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64-413: ‹The template Manual is being considered for merging .›   TWiki is a Perl -based structured wiki application , typically used to run a collaboration platform , knowledge or document management system , a knowledge base , or team portal. Users can create wiki pages using the TWiki Markup Language, and developers can extend wiki application functionality with plugins . The TWiki project

128-479: A backronym : Practical Extraction and Report Language and Wall's own Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister , which is in the manual page for perl. Programming Perl , published by O'Reilly Media , features a picture of a dromedary camel on the cover and is commonly called the "Camel Book". This image has become an unofficial symbol of Perl. O'Reilly owns the image as a trademark but licenses it for non-commercial use, requiring only an acknowledgement and

192-560: A glue language and its perceived inelegance. Perl was originally named "Pearl". Wall wanted to give the language a short name with positive connotations. It is also a Christian reference to the Parable of the Pearl from the Gospel of Matthew. However, Wall discovered the existing PEARL language before Perl's official release and dropped the "a" from the name. The name is occasionally expanded as

256-539: A structured wiki provides database-like manipulation of fields stored on pages, and offers a SQL-like query language to embed reports in wiki pages. Wiki applications are also called situational applications because they are created ad hoc by the users for very specific needs. Users have built TWiki applications that include call center status boards, to-do lists , inventory systems, employee handbooks , bug trackers , blog applications, discussion forums, status reports with rollups and more. The interface of TWiki

320-469: A switch statement (called "given"/"when"), regular expressions updates, and the smart match operator (~~). Around this same time, development began in earnest on another implementation of Perl 6 known as Rakudo Perl, developed in tandem with the Parrot virtual machine . As of November 2009, Rakudo Perl has had regular monthly releases and now is the most complete implementation of Perl 6. A major change in

384-525: A visual pun on pearl onion . Larry Wall began work on Perl in 1987, while employed as a programmer at Unisys ; he released version 1.0 on December 18, 1987. Wall based early Perl on some methods existing languages used for text manipulation. Perl 2, released in June 1988, featured a better regular expression engine. Perl 3, released in October 1989, added support for binary data streams. Originally,

448-449: A "DesktopEdition" ), and TiddlyWiki . Most wiki software uses a special syntax, known as wiki markup , for users to format the text, instead of requiring them to enter in HTML . Some wiki applications also include a WYSIWYG editor, either instead of or in addition to the wiki markup editing. Based on the atomic property of database systems , any edit should be traced . On wiki software,

512-479: A base object from which all classes were automatically derived and the ability to require versions of modules. Another significant development was the inclusion of the CGI.pm module, which contributed to Perl's popularity as a CGI scripting language . Perl 5.004 added support for Microsoft Windows , Plan 9 , QNX , and AmigaOS . Perl 5.005 was released on July 22, 1998. This release included several enhancements to

576-500: A case for a major new language initiative. This led to a decision to begin work on a redesign of the language, to be called Perl 6. Proposals for new language features were solicited from the Perl community at large, which submitted more than 300 RFCs . Wall spent the next few years digesting the RFCs and synthesizing them into a coherent framework for Perl 6. He presented his design for Perl 6 in

640-540: A centrally controlled knowledge repository. Wikis can also be used for document management , project management , customer relationship management , enterprise resource planning , and many other kinds of data management. Features of wikis which can serve an enterprise include: Software that is specifically designed for running personal wikis includes Tomboy , PmWiki , and ConnectedText (now discontinued). Other, more general, wiki applications have components geared for individual users, including MoinMoin (which offers

704-421: A corporate (or organizational) context, especially to enhance internal knowledge sharing . It tends to have a greater emphasis on features like access control, integration with other software, and document management . Most proprietary wiki applications specifically market themselves as enterprise solutions, including Socialtext , Jive , Traction TeamPage and Notion . Increasingly offerings appear which use

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768-608: A large collection of language primitives . Perl favors language constructs that are concise and natural for humans to write, even where they complicate the Perl interpreter. Wiki application There are dozens of actively maintained wiki engines . They vary in the platforms they run on, the programming language they were developed in, whether they are open-source or proprietary , their support for natural language characters and conventions, and their assumptions about technical versus social control of editing . The first generally recognized "wiki" application, WikiWikiWeb ,

832-400: A large margin, the most visited public wiki, it also powers many other public wikis as well. Other wiki engines used regularly for public wikis include MoinMoin and PmWiki , along with many others . Other Internet websites, based on wiki software, include encyclopedias such as Sensei's Library , Parlia , and WikiTree . Enterprise wiki software is software intended to be used in

896-401: A link to www.perl.com. Licensing for commercial use is decided on a case-by-case basis. O'Reilly also provides "Programming Republic of Perl" logos for non-commercial sites and "Powered by Perl" buttons for any site that uses Perl. The Perl Foundation owns an alternative symbol, an onion, which it licenses to its subsidiaries, Perl Mongers , PerlMonks , Perl.org, and others. The symbol is

960-469: A new I/O implementation, added a new thread implementation, improved numeric accuracy, and added several new modules. As of 2013, this version was still the most popular Perl version and was used by Red Hat Linux 5, SUSE Linux 10, Solaris 10, HP-UX 11.31, and AIX 5. In 2004, work began on the "Synopses" – documents that originally summarized the Apocalypses, but which became the specification for

1024-465: A potentially large community of readers and editors, private enterprise wikis for data management by corporations and other organizations, and personal wikis , meant to be used by a single person to manage notes, and usually run on a desktop . Some wiki software is specifically geared for one of the usage types, while other software can be used for all three, but contains functionality, either in its core or through plugins, that help with one or more of

1088-564: A rand() function using a consistent random number generator. Some observers credit the release of Perl 5.10 with the start of the Modern Perl movement. In particular, this phrase describes a style of development that embraces the use of the CPAN, takes advantage of recent developments in the language, and is rigorous about creating high quality code. While the book Modern Perl may be the most visible standard-bearer of this idea, other groups such as

1152-424: A rule newer wiki projects have not succeeded in attracting large numbers of users from the existing wiki software base. The most well-known data format arguably is MediaWiki's, and correspondingly has been reimplemented in other wikis: None of these alternatives support the extensions available under standard MediaWiki, some of which extend or alter its data format. In 2007 a project named (Wiki) Creole to create

1216-554: A separate piece of functionality. Software that supports blogs with wiki-style editing and versioning is sometimes known as "bliki" software. Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware is an example of wiki software that is designed to support such features at its core. Many of the enterprise wiki applications, such as TWiki , Confluence and SharePoint , also support such features, as do open-source applications like MediaWiki and XWiki , via plugins . Some wiki applications let users embed scripting -style calls into wiki pages, which are processed by

1280-568: A series of documents called "apocalypses" – numbered to correspond to chapters in Programming Perl . As of January 2011 , the developing specification of Perl 6 was encapsulated in design documents called Synopses – numbered to correspond to Apocalypses. Thesis work by Bradley M. Kuhn , overseen by Wall, considered the possible use of the Java virtual machine as a runtime for Perl. Kuhn's thesis showed this approach to be problematic. In 2001, it

1344-481: A standardized markup language for wikis was completed. As of 2022, the effort has had significant technical success, gaining support through implementation in many engines, but limited social success as it is still relatively unused and unknown, has few cross-markup conversion tools for migrating existing knowledge bases to it and no major engines use it as their native markup syntax. There are essentially three types of usage for wiki software: public-facing wikis with

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1408-516: Is "Easy things should be easy and hard things should be possible". The design of Perl can be understood as a response to three broad trends in the computer industry: falling hardware costs, rising labor costs, and improvements in compiler technology. Many earlier computer languages, such as Fortran and C, aimed to make efficient use of expensive computer hardware. In contrast, Perl was designed so that computer programmers could write programs more quickly and easily. Perl has many features that ease

1472-429: Is a high-level , general-purpose , interpreted , dynamic programming language . Though Perl is not officially an acronym, there are various backronyms in use, including "Practical Extraction and Reporting Language". Perl was developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier. Since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions. Perl originally

1536-882: Is completely skinnable in templates, themes and (per user) CSS . It includes support for internationalization (' I18N '), with support for multiple character sets, UTF-8 URLs, and the user interface has been translated into Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish and Swedish. TWiki is primarily used at the workplace as a corporate wiki to coordinate team activities, track projects, implement workflows and as an Intranet Wiki . The TWiki community estimates 40,000 corporate wiki sites as of March 2007, and 20,000 public TWiki sites. TWiki customers include Fortune 500 such as Disney , Motorola , Nokia , NYU , Oracle Corporation and Yahoo! , as well as small and medium enterprises , such as ARM Holdings and DHL . TWiki has also been used to create collaborative internet sites, such as

1600-403: Is only available on those sites. Other wiki software is available in both hosted and downloadable form, including Confluence , Socialtext , MediaWiki and XWiki . Wiki software can include features that come with traditional content management systems, such as calendars , to-do lists , blogs and discussion forums . All of these can either be stored via versioned wiki pages, or simply be

1664-504: Is used for system administration , network programming , finance, bioinformatics , and other applications, such as for graphical user interfaces (GUIs). It has been nicknamed "the Swiss Army chainsaw of scripting languages" because of its flexibility and power. In 1998, it was also referred to as the " duct tape that holds the Internet together", in reference to both its ubiquitous use as

1728-513: Is using a distributed revision control system as a backend of the wiki, in peer-to-peer style. With this approach, there is no central store of the wiki's content; instead, every user keeps a complete copy of the wiki locally, and the software handles merging and propagating of changes when they are made. This is the approach taken by the ikiwiki engine (which can use the distributed revision control system Git as its back-end), and Code Co-op (a distributed revision control system that includes

1792-734: The City of Melbourne 's FutureMelbourne wiki where citizens can collaborate on the future plan. TWiki is implemented in Perl. Wiki pages are stored in plain text files. Everything, including meta such as access control settings, are version controlled using RCS . RCS is optional since an all-Perl version control system is provided. TWiki scales reasonably well even though it uses plain text files and no relational database to store page data. Many corporate TWiki installations have several hundred thousand pages and tens of thousands of users. Load balancing and caching can be used to improve performance on high traffic sites. TWiki has database features built into

1856-534: The Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN) was established as a repository for the Perl language and Perl modules ; as of December 2022 , it carries over 211,850 modules in 43,865 distributions, written by more than 14,324 authors, and is mirrored worldwide at more than 245 locations. Perl 5.004 was released on May 15, 1997, and included, among other things, the UNIVERSAL package, giving Perl

1920-594: The Libera Chat #raku IRC channel. Many functional programming influences were absorbed by the Perl 6 design team. In 2012, Perl 6 development was centered primarily on two compilers: In 2013, MoarVM ("Metamodel On A Runtime"), a C language-based virtual machine designed primarily for Rakudo was announced. In October 2019, Perl 6 was renamed to Raku. As of 2017 only the Rakudo implementation and MoarVM are under active development, and other virtual machines, such as

1984-496: The Semantic Web , or queried internally within the wiki. A wiki that allows such annotation is known as a semantic wiki . The current best-known semantic wiki software is Semantic MediaWiki , a plugin to MediaWiki. Some wiki software have special handling for accessing by mobile devices, such as mobile phones . This is usually done by displaying conservative HTML coding. Various approaches to providing wiki functionality when

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2048-454: The chronology of edits (e.g. published by Internet users) in any given article may be locally saved with a common .xml file extension by people having administrator rights . There are a variety of wiki hosting services , otherwise known as wiki farms, that host users' wikis on a server. Some wiki software is only available in hosted form: PBworks , Wetpaint and Wikispaces are all examples of wiki hosting services that run on code that

2112-468: The regex engine, new hooks into the backend through the B::* modules, the qr// regex quote operator, a large selection of other new core modules, and added support for several more operating systems, including BeOS . Perl 5.6 was released on March 22, 2000. Major changes included 64-bit support, Unicode string representation, support for files over 2 GiB, and the "our" keyword. When developing Perl 5.6,

2176-560: The yada yada operator (intended to mark placeholder code that is not yet implemented), implicit strictures, full Y2038 compliance, regex conversion overloading, DTrace support, and Unicode 5.2. On May 14, 2011, Perl 5.14 was released with JSON support built-in. On May 20, 2012, Perl 5.16 was released. Notable new features include the ability to specify a given version of Perl that one wishes to emulate, allowing users to upgrade their version of Perl, but still run old scripts that would normally be incompatible. Perl 5.16 also updates

2240-454: The "Apocalypses" for Perl 6, a series of documents meant to summarize the change requests and present the design of the next generation of Perl. They were presented as a digest of the RFCs, rather than a formal document. At this time, Perl 6 existed only as a description of a language. Perl 5.8 was first released on July 18, 2002, and further 5.X versions have been released approximately yearly since then. Perl 5.8 improved Unicode support, added

2304-556: The 1980s. By the mid-1990s these generally had web browser interfaces. However, they lacked the ability to easily create links between internal pages without writing HTML code. For WikiWikiWeb, the CamelCase naming convention was used to indicate internal links, without requiring HTML code. By the time MediaWiki appeared, this convention had been largely abandoned in favor of explicitly marking links in edited source code with double square brackets. Page names thus did not interrupt

2368-664: The Enlightened Perl Organization have taken up the cause. In late 2012 and 2013, several projects for alternative implementations for Perl 5 started: Perl5 in Perl6 by the Rakudo Perl team, moe by Stevan Little and friends, p2 by the Perl11 team under Reini Urban, gperl by goccy, and rperl, a Kickstarter project led by Will Braswell and affiliated with the Perl11 project. At the 2000 Perl Conference , Jon Orwant made

2432-662: The Java Virtual Machine and JavaScript , are supported. In June 2020, Perl 7 was announced as the successor to Perl 5. Perl 7 was to initially be based on Perl 5.32 with a release expected in first half of 2021, and release candidates sooner. This plan was revised in May 2021, without any release timeframe or version of Perl 5 for use as a baseline specified. When Perl 7 would be released, Perl 5 would have gone into long term maintenance. Supported Perl 5 versions however would continue to get important security and bug fixes. Perl 7

2496-493: The Perl 6 language. In February 2005, Audrey Tang began work on Pugs , a Perl 6 interpreter written in Haskell . This was the first concerted effort toward making Perl 6 a reality. This effort stalled in 2006. The Perl On New Internal Engine (PONIE) project existed from 2003 until 2006. It was to be a bridge between Perl 5 and 6, and an effort to rewrite the Perl 5 interpreter to run on the Perl 6 Parrot virtual machine . The goal

2560-619: The Perl Steering Committee canceled it to avoid issues with backward compatibility for scripts that were not written to the pragmas and modules that would become the default in Perl 7. Perl 7 will only come out when the developers add enough features to warrant a major release upgrade. According to Wall, Perl has two slogans. The first is "There's more than one way to do it," commonly known as TMTOWTDI, (pronounced Tim Toady ). As proponents of this motto argue, this philosophy makes it easy to write concise statements. The second slogan

2624-405: The arbitrary data-length limits of many contemporary Unix command line tools . Perl is a highly expressive programming language: source code for a given algorithm can be short and highly compressible. Perl gained widespread popularity in the mid-1990s as a CGI scripting language, in part due to its powerful regular expression and string parsing abilities. In addition to CGI, Perl 5

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2688-410: The core to support Unicode 6.1. On May 18, 2013, Perl 5.18 was released. Notable new features include the new dtrace hooks, lexical subs, more CORE:: subs, overhaul of the hash for security reasons, support for Unicode 6.2. On May 27, 2014, Perl 5.20 was released. Notable new features include subroutine signatures, hash slices/new slice syntax, postfix dereferencing (experimental), Unicode 6.3, and

2752-495: The decision was made to switch the versioning scheme to one more similar to other open source projects; after 5.005_63, the next version became 5.5.640, with plans for development versions to have odd numbers and stable versions to have even numbers. In 2000, Wall put forth a call for suggestions for a new version of Perl from the community. The process resulted in 361 RFC ( Request for Comments ) documents that were to be used in guiding development of Perl 6. In 2001, work began on

2816-399: The development process of Perl 5 occurred with Perl 5.11; the development community has switched to a monthly release cycle of development releases, with a yearly schedule of stable releases. By that plan, bugfix point releases will follow the stable releases every three months. On April 12, 2010, Perl 5.12.0 was released. Notable core enhancements include new package NAME VERSION syntax,

2880-502: The engine. A TWiki Form is attached to a page as meta data. This represents a database record. A set of pages that share the same type of form build a database table. A formatted search with a SQL-like query can be embedded into a page to construct dynamic presentation of data from multiple pages. This allows for building wiki applications and constitutes the TWiki's notion of a structured wiki . Forks of TWiki include: Perl Perl

2944-475: The flow of English and could follow the standard English capitalization convention. Case insensitivity on the first letter but not subsequent letters supported standard English capitalization conventions and let writers author their pages in ordinary English, with the linking of particular words and phrases afterward. This proved to be the critical change that allowed ordinary authors of English to write wiki pages, and non-technical users to read them. This policy

3008-484: The many companies and government organizations that use wikis internally are Adobe Systems , Amazon.com , Intel , Microsoft , and the United States intelligence community . Within organizations, wikis may either add to or replace centrally managed content management systems. Their decentralized nature allows them, in principle, to disseminate needed information across an organization more rapidly and more cheaply than

3072-713: The name 'wiki' but do not offer basic elements common to established wikis, like Wiki Markup and Link-first workflow as in Confluence (since 2018), or Version Control of Full Text Search Microsoft Teams . In addition, some open source wiki applications also describe themselves as enterprise solutions, including XWiki , Foswiki , TWiki , and BlueSpice . Some open-source wiki applications, though they do not specifically bill themselves as enterprise solutions, have marketing materials geared for enterprise users, like Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware and MediaWiki . Many other wiki applications have also been used within enterprises. Among

3136-411: The only documentation for Perl was a single lengthy man page . In 1991, Programming Perl , known to many Perl programmers as the "Camel Book" because of its cover, was published and became the de facto reference for the language. At the same time, the Perl version number was bumped to 4, not to mark a major change in the language but to identify the version that was well documented by the book. Perl 4

3200-647: The task of the programmer at the expense of greater CPU and memory requirements. These include automatic memory management; dynamic typing ; strings, lists, and hashes; regular expressions; introspection ; and an eval() function. Perl follows the theory of "no built-in limits", an idea similar to the Zero One Infinity rule. Wall was trained as a linguist, and the design of Perl is very much informed by linguistic principles. Examples include Huffman coding (common constructions should be short), good end-weighting (the important information should come first), and

3264-416: The usage types. Public wikis are usually open to the public to read, edit and comment on some or all of the article space of each wiki. Many offer registration to offer further access and controls to each user and a few have, in-part commercialised aspects or further access, such as the popular wiki farm, Fandom . MediaWiki is by far the most dominant software as it powers Misplaced Pages , consistently and by

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3328-423: The user is not online have been tried. For users who need to simply read the wiki's content when offline, a copy of the content can often be made easily; in the case of Misplaced Pages, CD-ROMs and printed versions have been made of parts of Misplaced Pages's content. Allowing offline editing, however (where the changes are synchronized when the user is back online), is a much more difficult process. One approach to doing this

3392-402: The wiki engines currently in use were created after 2006. Some content management systems , such as Microsoft SharePoint , have also adopted wiki-like functionality. In general new wiki engines have not followed the data formats ( wiki markup languages) of the existing engines, making them of limited use for those who have already invested in large knowledge bases in existing software. As

3456-401: The wiki's parser and run either when the page is saved or when it is displayed. XWiki and MediaWiki are examples of such applications. Specifically XWiki offers support for the following scripting languages: Groovy , Velocity , Ruby , Python , PHP or more generally any JSR223 scripting language. Wiki software can let users store data via the wiki, in a way that can be exported via

3520-462: Was announced on 24 June 2020 at "The Perl Conference in the Cloud" as the successor to Perl 5. Based on Perl 5.32, Perl 7 was planned to be backward compatible with modern Perl 5 code; Perl 5 code, without boilerplate (pragma) header needs adding use compat::perl5; to stay compatible, but modern code can drop some of the boilerplate. The plan to go to Perl 7 brought up more discussion, however, and

3584-478: Was created by American computer programmer Ward Cunningham , and launched on c2.com in 1995. "WikiWikiWeb" was also the name of the wiki that ran on the software, and in the first years of wikis' existence there was no great distinction made between the contents of wikis and the software they ran on, possibly because almost every wiki ran on its own customized software. Wiki software originated from older version control systems used for documentation and software in

3648-504: Was decided that Perl 6 would run on a cross-language virtual machine called Parrot . In 2005, Audrey Tang created the Pugs project, an implementation of Perl 6 in Haskell . This acted as, and continues to act as, a test platform for the Perl 6 language (separate from the development of the actual implementation), allowing the language designers to explore. The Pugs project spawned an active Perl/Haskell cross-language community centered around

3712-469: Was extended to other natural languages, avoiding the use of unusual-looking text or awkward capitalization that violates the language's own rules. Over the next 10 years, many more wiki applications were written, in a variety of programming languages . After 2005, there began to be a move toward increasing consolidation and standardization: many less-popular wiki applications were gradually abandoned, and fewer new applications were created. Relatively few of

3776-715: Was founded by Peter Thoeny in 1998 as an open-source wiki-based application platform. In October 2008, the company TWiki.net, created by Thoeny, assumed full control over the TWiki project while much of the developer community forked off to join the Foswiki project. TWiki has a plugin API that has spawned over 300 extensions to link into databases , create charts , tags , sort tables, write spreadsheets , create image gallery and slideshows , make drawings , write blogs , plot graphs , interface to many different authentication schemes, track Extreme Programming projects and so on. TWiki as

3840-548: Was not capitalized and the name was changed to being capitalized by the time Perl 4 was released. The latest release is Perl 5, first released in 1994. From 2000 to October 2019 a sixth version of Perl was in development; the sixth version's name was changed to Raku . Both languages continue to be developed independently by different development teams which liberally borrow ideas from each other. Perl borrows features from other programming languages including C , sh , AWK , and sed . It provides text processing facilities without

3904-492: Was released in March 1991. Perl 4 went through a series of maintenance releases , culminating in Perl 4.036 in 1993, whereupon Wall abandoned Perl 4 to begin work on Perl 5. Initial design of Perl 5 continued into 1994. The perl5-porters mailing list was established in May 1994 to coordinate work on porting Perl 5 to different platforms. It remains the primary forum for development, maintenance, and porting of Perl 5. Perl 5.000

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3968-418: Was released on March 13, 1995. Perl 5.002 was released on February 29, 1996 with the new prototypes feature. This allowed module authors to make subroutines that behaved like Perl builtins . Perl 5.003 was released June 25, 1996, as a security release. One of the most important events in Perl 5 history took place outside of the language proper and was a consequence of its module support. On October 26, 1995,

4032-503: Was released on October 17, 1994. It was a nearly complete rewrite of the interpreter , and it added many new features to the language, including objects , references , lexical (my) variables , and modules . Importantly, modules provided a mechanism for extending the language without modifying the interpreter. This allowed the core interpreter to stabilize, even as it enabled ordinary Perl programmers to add new language features. Perl 5 has been in active development since then. Perl 5.001

4096-466: Was to ensure the future of the millions of lines of Perl 5 code at thousands of companies around the world. The PONIE project ended in 2006 and is no longer being actively developed. Some of the improvements made to the Perl 5 interpreter as part of PONIE were folded into that project. On December 18, 2007, the 20th anniversary of Perl 1.0, Perl 5.10.0 was released. Perl 5.10.0 included notable new features, which brought it closer to Perl 6. These included

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