) on
1424-512: A counter-terrorism operation in Russia led to the arrest of seven Tablighis and dismantled the terrorist cell affiliated to the Tablighi Jamaat. According to Russian intelligence, the terrorist cell was involved in dissemination of materials and radicalization. The Tablighi Jamaat has been banned in Russia since 2009. The Supreme Court of Russia also recommended the Tablighi Jamaat to be included into
1602-422: A discussion about six special Attributes that when achieved, will just make it easy to follow the entire Dīn . These objectives are: Dry-dock parable: Man is a ship in trouble in tumultuous sea. It is impossible to repair it without taking it away from the high seas where the waves of ignorance and the temptations of temporal life assail it. Its only chance is to come back to land to be dry-docked. The dry-dock
1780-524: A dream during his second pilgrimage to Mecca in 1926. Ilyas abandoned his teaching post at Madrasah Mazahir Uloom in Saharanpur and became a missionary for reforming Muslims (but he did not advocate preaching to non-Muslims). He relocated near Dargah Hazrat Nizamuddin in Delhi, where this movement was formally launched in 1926, or 1927. When setting the guidelines for the movement, he sought inspiration from
1958-460: A few months in groups of usually forty days and four months, to preach to Muslims reminding them of "the core teachings of the Prophet Muhammad" and encourage them to attend mosque prayers and sermons. Members "travel, eat, sleep, wash and pray together in the mosques and often observe strict regimens relating to dress and personal grooming". Established in 1926 by Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi , in
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#17328556104352136-537: A heavy influence on both as a co-official language. According to Bruce (2021), Urdu has adapted English words since the eighteenth century. A movement towards the hyper-Persianisation of an Urdu emerged in Pakistan since its independence in 1947 which is "as artificial as" the hyper-Sanskritised Hindi that has emerged in India; hyper-Persianisation of Urdu was prompted in part by the increasing Sanskritisation of Hindi. However,
2314-427: A life of "segregation between female and male". However they also engage in proselytizing activities, discussing among themselves in small groups the basics of Tabligh and traveling with their husbands (or another mahram ) on proselytizing trips. Tabligh inculcates in them that dawah is also important alongside taking care of their spouses or taking care of their children. According to a 1996 study by Barbara Metcalf,
2492-507: A literary medium for Indian writers from the Bombay Presidency, Bengal, Orissa Province, and Tamil Nadu as well. As Urdu and Hindi became means of religious and social construction for Muslims and Hindus respectively, each register developed its own script. According to Islamic tradition, Arabic , the language of Muhammad and the Qur'an , holds spiritual significance and power. Because Urdu
2670-577: A notable novel being Umrao Jaan Ada . According to the Navadirul Alfaz by Khan-i Arzu, the "Zaban-e Urdu-e Shahi" [language of the Imperial Camp] had attained special importance in the time of Alamgir ". By the end of the reign of Aurangzeb in the early 1700s, the common language around Delhi began to be referred to as Zaban-e-Urdu , a name derived from the Turkic word ordu (army) or orda and
2848-692: A phonological level, speakers of both languages are frequently aware of the Perso-Arabic or Sanskrit origins of their word choice, which affects the pronunciation of those words. Urdu speakers will often insert vowels to break up consonant clusters found in words of Sanskritic origin, but will pronounce them correctly in Arabic and Persian loanwords. As a result of religious nationalism since the partition of British India and continued communal tensions, native speakers of both Hindi and Urdu frequently assert that they are distinct languages. The grammar of Hindi and Urdu
3026-573: A policy continued by the Mughal Empire , which extended over most of northern South Asia from the 16th to 18th centuries and cemented Persian influence on Hindustani. Urdu was patronised by the Nawab of Awadh and in Lucknow , the language was refined, being not only spoken in the court, but by the common people in the city—both Hindus and Muslims; the city of Lucknow gave birth to Urdu prose literature, with
3204-620: A prolonged duration. Tabligh Jamaat encourages its followers to follow the pattern of spending "one night a week, one weekend a month, 40 continuous days a year, and ultimately 120 days at least once in their lives engaged in tabligh missions". During the course of these tours, members are generally seen dressed in simple, white, loose-clothing, carrying sleeping bags on their backs. These members use mosques as their base during this travel but particular mosques, due to more frequent tablighiyat activities, have come to be specifically associated with this organisation. These mosques generally hold
3382-494: A reformist movement. The Meos although Muslim, then had adopted Hindu traditions, attitudes and syncretism as Muslim political power declined long ago in the region, lacking the necessary acumen required to resist the cultural and religious influence of majority Hindus, prior to the arrival of Tablighi Jamaat. Tablighi Jamaat heavily influenced the culture in the region leading the Meos to mostly re-adopt traditionalist Sunni Islam under
3560-498: A sectarian divide of "Urdu" for Muslims and "Hindi" for Hindus, a divide that was formalised with the partition of colonial India into the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan after independence (though there are Hindu poets who continue to write in Urdu, including Gopi Chand Narang and Gulzar ). Urdu had been used as a literary medium for British colonial Indian writers from
3738-477: A significant role in the development of the Urdu register. Hindi became the distinct register spoken by those who sought to construct a Hindu identity in the face of colonial rule. As Hindi separated from Hindustani to create a distinct spiritual identity, Urdu was employed to create a definitive Islamic identity for the Muslim population in India. Urdu's use was not confined only to northern India – it had been used as
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#17328556104353916-594: A symbol of their religious identity. Hindus in northwestern India, under the Arya Samaj agitated against the sole use of the Perso-Arabic script and argued that the language should be written in the native Devanagari script, which triggered a backlash against the use of Hindi written in Devanagari by the Anjuman-e-Islamia of Lahore. Hindi in the Devanagari script and Urdu written in the Perso-Arabic script established
4094-477: A tribute to him. The joint effort of the Gandhian leaders and Yasin Khan had succeeded in checking the mass migration of thousands of the Meos. Many who had left India would return to Mewat in the proceeding months. Yasin Khan cemented his political leadership and legacy in the region and was generally revered as a hero by the Meos. Although in recent times, he has become a controversial figure. Yasin Khan served as
4272-419: A uniting language. Urdu was chosen as a symbol of unity for the new Dominion of Pakistan in 1947, because it had already served as a lingua franca among Muslims in north and northwest of British Indian Empire . Urdu is also seen as a repertory for the cultural and social heritage of Pakistan. While Urdu and Islam together played important roles in developing the national identity of Pakistan, disputes in
4450-460: A vehicle of poetry, (especially under the Bahmanids ), and is known as Dakhini , which contains loanwords from Telugu and Marathi . From the 13th century until the end of the 18th century; the language now known as Urdu was called Hindi , Hindavi , Hindustani , Dehlavi , Dihlawi , Lahori , and Lashkari . The Delhi Sultanate established Persian as its official language in India,
4628-459: A very significant number among the nearly 800 districts of India, there is a small Urdu-speaking minority at least. In Araria district , Bihar, there is a plurality of Urdu speakers and near-plurality in Hyderabad district, Telangana (43.35% Telugu speakers and 43.24% Urdu speakers). Some Indian Muslim schools ( Madrasa ) teach Urdu as a first language and have their own syllabi and exams. In fact,
4806-460: A village or neighborhood, it invites the local Muslims to assemble in the mosque to hear their message in the form of "Six Attributes". These six Attributes were derived from the lives of the companions of Muhammad, since Muslims believe Sahabah (companions) are the best human beings after Muhammad—It is stated in one hadith, "My Sahabah (companions) are like [guiding] stars, whosoever follows [any] one of them will be guided." The Six Sifāt are basically
4984-630: Is a Persianised register of the Hindustani language , an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia . It is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan , where it is also an official language alongside English . In India , Urdu is an Eighth Schedule language , the status and cultural heritage of which are recognised by the Constitution of India ; and it also has an official status in several Indian states. In Nepal , Urdu
5162-656: Is a registered regional dialect and in South Africa , it is a protected language in the constitution. It is also spoken as a minority language in Afghanistan and Bangladesh , with no official status. Urdu and Hindi share a common Sanskrit - and Prakrit -derived vocabulary base, phonology , syntax , and grammar, making them mutually intelligible during colloquial communication . While formal Urdu draws literary, political, and technical vocabulary from Persian , formal Hindi draws these aspects from Sanskrit; consequently,
5340-533: Is also part of the historical Braj region of India. The region roughly corresponds to the ancient kingdom of Matsya , founded in the 5th century BCE . There is little mention of the Mewat region in the classical era, although there are many speculative stories and legends. However, the earliest supposed records of this region and its surroundings can be found in the Mahabharata . The Bhadanakas are clearly related to
5518-507: Is estimated that nearly 50,000 members of Tablighi Jamaat are active in the United States. Members of Tabligh Jamat are allowed to follow their own fiqh as long as it does not deviate from Sunni Islam. Tablighi Jamaat defines its objective with reference to the concept of Dawah , the proselytizing or preaching of Islam. Tablighi Jamaat interprets Dawah as enjoining good and forbidding evil only and defines its objective within
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5696-449: Is for reform, not for politics, and after a long discussion of more than an hour when this Bathist ( Bath Party or Hizbul Bas, a political party in Syria) interrogator did not find any way to be considered from a legal point of view, He said: Go then, go and give your dars (teachings), but do not talk about politics, although I explained to him: We call upon ourselves by calling for reform, that
5874-459: Is laid on "A hadith about virtues of action" (imitating Muhammad). In the ahadith (reported sayings of Muhammad) of fazail (virtues) these has been called Eemaan (faith) and Ihtisab (for the sake of Allah) and Tablighi Jamaat believes this is the most vital deriving force for reward in akhirah (afterlife). The Tablighi Jamaat founder Ilyas preached that knowledge of virtues and A'amalu-Saliha (Good Deeds and Actions) takes precedence over
6052-515: Is not officially recognised by the Government of Bangladesh . The Urdu spoken by Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh is different from this dialect. Many bilingual or multi-lingual Urdu speakers, being familiar with both Urdu and English, display code-switching (referred to as " Urdish ") in certain localities and between certain social groups. On 14 August 2015, the Government of Pakistan launched
6230-610: Is on the study of the sacred scriptures of Islam : the Quran and the Hadith , and that the personal spiritual renewal that results will lead to reformation of society. However, the group has been accused of maintaining political links, and being used by members of Islamic terrorist organizations to recruit operatives. The emergence of Tablighi Jamaat also coincided closely with the rise of various Hindu revivalist movements such as Shuddhi (purification) and Sanghatan (consolidation) launched in
6408-488: Is one variety, is spoken much more widely, forming the third most commonly spoken language in the world, after Mandarin and English . The syntax (grammar), morphology , and the core vocabulary of Urdu and Hindi are essentially identical – thus linguists usually count them as one single language, while some contend that they are considered as two different languages for socio-political reasons. Owing to interaction with other languages, Urdu has become localised wherever it
6586-565: Is part of politics. Tablighi Jamaat has received criticism in the Indian subcontinent from the Barelvi movement. One of the main criticisms against them is that the men neglect and ignore their families, especially by going out on da'wa tours. Tablighi Jamaat participants, in response, argue that both genders should be equally engaged in Tabligh. They further say that women, like men, are also urged to carry
6764-572: Is read and written as in other parts of India. A number of daily newspapers and several monthly magazines in Urdu are published in these states. Dhakaiya Urdu is a dialect native to the city of Old Dhaka in Bangladesh , dating back to the Mughal era . However, its popularity, even among native speakers, has been gradually declining since the Bengali Language Movement in the 20th century. It
6942-512: Is recommended by Tabligh Jamaat elders for general reading. This set includes four books namely ( Hayatus Sahabah , Fazail-e-Amaal , Fazail-e-Sadqaat and Muntakhab Ahadith ). In its early days and in South Asia, the Tabligh movement aimed to return to orthodoxy and "purify" the Muslim religio-cultural identity of heterodox or "borderline" Muslims who still practised customs and religious rites connected with Hinduism. Especially to counteract
7120-543: Is said to have arisen as the "language of the camp", or " Zaban-i-Ordu " means " Language of High camps " or natively " Lashkari Zaban " means " Language of Army " even though term Urdu held different meanings at that time. It is recorded that Aurangzeb spoke in Hindvi, which was most likely Persianized, as there are substantial evidence that Hindvi was written in the Persian script in this period. During this time period Urdu
7298-475: Is shared, though formal Urdu makes more use of the Persian "-e-" izafat grammatical construct (as in Hammam-e-Qadimi , or Nishan-e-Haider ) than does Hindi. The following table shows the number of Urdu speakers in some countries. Mewat Mewat ( / ˈ m eɪ w ɑː t / ; Hindustani: [ˈmeːwaːt] ) is a historical and cultural region which encompasses parts of
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7476-648: Is spoken by large numbers of migrant South Asian workers in the major urban centres of the Persian Gulf countries. Urdu is also spoken by large numbers of immigrants and their children in the major urban centres of the United Kingdom , the United States, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Norway, and Australia. Along with Arabic , Urdu is among the immigrant languages with the most speakers in Catalonia . Religious and social atmospheres in early nineteenth century India played
7654-485: Is spoken, including in Pakistan. Urdu in Pakistan has undergone changes and has incorporated and borrowed many words from regional languages, thus allowing speakers of the language in Pakistan to distinguish themselves more easily and giving the language a decidedly Pakistani flavor. Similarly, the Urdu spoken in India can also be distinguished into many dialects such as the Standard Urdu of Lucknow and Delhi , as well as
7832-530: Is summoned at headquarters of the respective countries. A typical ijtema continues for three days and ends with an exceptionally long prayer. These gatherings are considered moments of intense blessings by Tabligh Jamaat members and are known to attract members in excess of 2 million in some countries. The oldest ijtema of the World started in Bhopal, capital city of Madhya Pradesh, India. It attracts people from all over
8010-720: Is the meaning of the word politics (siyasat)? That is: the policy of the people (siyasatun nas, b. in Arabic both policy and politics both are understood by the word siyasat) and establishing solutions to their problems, according to their present and future interests. We do not deny the need to involve ourselves in politics, but we have seen - and we have proof of this - that leaving politics is part of politics (ايّها المتأسلمون: من السياسه ترك السياسه) (Min as-Siyasah Taraqa al-Siyasah, from Politics (comes) to leave politics (the matter of)/the matter of leaving politics comes/came from politics). One has to participate in politics temporarily or temporarily, but it cannot be abandoned, otherwise how can
8188-544: Is the mosque of the jamaat. — from the book Travellers in Faith The activism of Tablighi Jamaat can be characterised by the last of the Six Principles. This principle, Tafrigh-i-Waqt (English: sparing of time) justifies the withdrawal from World, though temporarily, for travelling. Travel has been adopted as the most effective method of personal reform and has become an emblematic feature of organisation. They describe
8366-694: Is to return to the Qur'an and the Sunnah as you have always heard and all your life. Stay, and I've explained it before, but now you go back to that: But don't get involved in politics. So this forces me to point out a few things to you. It is true that we do not engage in politics. Because getting involved in politics is not part of Islam, it is not right. Politics is part of Islam, and some Islamic scholars are familiar with Ibn Taymiyyah's book "Siyasah Shariah, Qadiman wa Hadisan" (Politics/policy of Shariah, Past and Present). The Islamic state does not fall outside politics, and what
8544-471: Is used in education , literature , office and court business, although in practice, English is used instead of Urdu in the higher echelons of government. Article 251(1) of the Pakistani Constitution mandates that Urdu be implemented as the sole language of government, though English continues to be the most widely used language at the higher echelons of Pakistani government. Urdu is also one of
8722-607: The American Foreign Policy Council (AFPC), the Tablighi Jamaat teaches that jihad is "primarily as personal purification rather than as holy warfare". Because of its disavowal of violent jihad, the Tablighi activities have been banned in Saudi Arabia and some Islamist groups have accused the Tabligh of weakening support for jihad amongst Muslims. Fred Burton, Scott Stewart, Mumtaz Ahmad, and Shireen Khan Burki explain
8900-566: The Bombay , Bengal , Orissa , and Hyderabad State as well. Before independence, Muslim League leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah advocated the use of Urdu, which he used as a symbol of national cohesion in Pakistan. After the Bengali language movement and the separation of former East Pakistan , Urdu was recognised as the sole national language of Pakistan in 1973, although English and regional languages were also granted official recognition. Following
9078-645: The Central Hindi Directorate was established earlier in 1960, and the promotion of Hindi is better funded and more advanced, while the status of Urdu has been undermined by the promotion of Hindi. Private Indian organisations such as the Anjuman-e-Tariqqi Urdu, Deeni Talimi Council and Urdu Mushafiz Dasta promote the use and preservation of Urdu, with the Anjuman successfully launching a campaign that reintroduced Urdu as an official language of Bihar in
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#17328556104359256-683: The Dakhni ( Deccan ) of South India. Because of Urdu's similarity to Hindi , speakers of the two languages can easily understand one another if both sides refrain from using literary vocabulary. Although Urdu is widely spoken and understood throughout all of Pakistan, only 9% of Pakistan's population spoke Urdu according to the 2023 Pakistani census . Most of the nearly three million Afghan refugees of different ethnic origins (such as Pashtun , Tajik , Uzbek , Hazarvi , and Turkmen ) who stayed in Pakistan for over twenty-five years have also become fluent in Urdu. Muhajirs since 1947 have historically formed
9434-522: The Deobandi Hanafi school of thought. Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi was responsible for establishing the first Madrasah of Mewat in modern-day Nuh, Moin Ul Islam, which is still functional till this day. During the early 1930s, The rulers of the princely states of Alwar and Bharatpur imposed heavy taxes on the peasants, who were mostly Meos. The King of Alwar, Jai Singh Prabhakar also began to suppress
9612-514: The Devanagari and Latin script ( Roman Urdu ) to allow its survival, or whether this will only hasten its demise and that the language can only be preserved if expressed in the Perso-Arabic script. For Pakistan, Willoughby & Aftab (2020) argued that Urdu originally had the image of a refined elite language of the Enlightenment, progress and emancipation, which contributed to the success of
9790-595: The Dewan of Bharatpur, accompanied by Chaudhary Azmat Khan Chhiraklot and other Chaudharies, to Nuh so they could met Yasin Khan , where Batra assured him to give special attention to the improvement of the Meos. This incident lead Yasin Khan to be accepted as " Chaudhriyon ka Chaudhary ," ( lit. ' the Social Head of Social Heads ' ), the absolute social leader of the Meo community . During Indian independence, there
9968-565: The East India Company . Parts of northern Mewat (modern-day Palwal , Faridabad ) remained under the local Jat kings. During Indian Rebellion of 1857 , Meos played an active role against the British. The rebellion mostly erupted due to the long resentment amongst the sepoys based on the introduction of new cartridge which was coated with the fat of pigs and cows. As the rebellion began in Meerut ,
10146-571: The Hejaz (western Saudi Arabia ) and Britain in 1946. The United States followed and during the 1970s and 1980s the Tablighi Jamaat also established a large presence in continental Europe. In France it was introduced in the 1960s, and grew significantly in the two decades following 1970. In France, as of 2004, it was represented on the French Council of the Muslim Faith . During the first half-decade of
10324-517: The Ilm Pakistan movement, with a uniform curriculum in Urdish. Ahsan Iqbal , Federal Minister of Pakistan, said "Now the government is working on a new curriculum to provide a new medium to the students which will be the combination of both Urdu and English and will name it Urdish." Standard Urdu is often compared with Standard Hindi . Both Urdu and Hindi, which are considered standard registers of
10502-549: The Khariboli dialect of the Delhi region). Dakhni (also known as Dakani, Deccani, Desia, Mirgan) is spoken in Deccan region of southern India . It is distinct by its mixture of vocabulary from Marathi and Konkani , as well as some vocabulary from Arabic, Persian and Chagatai that are not found in the standard dialect of Urdu. Dakhini is widely spoken in all parts of Maharashtra , Telangana , Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka . Urdu
10680-410: The Kushanas . Samudragupta and Yashovarman had also ruled the area. The Mewat region was also part of the Harsha Empire during the first half of the century 7th century, then Gurjara-Pratiharas . The Tomaras , who were once the Pratiharas' feudatories but eventually gained independence, established the foundation of Delhi, then known as Dhillika , in 736 AD. The northern Mewat region was ruled by
10858-451: The Meos . In 1398, during the time of the invasion of Timur and during the rule of Delhi Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq , one of the most dominant Jadaun Rajput chiefs in the region was Sonpar Pal , popularly known as Bahadur Nahar, whose tomb still stands at Alwar . Sonpar Pal converted to Islam through Firuz Shah Tughlaq in 1355 and adopted the new name, Nahar Khan Mewati (not to be confused with Jat king Nahar Singh ). He became
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#173285561043511036-767: The Mewat region of British India , it has roots in the revivalist tradition of the Deobandi school, and developed as a response to the deterioration of moral values and the neglect of aspects of Islam. The movement aims for the spiritual reformation of Islam by working at the grassroots level. The teachings of Tabligh Jamaat are expressed in "Six Principles": Kalimah (Declaration of faith), Salah (Prayer), Ilm-o-zikr (Reading and Remembrance), Ikraam-e-Muslim (Respect for Muslims), Ikhlas-e-Niyyat (Sincerity of intention), and Dawat-o-Tableegh (Proselytization). Tablighi Jamaat denies any political affiliation , involvement in debate over political or Islamic doctrine such as fiqh , let alone terrorism. It maintains its focus
11214-428: The Punjabi elite of Pakistan, have adopted Urdu as a mother tongue and identify with both an Urdu speaker as well as Punjabi identity. Urdu was chosen as a symbol of unity for the new state of Pakistan in 1947, because it had already served as a lingua franca among Muslims in north and northwest British India . It is written, spoken and used in all provinces/territories of Pakistan , and together with English as
11392-440: The Sultanate of Delhi , led by Ibrahim Lodi . In this battle, Babur emerged victorious, and Lodi lost his life. During the conflict, Babur took Hasan Khan Mewati's son as a hostage. Despite the defeat, Hasan Khan Mewati did not yield to the foreign invader. Babur had stated that Hasan Khan Mewati was the leader of the ‘Mewat country’. Following the Battle of Panipat, Hasan Khan Mewati aligned himself with Rana Sanga to continue
11570-399: The de jure legal status and de facto political status of Urdu, how much Urdu is used as language of instruction and chosen by students in higher education, and how the maintenance and development of Urdu is financially and institutionally supported by governments and NGOs. In India, although Urdu is not and never was used exclusively by Muslims (and Hindi never exclusively by Hindus),
11748-439: The 18th century and two similar standard forms came into existence in Delhi and Lucknow . Since the partition of India in 1947, a third standard has arisen in the Pakistani city of Karachi . Deccani , an older form used in southern India , became a court language of the Deccan sultanates by the 16th century. Urdu has a few recognised dialects, including Dakhni , Dhakaiya , Rekhta , and Modern Vernacular Urdu (based on
11926-421: The 1950s (particularly those in East Pakistan , where Bengali was the dominant language), challenged the idea of Urdu as a national symbol and its practicality as the lingua franca . The significance of Urdu as a national symbol was downplayed by these disputes when English and Bengali were also accepted as official languages in the former East Pakistan (now Bangladesh ). Urdu is the sole national, and one of
12104-479: The 1960s, the Urdu lobby and eventually the Urdu language in Pakistan has been associated with religious Islamism and political national conservatism (and eventually the lower and lower-middle classes, alongside regional languages such as Punjabi, Sindhi, and Balochi), while English has been associated with the internationally oriented secular and progressive left (and eventually the upper and upper-middle classes). Despite governmental attempts at Urduisation of Pakistan,
12282-418: The 1970s. In the former Jammu and Kashmir state , section 145 of the Kashmir Constitution stated: "The official language of the State shall be Urdu but the English language shall unless the Legislature by law otherwise provides, continue to be used for all the official purposes of the State for which it was being used immediately before the commencement of the Constitution." Urdu became a literary language in
12460-578: The 1979 Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and subsequent arrival of millions of Afghan refugees who have lived in Pakistan for many decades, many Afghans, including those who moved back to Afghanistan, have also become fluent in Hindi-Urdu, an occurrence aided by exposure to the Indian media, chiefly Hindi-Urdu Bollywood films and songs. There have been attempts to purge Urdu of native Prakrit and Sanskrit words, and Hindi of Persian loanwords – new vocabulary draws primarily from Persian and Arabic for Urdu and from Sanskrit for Hindi. English has exerted
12638-407: The 21st century Tablighi Jamaat went through a major revival in France, reaching 100,000 followers by 2006. However, the United Kingdom is the current focus of the movement in Europe, primarily due to the large South Asian population that began to arrive there in the 1960s. By 2007, Tablighi Jamaat members were situated at 600 of Britain's 1,350 mosques. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991,
12816-564: The British forces which called upon the local population to support the forces of Rao Tula Ram also played a major role in the Meo uprising. Mufti Nizamuddin was later hanged in Tijara, Alwar. The villages of Pinangwan, Mahu, Rupraka, Raisina, Ghasera, Ferozepur Jhrika and Nuh were key players in the revolt. The Meos sided with the Gurjars, Ahirs and other ethnic groups of the region and defeated William Ford,
12994-698: The British. Yasin Khan , called a conference at Ferozepur Jhirka , which was popularly known as the Alwar conference. Khan received the advice and assistance of national leaders, including Marxist leader Kunwar Mohammad Ashraf , Sayyed Mufti Faridabadi from the Indian National Congress , and the Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam party volunteers. The demands of the Meo people were sent to the British Government and were also published and distributed among
13172-581: The Capital was relocated to Delhi and named Shahjahanabad and the Bazar of the town was named Urdu e Muallah. In the Akbar era the word Rekhta was used to describe Urdu for the first time. It was originally a Persian word that meant "to create a mixture". Amir Khusrau was the first person to use the same word for Poetry. Before the standardisation of Urdu into colonial administration, British officers often referred to
13350-640: The Delhi Sultans. The last operation of Balban was so effectual that there is little to no mention of Mewat for over a hundred years, during which the chiefs of Mewat appear to have maintained satisfactory relations with the authorities in Delhi. During the Wali-e-Mewat era, the Mewat region was ruled as a tributary to the Delhi Sultanate by the Khanzada Rajputs , a distinct ethnic identity separate from
13528-581: The Delhi region of India the native language was Khariboli , whose earliest form is known as Old Hindi (or Hindavi). It belongs to the Western Hindi group of the Central Indo-Aryan languages. The contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures during the period of Islamic conquests in the Indian subcontinent (12th to 16th centuries) led to the development of Hindustani as a product of a composite Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb . In cities such as Delhi,
13706-725: The Deputy Commissioner of Gurgaon. The British decided to withdraw and without a commonly accepted leader, the Meos ousted the British and formed their own government under the different chaudharies of the villages. Meos continued to fight the British for up to 2 months after Delhi was reconquered by the British. After the British reconquered Gurgaon, many leaders of the rebellion were hanged to death, including Raja Nahar Singh of Ballabgarh. The prominent Meo leaders who were hanged to death include Sharfuddin Mewati, Saadat Khan Mewati and his family, Chaudhary Firoz Shah Mewati. Majlis Khan (who
13884-476: The English liked to use the name "Moors" for Urdu: I have a deep knowledge [ je possède à fond ] of the common tongue of India, called Moors by the English, and Ourdouzebain by the natives of the land. Several works of Sufi writers like Ashraf Jahangir Semnani used similar names for the Urdu language. Shah Abdul Qadir Raipuri was the first person who translated The Quran into Urdu. During Shahjahan's time,
14062-571: The Heathens, or from the Persians, or other Nations. In 1715, a complete literary Diwan in Rekhta was written by Nawab Sadruddin Khan . An Urdu-Persian dictionary was written by Khan-i Arzu in 1751 in the reign of Ahmad Shah Bahadur . The name Urdu was first introduced by the poet Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi around 1780. As a literary language, Urdu took shape in courtly, elite settings. While Urdu retained
14240-457: The Indian government do not actively support the preservation of Urdu in professional and official spaces. Because the Pakistani government proclaimed Urdu the national language at Partition, the Indian state and some religious nationalists began in part to regard Urdu as a 'foreign' language, to be viewed with suspicion. Urdu advocates in India disagree whether it should be allowed to write Urdu in
14418-518: The Jamaat are assigned these roles based on the day's mashwara . The markaz keeps records of each jamaat and its members, the identity of whom is verified from their respective mosques. Mosques are used to assist the tablighi activities of individual jamaats that voluntarily undertake preaching missions. Members of a jamaat , ideally, pay expenses themselves so as to avoid financial dependence on anyone. An annual gathering of followers, called ijtema ,
14596-550: The Meo peasantry and increased the land revenue and other taxes in his dominion, which directly affected the Meo population. The agriculturist farmers and peasants in the Alwarr region were the Meos who were already living under heavy taxation and miserable life. The enhanced tax was the great burden on Meo peasants and beyond their paying capacity so the Meo peasants showed their resentment and decided not to pay taxes and revenue until they were reduced. Chaudhary Mohammad Yasin Khan led
14774-507: The Meos in their struggle. The rebellion was called the Alwar Movement. It was a big challenge for Raja Jai Singh and he attempted the movement. Having failed in his attempt to the control the Meos struggle, the Raja switched the entire movement into a communal movement. The Muslims of Alwar were forced to abandon the city. They camped near Jama Masjid in Delhi and demanded central intervention by
14952-457: The Meos threw themselves into the war with the British and the Khanzada Rajputs . The Khanzadas allying with the British as well as the historical class divide between the Meos and Khanzadas were the main reason as to why the Meos turned against them. During the Siege of Delhi , the Meos enthroned Bahadur Shah Zafar as the emperor of India. Mufti Nizamuddin of Lahore and his Fatwa issued against
15130-598: The Mughal army and urban populations. Control over Mewat was crucial for safeguarding Agra and Delhi. The Khanzadas were absorbed into the Mughal polity as zamindars, while the Meos were employed in lower administrative roles. Akbar employed many Meo boys as post carriers and palace guards, transforming them from notorious thieves to loyal servants. This integration extended to social assimilation, with Meos starting to adopt Islamic customs and rituals due to their regular interaction with
15308-517: The Mughal court. This also created a greater social divide between the Khanzada Rajputs and the Meos . Akbar also utilized Mewat's resources by setting up horse-training centers, utilizing local artisans and trainers. The region was known for salt and iron production, with significant trade in these commodities. During the Mughal period, the qasbas in Mewat served various functions, from pargana headquarters to centers of trade and manufacturing. The administrative integration of Mewat also contributed to
15486-525: The Mughal forces. During the battle, Hasan Khan Mewati was struck by a cannonball that hit his chest. the injury proved fatal, and Hasan Khan Mewati lost his life in the midst of the battle. The consequences of the Battle of Khanwa affected the fortunes of a number of Indian chiefs, though in varying degrees, but the Khanzadas of Mewat were the worst hit. The territory of Mewat was annexed by Babur and this shifted
15664-565: The Partition and the British leaving India were significant factors for the violence. The Meos were unable to rely on British protection as they had in the past. Earlier Kathumar , Nadbai , Kumher , Kherli , Bhusawar , Weir and till Mahwa was heavily populated with the Meo population. The population of Meos drastically decreased in Alwar and Bharatpur . An estimated 300,000 Meos including women and children were killed in riots that took place in
15842-659: The State of Bharatpur, Alwar and Jaipur and around four thousand mosques were destroyed. The violence of 1947 naturally altered the syncretic Hindu-Muslim lifestyle of people to a greater extent in the region. The violence, alongside the reformist movement of Tablighi Jamaat , lead the Meos to embrace a more Islamic identity in contrast to the Hindu nationalist ideology held by the kings, including Sawai Tej Singh Naruka . During this period, around eight lakh Mewatis had decided to leave for Pakistan. On 19 December 1947, Mahatma Gandhi visited
16020-465: The Tablighi Jamaat has encouraged women to participate since the beginning of the movement. Some scholars objected to the participation of women, but Muhammad Ilyas slowly gained their support and the first jamaat of women was formed in Nizamuddin, Delhi. Accompanied by a close male relative, ( mahram ), women are encouraged to go out in jamaats and work among other women and family members while following
16198-588: The Tomaras until Visaladeva (Chahamana) captured Delhi around the year 1156. In 1206, Muhammad of Ghor invaded Delhi and Qutb ud-Din Aibak became the first Sultan of Delhi. During his reign, Hemraj, the son of Prithviraj, was assigned to invade Mewat from Alwar, but he was defeated. Aibak then dispatched Sayyid Wajih-ud-Din, who was also defeated. It was Wajih-ud-Din's nephew, Miran Hussain Jang, who then conquered Mewat. Meos ,
16376-445: The absorption of vocabulary from various regional Pakistani languages, while some Urdu vocabularies has also been assimilated by Pakistan's regional languages. Some who are from a non-Urdu background now can read and write only Urdu. With such a large number of people(s) speaking Urdu, the language has acquired a peculiar Pakistani flavor further distinguishing it from the Urdu spoken by native speakers, resulting in more diversity within
16554-546: The acquisition of political power is the absolute requirement for the establishment of an Islamic society, the Tablighi Jamaat believes that mere political power is not enough to ensure effective organisation of the Islamic social order. The exclusive focus of the Tablighi Jamaat's attention is the individual, and members believe the reformation of society and institutions will only be effective through education and reform of individuals. It insists that nations and social systems exist by
16732-421: The adjoining areas, thousands of Meo were displaced from Alwar and Bharatpur States . Many thousands were killed. They shifted to Gurgaon and many went to Pakistan . Bacchu Singh, the prince of Bharatpur and son of Raja Brijendra Singh , played a main role in this act of ethnic cleansing . Although the Meos had previously had a good relationships with the Alwar and Bharatpur States, the communal tensions of
16910-566: The ancient Bhadras mentioned in the Sanskrit epic as a republic or oligarchy that Karna conquered during his expeditions. These Bhadanakas are located in the Rewari - Bhiwani area, and Bhadavasa, a present-day village located nearby confirms their historic presence. After the fall of the Maurya Empire , this place has seen foreign invaders like the Bactrians , Greeks , Parthians , Scythians , and
17088-407: The ancient language Old Hindi began to acquire many Persian loanwords and continued to be called "Hindi" and later, also "Hindustani". An early literary tradition of Hindavi was founded by Amir Khusrau in the late 13th century. After the conquest of the Deccan , and a subsequent immigration of noble Muslim families into the south, a form of the language flourished in medieval India as
17266-520: The annual conference in November 1941. At the time, some Muslim Indian leaders feared that Muslims were losing their religious identity and were heedless of Islamic rituals. The movement was never given any name officially, but Ilyas called it Tahrik-i Imaan . Muhammad Ilyas died in 1945 and he himself is buried in the Nizām Ad-Dīn Mosque. The Mewat region where Tablighi Jamaat started near Delhi
17444-425: The attendees to spend time in tabligh for self reformation and the propagation of Islam. Generally, the assumed role of these jamaat members cycle in a way that they may be engaged as a preacher, a cook or as a cleaner at other times. Among Tabligh Jamaat members, this is generally referred to as khidmat which essentially connotes to serving their companions and freeing them for tablighi engagements. The members of
17622-404: The connection between TJ and jihadism by the opinions that The Tablighi Jamaat operates in every sense as a secret society in this country [Britain], as much as elsewhere [...] Its meetings are held behind closed doors. We don't know who attends them. How much money it has. It publishes no minutes or accounts. It doesn't talk about itself. It is extremely difficult to penetrate. Some have compared
17800-508: The control of Mewat from the Khanzadas to the Mughals. The Khanzadas ceased to be a significantly influential regional political entity. Nevertheless, the Mughal emperors endeavored to integrate the Khanzadas by establishing matrimonial alliances or incorporating them into the administration. For example, when Humayun regained his power in 1555 CE, he sought to consolidate his position by marrying
17978-583: The court language of various Indo-Islamic empires . Religious, social, and political factors arose during the European colonial period that advocated a distinction between Urdu and Hindi, leading to the Hindi–Urdu controversy . According to 2022 estimates by Ethnologue and The World Factbook , produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Urdu is the 10th-most widely spoken language in
18156-536: The creation, these are: politics, jurisprudence, disagreement or ikhtilaf and party differences? Answer: And we pray to Allah, may Allah guide them! Initially we agree with them (Tabligh Jamaat) on politics, but not on the whole. The way we see it, I've said it many times before. We were interrogated in Syria, and there we were questioned by the intelligence agencies, unfortunately as they do in every Muslim country: you are gathering, partying, etc. etc. And I said: This party
18334-458: The daughter of Jamal Khan. During the reign of Akbar, the Mewat region was integrated into the Mughal Empire , divided into four sarkars—Alwar, Tijara, Sahar, and Rewari—comprising 67 parganas within the subas of Agra and Delhi. The region's strategic location was economically advantageous due to its suitability for cash crops like indigo, sugarcane, and cotton, and its proximity to Agra and Delhi facilitated grain transport, essential for feeding
18512-755: The death of Aurangzeb, Badshapur was under the Hindu Badgurjar King, Hathi Singh and the Nuh area were under the Jat king of Bharatpur State , Maharaja Suraj Mal . The Maratha ruler, Mahadaji Shinde , had conquered most of the region from the Jats and northern Mewat came under the Maratha Confederacy . All of the Gurgaon district area of Punjab (which consisted of present-day districts of Faridabad, Rewari, and Mahendargah and Nuh)
18690-484: The disputes that would accompany these endorsements. As an organisation, Tabligh Jamaat does not seek donations and is not funded by anyone; in fact, members have to bear their own expenditures. Since there is no formal registration process and no official membership count has ever been taken, the exact membership statistics remain unknown. The movement discourages interviews with its elders and has never officially released texts, although there are publications associated with
18868-415: The early 21st century an increasing percentage of Indian Muslims began switching to Hindi due to socio-economic factors, such as Urdu being abandoned as the language of instruction in much of India, and having limited employment opportunities compared to Hindi, English and regional languages. The number of Urdu speakers in India fell 1.5% between 2001 and 2011 (then 5.08 million Urdu speakers), especially in
19046-436: The early twentieth century to reconvert Hindus who had converted to Islam and Tablighi Jamaat has been called a "missionary offshoot" of the revivalist Deobandi movement of India . Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi , the founder of Tablighi Jamaat, wanted to create a movement that would enjoin good and forbid evil as the Quran decreed, as his teacher Rasheed Ahmad Gangohi dreamed of doing. The inspiration for this came to Ilyas in
19224-404: The efforts of Hindu proselytising movements who targeted these often recently converts from Hinduism. Unlike common proselytising movements, Tablighi Jamaat has mostly focused on making Muslims 'better and purer' and ideally " religiously perfect ", rather than preaching to the non-Muslims. This is because (it believes) dawah to non-Muslims will only be effective (or will be much more effective) when
19402-402: The elder daughter of Jamal Khan Mewati, the nephew of Hasan Khan . Simultaneously, his prominent Turkish noble, Bairam Khan , married the younger daughter. According to Arzang-i-Tijara , the infamous Mughal emperor, Akbar , also married the daughter of Hasan Khan’s brother, although this event is not recorded in Persian chronicles. Additionally, Akbar also married Bairam Khan ’s widow, who was
19580-550: The era of Nahar Khan's grandson, Khanzada Feroz Khan , Mewat was attacked by Sultan Khizr Khan of Delhi Sayyid dynasty . The Mewati army fortified themselves for one year in Kotla Fort , after which the Delhi army retreated. In 1425, great-grandsons of Bahadur Nahar named Khanzada Jalal Khan and Khanzada Abdul Qadir Khan (Jallu and Qaddu) revolted against Delhi Sultanate but were defeated by Delhi Sultan Mubarak Shah (1421– 1434 CE) who overran Mewat and killed Qaddu. Jallu continued
19758-414: The exalted camp . Earlier it was known as Hindvi, Hindi and Hindustani . Urdu, like Hindi , is a form of Hindustani language . Some linguists have suggested that the earliest forms of Urdu evolved from the medieval (6th to 13th century) Apabhraṃśa register of the preceding Shauraseni language , a Middle Indo-Aryan language that is also the ancestor of other modern Indo-Aryan languages. In
19936-703: The fight against Babur and the Mughal Empire. In March 15, 1527, the Battle of Khanwa occurred, between Rana Sanga of Mewar and Babur. Hasan Khan Mewati, once again, went against Babur and joined the Rajput Confederation of Rana Sanga with 5,000 allies. When Rana Sanga was struck by an arrow and fell from his elephant, the Mewati king took charge of the commander's flag and led the attack against Babur's forces. Hasan Khan Mewati along with his 12,000 Meo horse soldiers, fiercely confronted Babur's army. They were initially successful and seemed to be overpowering
20114-462: The followers. The apolitical stance also helped it operate in difficult times, such as during the governments of Ayub Khan (1960s) and Indira Gandhi (1975–77), when other sociopolitical Islamic groups faced restrictions. The difference of opinion regarding political participation also marks the fundamental difference between the Tablighi Jamaat and Islamist movements. While the Islamists believe that
20292-404: The framework of two particular Qur'anic verses which refer to this mission. Those two verses are: And whose words are better than someone who calls ˹others˺ to Allah, does good, and says, “I am truly one of those who submit.”? Let there be a group among you who call ˹others˺ to goodness, encourage what is good, and forbid what is evil—it is they who will be successful. When Tablighi Jamaat visits
20470-468: The gender roles when they wash and cook during the course of da'wa tours, women undertake the male responsibility of sustaining the household. Women do not play any role in the higher echelons of the movement, but their opinions are taken into due considerations. Women and the family members are being to told to learn Quran and follow 5 Amaals in everyday life, Taleem of Ahadees, Quran recitation, 6 Points muzakera, and mashwara for daily life work and fikr for
20648-518: The grammar and core Indo-Aryan vocabulary of the local Indian dialect Khariboli, it adopted the Nastaleeq writing system – which was developed as a style of Persian calligraphy. Throughout the history of the language, Urdu has been referred to by several other names: Hindi, Hindavi, Rekhta, Urdu-e-Muallah, Dakhini , Moors and Dehlavi . In 1773, the Swiss French soldier Antoine Polier notes that
20826-802: The group's ideology to Khawarij whereas others point out that the Tablighi Jamaat takes a "traditionalist" approach to Islam in contrast to Khawarij's extremist and often heretical approach. The Tablighi Jamaat tried to expand the Abbey Mills Mosque into the largest mosque in the United Kingdom. The plan attracted controversy, and the Tabligh was denied permission. Tablighi Jamaat has been banned in Iran, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan, Russia and Saudi Arabia. In some Central Asian countries such as Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan, where its puritanical preachings are viewed as extremist. In February 2020,
21004-473: The independence movement. But after the 1947 Partition , when it was chosen as the national language of Pakistan to unite all inhabitants with one linguistic identity, it faced serious competition primarily from Bengali (spoken by 56% of the total population, mostly in East Pakistan until that attained independence in 1971 as Bangladesh ), and after 1971 from English. Both pro-independence elites that formed
21182-470: The introduction of an Islamic constitution in Pakistan (1950s), Islam vs socialism (1969–1971), communal riots in India in the 1970s and 1980s, the Khatm-e-Nabuwwat Movement (1974), and Nizam-e-Mustafa Movement (1977). The Tablighi Jamaat, in response, states that it is only by avoiding the political debates that the Tablighi Jamaat has been successful in reawakening the spiritual conscience of
21360-558: The knowledge of Masa'il (jurisprudence). Knowing jurisprudence detail (Fara'id (mandates) and Sunan (traditions) of Salat) is useful only if a person is ready to perform rituals such as offering Salat . They insist that the best way of learning is teaching and encouraging others, with the books prescribed by Tabligi Jamaat Movement in the light of Quran and Hadith stories of Prophets, Sahaba (Companions of Prophet) and Awlia Allah ("Friends of Allah"). A collection of books, usually referred as Tablighi Nisaab (Tablighi Curriculum),
21538-541: The language as " Moors " or "Moorish jargon". John Gilchrist was the first in British India to begin a systematic study on Urdu and began to use the term "Hindustani" what the majority of Europeans called "Moors", authoring the book The Strangers's East Indian Guide to the Hindoostanee or Grand Popular Language of India (improperly Called Moors) . Urdu was then promoted in colonial India by British policies to counter
21716-458: The language in the Perso-Arabic script in courts and government offices, though Hindus continued to employ the Devanagari script in certain literary and religious contexts. Through the late 19th century, people did not view Urdu and Hindi as being two distinct languages, though in urban areas, the standardised Hindustani language was increasingly being referred to as Urdu and written in the Perso-Arabic script. Urdu and English replaced Persian as
21894-570: The language of Bollywood films tend to contain a large number of Persian and Arabic words and thus considered to be "Urdu" in a sense, especially in songs. India has more than 3,000 Urdu publications, including 405 daily Urdu newspapers. Newspapers such as Neshat News Urdu , Sahara Urdu , Daily Salar , Hindustan Express , Daily Pasban , Siasat Daily , The Munsif Daily and Inqilab are published and distributed in Bangalore, Malegaon, Mysore, Hyderabad, and Mumbai . Outside South Asia, it
22072-883: The language. In India, Urdu is spoken in places where there are large Muslim minorities or cities that were bases for Muslim empires in the past. These include parts of Uttar Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh , Bihar , Telangana , Andhra Pradesh , Maharashtra ( Marathwada and Konkanis), Karnataka and cities such as Hyderabad , Lucknow , Delhi , Malerkotla , Bareilly , Meerut , Saharanpur , Muzaffarnagar , Roorkee , Deoband , Moradabad , Azamgarh , Bijnor , Najibabad , Rampur , Aligarh , Allahabad , Gorakhpur , Agra , Firozabad , Kanpur , Badaun , Bhopal , Hyderabad , Aurangabad , Bangalore , Kolkata , Mysore , Patna , Darbhanga , Gaya , Madhubani , Samastipur , Siwan , Saharsa , Supaul , Muzaffarpur , Nalanda , Munger , Bhagalpur , Araria , Gulbarga , Parbhani , Nanded , Malegaon , Bidar , Ajmer , and Ahmedabad . In
22250-679: The leadership of the Muslim League in Pakistan and the Hindu-dominated Congress Party in India had been educated in English during the British colonial period, and continued to operate in English and send their children to English-medium schools as they continued dominate both countries' post-Partition politics. Although the Anglicized elite in Pakistan has made attempts at Urduisation of education with varying degrees of success, no successful attempts were ever made to Urduise politics,
22428-466: The legal system, the army, or the economy, all of which remained solidly Anglophone. Even the regime of general Zia-ul-Haq (1977–1988), who came from a middle-class Punjabi family and initially fervently supported a rapid and complete Urduisation of Pakistani society (earning him the honorary title of the 'Patron of Urdu' in 1981), failed to make significant achievements, and by 1987 had abandoned most of his efforts in favour of pro-English policies. Since
22606-790: The list of terrorist groups monitored by the Kremlin. On 10 December 2021, Saudi Arabia further warned against Tablighi Jamaat, calling it a "danger to society" and "one of the gates of terrorism", while all forms of innovated Islamic preaching are already banned in the kingdom. The announcement was made by the country's Minister of Islamic Affairs, Abdullatif Al Al-Sheikh . All other Arab countries specifically Gulf Arabic countries including United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain and Oman have Tablighi Jamat Maraakez (centres) and many locals are openly involved in Tabligh activity. Urdu language Urdu ( / ˈ ʊər d uː / ; اُردُو , pronounced [ʊɾduː] , ALA-LC : Urdū )
22784-404: The main languages of instruction, although the people from differing provinces may have different native languages. Urdu is taught as a compulsory subject up to higher secondary school in both English and Urdu medium school systems, which has produced millions of second-language Urdu speakers among people whose native language is one of the other languages of Pakistan – which in turn has led to
22962-451: The majority population in the city of Karachi , however. Many newspapers are published in Urdu in Pakistan, including the Daily Jang , Nawa-i-Waqt , and Millat . No region in Pakistan uses Urdu as its mother tongue, though it is spoken as the first language of Muslim migrants (known as Muhajirs ) in Pakistan who left India after independence in 1947. Other communities, most notably
23140-542: The mental labor of giving your opinion on many critical issues of Tabligh Jamaat, but here are some more critical issues related to other points of view, which are answered. We would like to know, first briefly, then in detail, may God have mercy on you: The questioner said: What do you say about a principle of the Tabligh Jamaat, in which they say: We do not talk about four things when we go out (in da'wah work), because talking about those four things causes fitna. Because of
23318-437: The modern-day states of Haryana , Rajasthan , and Uttar Pradesh in northwestern India. The loose boundaries of the Mewat region generally include parts of the following districts: The region is located at the intersection of three states: Rajasthan , Haryana , and Uttar Pradesh . In between the major cities of Delhi , Jaipur and Agra . The historical capital of the region is Alwar in modern day Rajasthan . Mewat
23496-403: The most Urdu-speaking states of Uttar Pradesh (c. 8% to 5%) and Bihar (c. 11.5% to 8.5%), even though the number of Muslims in these two states grew in the same period. Although Urdu is still very prominent in early 21st-century Indian pop culture, ranging from Bollywood to social media, knowledge of the Urdu script and the publication of books in Urdu have steadily declined, while policies of
23674-564: The most alive language and moving ahead with times" in India. This phenomenon pertains to the decrease in relative and absolute numbers of native Urdu speakers as opposed to speakers of other languages; declining (advanced) knowledge of Urdu's Perso-Arabic script, Urdu vocabulary and grammar; the role of translation and transliteration of literature from and into Urdu; the shifting cultural image of Urdu and socio-economic status associated with Urdu speakers (which negatively impacts especially their employment opportunities in both countries),
23852-405: The most widespread Sunni" islah (reform) and called "one of the most influential religious movements in 20th-century Islam," the organization is estimated to have between 12 and 80 million adherents worldwide, spread over 150 countries, with the majority living in South Asia . The group encourages its followers to undertake short-term preaching missions ( khuruj ), lasting from a few days to
24030-500: The movement (usually referred to as Tablighi Nisaab [Tablighi Curriculum]). The emphasis has never been on book learning but rather on first-hand personal communication. The organisation's activities are coordinated through centers called Markaz . It also has country-wise centers in over 200 countries to coordinate its activities. These centers organize volunteer, self-funding people in groups (called jamaats ), averaging ten to twelve people, to remind Muslims to remain steadfast on
24208-479: The movement made inroads into Central Asia. As of 2007, it was estimated that 10,000 Tablighi Jamaat members could be found in Kyrgyzstan . Pew Research Center estimates there are between 12 and 80 million adherents, spread across more than 150 countries. By some measures this made Tablighi Jamaat the largest Muslim movement in the World. The majority of the followers of the Tablighi Jamaat live in South Asia. It
24386-475: The native Mewati rebellion against the Delhi sultanate, in 1427, the Mewati army fortified themselves for one year in the hills of Tijara, after which the Delhi army retreated. In 1526, Hasan Khan Mewati , the last Khanzada Rajput ruler of Mewat, supported Ibrahim Lodi , the Sultan of Delhi , in the first Battle of Panipat . This battle was a pivotal conflict between the founder of the Mughal Empire , Babur , and
24564-739: The native ethnic group of the region, were introduced to Islam and became Muslim under Qutb ud-Din's rule. In the mid-13th century, Ghias-ud-din Balban , who was once the regent of Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah (8th Sultan of Delhi), launched several brutal military campaigns against the Mewat region to consolidate and expand the Sultanate's control. Over the course of 20 years and three major campaigns, Balban killed around two thousand Meos. In 1247, Balban led his first invasion of Mewat. The local Meo chief, Ransi Ran Pal (also known as Ant Pal), had provided refuge to
24742-461: The official languages in northern parts of India in 1837. In colonial Indian Islamic schools, Muslims were taught Persian and Arabic as the languages of Indo-Islamic civilisation ; the British, in order to promote literacy among Indian Muslims and attract them to attend government schools, started to teach Urdu written in the Perso-Arabic script in these governmental educational institutions and after this time, Urdu began to be seen by Indian Muslims as
24920-565: The officially recognised languages in India and also has the status of "additional official language" in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Jharkhand , West Bengal , Telangana and the national capital territory Delhi . Also as one of the five official languages of Jammu and Kashmir . India established the governmental Bureau for the Promotion of Urdu in 1969, although
25098-438: The ongoing Hindi–Urdu controversy and modern cultural association of each language with the two religions has led to fewer Hindus using Urdu. In the 20th century, Indian Muslims gradually began to collectively embrace Urdu (for example, 'post-independence Muslim politics of Bihar saw a mobilisation around the Urdu language as tool of empowerment for minorities especially coming from weaker socio-economic backgrounds' ), but in
25276-821: The partition of India in 1947, when the Pakistan Chapter was established in the hinterlands of Raiwind town near Lahore , Pakistan. The Pakistan Chapter remained the largest until Bangladesh became independent from Pakistan in 1971. Today, the largest Chapter is Bangladesh followed by the second largest in Pakistan. Within two decades of its establishment, the group reached Southwest and Southeast Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America. The Tablighi Jamaat's aversion to politics, and also its lack of any direct and practical economic-political-social viewpoints, helped it enter and operate in societies, especially western countries and societies where politically active religious groups faced restrictions. The first foreign missions were sent to
25454-401: The path of Allah. These jamaats and preaching missions are self-funded by their respective members. Ameer is the title of supervisor (doyen) in the Tabligh Jamaat, and the attribute largely sought is the quality of faith rather than the worldly rank. The ameer of Tabligh Jamaat is appointed for life by a central consultative council ( shura ) and elders of the Tabligh Jamaat. The first emir
25632-644: The patriarch of Khanzada Rajputs . He had also constructed the Kotla Bahadur Nahar fort in the Kotla village of present-day Nuh. Bahadur Nahar had helped Abu Bakr Shah , the grandson of Tughlaq, in expelling Abu Bakr's uncle, Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah , from Delhi and in establishing the Abu Bakr Shah on the throne. After the fall of Tughlaq dynasty in 1398, Nahar Khan reconciled with Timur . In 1420, during
25810-424: The peasantization of the Meos, who gained zamindari rights over several parganas . This process intensified post-Akbar, with the Meos ' peasant households forming a significant part of Alwar state's population by the British era. However, this growth often came at the expense of the Khanzadas , who suffered socio-economic decline. During Aurangzeb (Akbar's great-grandson)'s rule, he sent Jai Singh I to crush
25988-466: The people including national leaders. Subsequently, in the area of Govindgarh , the army of Alwar State fired upon the Meos, killing hundreds of them and injuring many. The Meos began to demand to deploy the British army to save them from Maharaja's atrocities. In 1937, the British Government under the pressure of the Meos had to despose the Jai Singh Prabhakar to France in exile. He later died and
26166-476: The periodic, smaller scale convocations for neighbourhood members. During their stay in mosques, these jamaats conduct a daily gasht , which involves visiting local neighbourhoods, preferably with the help of a guide called as rehbar. They invite people to attend the Maghrib prayer at their mosque and those who attend are delivered a sermon after the prayers, which essentially outlines the Six Principles. They urge
26344-550: The politics and culture of the Mewat region to present-day. On 4 April 2005, the government of Haryana officially established the Mewat district , named after the historical region. The district was created by taking parts of the Gurgaon district ( Nuh , Ferozepur Jhirka , Punahana , Taoru ) and Hathin from the Faridabad district. However, in 2008, Hathin sub-division was reorganized into
26522-454: The position and prestige of English only grew stronger in the meantime. There are over 100 million native speakers of Urdu in India and Pakistan together: there were 50.8 million Urdu speakers in India (4.34% of the total population) as per the 2011 census; and approximately 16 million in Pakistan in 2006. There are several hundred thousand in the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, United States, and Bangladesh . However, Hindustani, of which Urdu
26700-429: The practices adopted by Muhammad at the dawn of Islam. Muhammad Ilyas put forward the slogan, Urdu : "!اﮮ مسلمانو! مسلمان بنو" , "O Muslims, become [true] Muslims!". This expressed the central focus of Tablighi Jamaat: their aim to renew Muslims by socially by trying to unite them in embracing the lifestyle of Muhammad . The movement gained a following in a relatively short period and nearly 25,000 people attended
26878-476: The previous emphasis on Persian. In colonial India, "ordinary Muslims and Hindus alike spoke the same language in the United Provinces in the nineteenth century, namely Hindustani, whether called by that name or whether called Hindi, Urdu, or one of the regional dialects such as Braj or Awadhi ." Elites from Muslim communities, as well as a minority of Hindu elites, such as Munshis of Hindu origin, wrote
27056-415: The purpose of this retreat as to patch the damages caused by the worldly indulgence and occasionally use the dry-dock parable to explain this. These individual jamaats , each led by an ameer , are sent from each markaz across the city or country to remind people to persist on the path of God. The duration of the work depends on the discretion of each jamaat . A trip can take an evening, a couple of days or
27234-660: The reason for the participation is to criticize" the alleged deviancy. They also issued fatwa prohibiting Tablighi literature and preaching in that country. Tablighi Jamaat focuses on religion and generally avoids political activities and debates, claiming that the reformation of society will be achieved through personal spiritual renewal. It has been criticized by some Muslims for being too pacifist/ quietist . Its leaders have denied any links with terrorism, denounced Al-Qaeda, but admit to not controlling its membership. At least three western experts on Islam have testified to its apolitical, quietist and/or peaceful character: According to
27412-453: The rebels. Over a twenty-day period, Balban's troops ravaged villages and executed many inhabitants. The campaign was noted for its cruelty, including public executions and severe punishments for captured rebels. In 1266, after ascending the throne as Sultan, Balban conducted his third major campaign against Mewat. The Meo leader during this period was Kaku Rana, who attempted to resist Balban's forces with limited success. Balban's army subdued
27590-578: The region. Rahim Khan became the individual to re-unite the ethnic Meos that were scattered across India with the All India Meo Sabha organization. Tayyab Husain due to the region of Mewat spanning across different regions and states became the first and only person to date in Indian political history to serve as a cabinet minister for three separate state governments at three different times. The legacy of Tayyab Husain , Khurshid Ahmed and Rahim Khan continue to have significant influence in
27768-492: The region. The aftermath of this campaign saw the establishment of police posts and forts to maintain control, with Balban implementing policies to clear the forests and settle loyal soldiers in the region. This type of cruel treatment was common throughout the period of the Delhi Sultanate , and it became a standard way of treating the Meos. It seems that in spite of the Meos' conversion to Islam, they were just as turbulent as their Hindu ancestors and did not assimilate well with
27946-565: The responsibility of Tabligh and that men should facilitate women's participation by providing childcare. Tablighi Jamaat has been criticised for being retrogressive. The women in the movement observe hijab for which the movement has been accused of keeping women "strictly subservient and second string". Before the rule of Prince Muhammad bin Salman, Salafist and Wahhabi ulema in Saudi Arabia issued rulings "declaring Tablighis to be deviants and forbidding participation in Tablighi activities unless
28124-447: The revolting Khanzada chief Ikram Khan, the Jagir of Tijara , a descendant of Raja Nahar Khan (through his son Malik Alaudin Khan ). Aurangzeb was responsible for major conversations to Islam in the Mewat region. As generations passed and as most of the Meos became Muslim, the ethnic term 'Meo' became specific and almost synonymous with the term Muslim, which is in effect till date. After
28302-468: The rules of modesty, seclusion and segregation. They observe hijab by covering their faces and hands. Jamaats of women sometimes participate in large annual meetings; otherwise, they commonly hold neighbourhood meetings. Tablighi Jamaat tends to blur the boundaries of gender roles and both genders share a common behavioural model and their commitment to tabligh. The emphasis is on a common nature and responsibilities shared by both genders. Just as men redraw
28480-486: The same language, Hindustani (or Hindi-Urdu), share a core vocabulary and grammar . Apart from religious associations, the differences are largely restricted to the standard forms : Standard Urdu is conventionally written in the Nastaliq style of the Persian alphabet and relies heavily on Persian and Arabic as a source for technical and literary vocabulary, whereas Standard Hindi is conventionally written in Devanāgarī and draws on Sanskrit . However, both share
28658-583: The style of Urdu spoken on a day-to-day basis in Pakistan is akin to neutral Hindustani that serves as the lingua franca of the northern Indian subcontinent. Since at least 1977, some commentators such as journalist Khushwant Singh have characterised Urdu as a "dying language", though others, such as Indian poet and writer Gulzar (who is popular in both countries and both language communities, but writes only in Urdu (script) and has difficulties reading Devanagari, so he lets others 'transcribe' his work) have disagreed with this assessment and state that Urdu "is
28836-408: The two languages' mutual intelligibility effectively decreases as the factor of formality increases. Urdu originated in the area of the Ganges-Yamuna Doab , though significant development occurred in the Deccan Plateau . In 1837, Urdu became an official language of the British East India Company , replacing Persian across northern India during Company rule ; Persian had until this point served as
29014-425: The two official languages of Pakistan (along with English). It is spoken and understood throughout the country, whereas the state-by-state languages (languages spoken throughout various regions) are the provincial languages , although only 7.57% of Pakistanis speak Urdu as their first language. Its official status has meant that Urdu is understood and spoken widely throughout Pakistan as a second or third language. It
29192-470: The village of Ghasera in the Nuh district and requested Meos not to leave India. Yasin Khan was responsible for bringing Gandhi to Ghasera. This is when Gandhi said his iconic quote: "You are the backbone of India, India belongs to you and you belong to India." Mahatama Gandhi championed the resettlement of some Meos in Laxmangarh , Nagar , Kaman , Deeg of Alwar district and Bharatpur district . Ghasera celebrate "Mewat Day" on 19 December as
29370-405: The virtue of the individuals who form them; therefore, the reform must begin at the grass-roots with individuals and not at the higher level of political structure. Nasiruddin Albani in his book "Darsush Shaikhul Albani" talks about Tabligh Jamaat's aloofness from politics, Question: The first question we were asked was about a critical issue, so may Allah reward you well, because you have done
29548-440: The whole world as people from around the world will be coming and they are the one who has to learn before they teach. Tabligh Jamaat has been criticised—especially by Hizb ut-Tahrir and Jamaat-e-Islami —for its neutral political stance and failure to assist Islamist forces in the fight against secular or non-Islamist opponents. Specifically they criticise the Tabligh Jamaat's neutral position towards issues in South Asia such as
29726-455: The world , with 230 million total speakers, including those who speak it as a second language . The name Urdu was first used by the poet Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi around 1780 for Hindustani language even though he himself also used Hindavi term in his poetry to define the language. Ordu means army in the Turkic languages . In late 18th century, it was known as Zaban-e-Urdu-e-Mualla زبانِ اُرْدُوئے مُعَلّٰی means language of
29904-421: The world. Almost 2 million people gather for this annual gathering. One of the largest of such annual gatherings is held in Bangladesh. The Bengali gathering, called Bishwa Ijtema (World Gathering), converges followers from around the world in Tongi near Dhaka , Bangladesh, with an attendance exceeding 2 million people. The second largest Tabligh Jamaat gathering takes place in Raiwind , Pakistan which
30082-697: Was Muhammad Ilyas Kandhalawi , later succeeded by his son Maulana Muhammad Yusuf Kandhalawi and then by Inamul Hasan Kandhlawi , and the current emir is Muhammad Saad Kandhlawi . Sometime in 1992, 3 years before the time of his demise, Inamul Hasan Kandhlawi formed a 10-member advisory committee to appoint an emir (ameer). This 10-member advisory committee consisted of Saeed Ahmed Khan, Mufti Zainul Abideen, Muhammad Umar Palanpuri , Izhar-ul-Hasan Kandhlawi, Zubair-ul-Hassan Kandhlawi , Miyaji Mehraab, Haji Abdul Wahhab , Haji Abdul Muqeet, Haji Afzal, Muhammad Saad Kandhlawi, and Khalid Siddiqui Aligarhi. In Tablighi Jamaat, women are encouraged to stay at home, and to choose
30260-407: Was a surge in communal tension when Jinnah demanded for the separate Muslim nation of Pakistan as a result of which Partition of India was proposed by the British rulers. As Meos professed Islam, a branch of the All India Muslim League was established in the area and a significant number of Meos became members of the organization. During 1947, Communal riots broke out in Alwar, Bharatpur and
30438-497: Was attended by approximately 1.5 million people in 2004. In 2011 Pakistan divided the Ijtema into two parts and a total of 1 million people attended each of the two Ijtema. The method adopted by Muhammad Ilyas was to organise units (called jamaats , Arabic : جماعاتِ meaning Assembly ) of at least ten persons and send them to various villages or neighborhoods to preach. These outings, Dawah tours (see below), are now organised by Tablighi Jamaat leaders. In these tours, emphasis
30616-401: Was close to Rao Tula Ram ) and Sadruddin Meo were also lead players in the revolt. After the rebellion was over, all of the Gurgaon district (modern-day Palwal , Faridabad , Nuh and Gurugram ) passed to the direct control of British rule, whereas the other southern parts of the Mewat region remained with the kings of Alwar and Bharatpur . During the colonial era, religious syncretism
30794-451: Was conquered by French generals in late 18th century. Daulat Rao Sindhia , the successor of Shinde, ceded the Gurgaon region to the British on 30 December 1803 under the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon to the British East India Company leading to the Company rule in India . During the British Raj , the east and west of Mewat came under the Alwar State and the Bharatpur State . These kingdoms were princely states that were entities of
30972-402: Was cremated in Alwar. The new Maharaja, Sawai Tej Singh Naruka , finally conceded the demands and reduced one-fourth of the land revenue that he was demanding in taxes. Illegal taxes and beggars were also declared unlawful. The Alwar Movement greatly influenced the Bharatpur State as well. Raja Brijendra Singh of Bharatpur decided not to take any risks by disturbing the Meos. He sent Batra,
31150-515: Was inhabited by the Meos , an ethnic group native to the region, most of whom had converted to Islam, and then had adopted Hindu traditions and attitudes when Muslim political power declined in the region, lacking the necessary acumen (according to one author, Roger Ballard ) required to resist the cultural and religious influence of majority Hindus, prior to the arrival of Tablighi Jamaat. The group began to expand its activities in 1946. The initial expansion within South Asia happened immediately after
31328-425: Was intentioned as means of unification for Muslims in Northern India and later Pakistan, it adopted a modified Perso-Arabic script. Urdu continued its role in developing a Pakistani identity as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was established with the intent to construct a homeland for the Muslims of Colonial India. Several languages and dialects spoken throughout the regions of Pakistan produced an imminent need for
31506-452: Was referred to as "Moors", which simply meant Muslim, by European writers. John Ovington wrote in 1689: The language of the Moors is different from that of the ancient original inhabitants of India but is obliged to these Gentiles for its characters. For though the Moors dialect is peculiar to themselves, yet it is destitute of Letters to express it; and therefore, in all their Writings in their Mother Tongue, they borrow their letters from
31684-408: Was seen throughout the Muslim Meos of the region. "The Meos (Muhammadans) of the eastern Punjab still participate in the observance of the Holi and Diwali festivals. On the latter occasion they paint the horns, hoofs, etc., of their bullocks and join in the general rejoicings" . In the 1920s the grassroots Islamic movement Tablighi Jamaat arose from this region under Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi as
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