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60-472: A tulip is a bulbous plant in the genus Tulipa . Tulip or Tulips may also refer to: Tulip Tulips are spring-blooming perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes in the Tulipa genus . Their flowers are usually large, showy, and brightly coloured, generally red, orange, pink, yellow, or white. They often have a different coloured blotch at the base of the tepals , internally. Because of

120-459: A common element of steppe and winter-rain Mediterranean vegetation . They thrive in climates with long, cool springs and dry summers. Tulips are most commonly found in meadows , steppes and chaparral , but also introduced in fields, orchards, roadsides and abandoned gardens. Botrytis tulipae is a major fungal disease affecting tulips, causing cell death and eventually the rotting of

180-416: A degree of variability within the populations and a long history of cultivation, classification has been complex and controversial. The tulip is a member of the lily family , Liliaceae , along with 14 other genera, where it is most closely related to Amana , Erythronium , and Gagea in the tribe Lilieae . There are about 75 species , and these are divided among four subgenera . The name "tulip"

240-538: A narcissus. Carolus Clusius is largely responsible for the spread of tulip bulbs in the final years of the 16th century; he planted tulips at the Vienna Imperial Botanical Gardens in 1573. He finished the first major work on tulips in 1592 and made note of the colour variations. After he was appointed the director of the Leiden University 's newly established Hortus Botanicus , he planted both

300-524: A private gardener by clipping the stem and flower of an individual specimen. Commercial growers usually harvest the tulip bulbs in late summer and grade them into sizes; bulbs large enough to flower are sorted and sold, while smaller bulbs are sorted into sizes and replanted for sale in the future. Because tulip bulbs don't reliably come back every year, tulip varieties that fall out of favour with present aesthetic values have traditionally gone extinct. Unlike other flowers that do not suffer this same limitation,

360-835: A single terminal flower, or when pluriflor as two to three (e.g. Tulipa turkestanica ), but up to four, flowers on the end of a floriferous stem ( scape ), which is single arising from amongst the basal leaf rosette. In structure, the flower is generally cup or star-shaped. As with other members of Liliaceae the perianth is undifferentiated ( perigonium ) and biseriate (two whorled ), formed from six free (i.e. apotepalous ) caducous tepals arranged into two separate whorls of three parts ( trimerous ) each. The two whorls represent three petals and three sepals but are termed tepals because they are nearly identical. The tepals are usually petaloid (petal-like), being brightly coloured, but each whorl may be different, or have different coloured blotches at their bases, forming darker colouration on

420-755: A teaching garden and his private garden with tulips in late 1593. Thus, 1594 is considered the date of the tulip's first flowering in the Netherlands, despite reports of the cultivation of tulips in private gardens in Antwerp and Amsterdam two or three decades earlier. These tulips at Leiden would eventually lead to both the tulip mania and the tulip industry in the Netherlands. Over two raids, in 1596 and in 1598, more than one hundred bulbs were stolen from his garden. Tulips spread rapidly across Europe, and more opulent varieties such as double tulips were already known in Europe by

480-597: A wide variety of colours, black tulips have historically been difficult to achieve. The Queen of the Night tulip is as close to black as a flower gets, though it is, in fact, a dark and glossy maroonish purple. The first truly black tulip was bred in 1986 by a Dutch flower grower in Bovenkarspel, Netherlands. The specimen was created by cross-breeding two deep purple tulips, the Queen of the Night and Wienerwald tulips. The tulip's fruit

540-417: A year or more of growth before plants are large enough to flower. Tulips grown from seeds often need five to eight years before plants are of flowering size. To prevent cross-pollination, increase the growth rate of bulbs and increase the vigour and size of offsets, the flower and stems of a field of commercial tulips are usually topped using large tractor-mounted mowing heads. The same goals can be achieved by

600-515: Is a genus of the lily family, Liliaceae , once one of the largest families of monocots , but which molecular phylogenetics has reduced to a monophyletic grouping with only 15 genera. Within Liliaceae, Tulipa is placed within Lilioideae , one of three subfamilies, with two tribes . Tribe Lilieae includes seven other genera in addition to Tulipa . The genus, which includes about 75 species ,

660-556: Is a globose or ellipsoid capsule with a leathery covering and an ellipsoid to globe shape. Each capsule contains numerous flat, disc-shaped seeds in two rows per chamber. These light to dark brown seeds have very thin seed coats and endosperm that do not normally fill the entire seed. Tulipanin is an anthocyanin found in tulips. It is the 3-rutinoside of delphinidin . The chemical compounds named tuliposides and tulipalins can also be found in tulips and are responsible for allergies. Tulipalin A, or α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone,

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720-458: Is a common allergen , generated by hydrolysis of the glucoside tuliposide A. It induces a dermatitis that is mostly occupational and affects tulip bulb sorters and florists who cut the stems and leaves. Tulipanin A and B are toxic to horses, cats and dogs. The colour of a tulip is formed from two pigments working in concert; a base colour that is always yellow or white, and a second laid-on anthocyanin colour. The mix of these two hues determines

780-506: Is a feature commonly mentioned in plant keys ; in botany and mycology , a glabrous morphological feature is one that is smooth and may be glossy. It has no bristles or hair-like structures such as trichomes . In anything like the zoological sense, no plants or fungi have hair or wool, although some structures may resemble such materials. The term "glabrous" strictly applies only to features that lack trichomes at all times. When an organ bears trichomes at first, but loses them with age,

840-513: Is divided into four subgenera . The word tulip , first mentioned in western Europe in or around 1554 and seemingly derived from the "Turkish Letters" of diplomat Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq , first appeared in English as tulipa or tulipant , entering the language by way of French: tulipe and its obsolete form tulipan or by way of Modern Latin tulipa , from Ottoman Turkish tülbend (" muslin " or " gauze "), and may be ultimately derived from

900-606: Is found on the ventral portion of the fingers , palms , soles of feet and lips , which are all parts of the body most closely associated with interacting with the world around us, as are the labia minora and glans penis . There are four main types of mechanoreceptors in the glabrous skin of humans: Pacinian corpuscles , Meissner's corpuscles , Merkel's discs , and Ruffini corpuscles . The Naked mole-rat ( Heterocephalus glaber ) has evolved skin lacking in general, pelagic hair covering, yet has retained long, very sparsely scattered tactile hairs over its body. Glabrousness

960-890: Is not mentioned by any writer from antiquity, therefore it seems probable that tulips were introduced into Anatolia only with the advance of the Seljuks . In the Ottoman Empire , numerous types of tulips were cultivated and bred, and today, 14 species can still be found in Turkey. Tulips are mentioned by Omar Kayam and Jalāl ad-Dīn Rûmi . Species of tulips in Turkey typically come in red, less commonly in white or yellow. The Ottoman Turks had discovered that these wild tulips were great changelings, freely hybridizing (though it takes 7 years to show colour) but also subject to mutations that produced spontaneous changes in form and colour. A paper by Arthur Baker reports that in 1574, Sultan Selim II ordered

1020-433: Is thought to be derived from a Persian word for turban , which it may have been thought to resemble by those who discovered it. Tulips were originally found in a band stretching from Southern Europe to Central Asia, but since the seventeenth century have become widely naturalised and cultivated ( see map ). In their natural state, they are adapted to steppes and mountainous areas with temperate climates . Flowering in

1080-685: Is unknown who first brought the tulip to Northwestern Europe, the most widely accepted story is that it was Oghier Ghislain de Busbecq , an ambassador for Emperor Ferdinand I to Suleyman the Magnificent . According to a letter, he saw "an abundance of flowers everywhere; Narcissus , hyacinths and those in Turkish called Lale, much to our astonishment because it was almost midwinter, a season unfriendly to flowers." However, in 1559, an account by Conrad Gessner describes tulips flowering in Augsburg , Swabia in

1140-516: The Persian : دلبند delband (" Turban "), this name being applied because of a perceived resemblance of the shape of a tulip flower to that of a turban. This may have been due to a translation error in early times when it was fashionable in the Ottoman Empire to wear tulips on turbans. The translator possibly confused the flower for the turban. Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq stated that the "Turks" used

1200-715: The Topkapı Sarayı in Istanbul . It is also reported that shortly after arriving in Constantinople in 1554, Ogier Ghislain de Busbecq, ambassador of the Austrian Habsburgs to the court of Suleyman the Magnificent, claimed to have introduced the tulip to Europe by sending a consignment of bulbs west. The fact that the tulip's first official trip west took it from one court to the other could have contributed to its ascendency. Sultan Ahmet III maintained famous tulip gardens in

1260-541: The ceramic tulipiere was devised for the display of cut flowers stem by stem. Vases and bouquets, usually including tulips, often appeared in Dutch still-life painting . To this day, tulips are associated with the Netherlands, and the cultivated forms of the tulip are often called "Dutch tulips". The Netherlands has the world's largest permanent display of tulips at the Keukenhof . The majority of tulip cultivars are classified in

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1320-420: The ovaries are superior, with three chambers. The "Semper Augustus" was the most expensive tulip during the 17th-century tulip mania . After seeing the tulip in the garden of Dr. Adriaen Pauw, a director of the new East India Company , Nicolas van Wassenaer wrote in 1624 that "The colour is white, with Carmine on a blue base, and with an unbroken flame right to the top". With limited specimens in existence at

1380-532: The 'Didieri Group' with unicolorous tepals. Tulip bulbs are typically planted around late summer and fall, in well-drained soils. Tulips should be planted 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 inches) apart from each other. The recommended hole depth is 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 inches) deep and is measured from the top of the bulb to the surface. Therefore, larger tulip bulbs would require deeper holes. Species of tulips are normally planted deeper. Glabrousness (botany) Glabrousness or otherwise, of leaves, stems, and fruit

1440-523: The American East, white-tailed deer eat tulips, with no apparent ill effects. However, tulips are poisonous to domestic animals e.g. horses, cats, and dogs. Cultivation of the tulip began in Iran ( Persia ), probably in the 10th century. Early cultivars must have emerged from hybridisation in gardens from wild collected plants, which were then favoured, possibly due to flower size or growth vigour. The tulip

1500-631: The Balkans are native, subsequent identification of Tulipa sylvestris subsp. australis as a native of the Iberian peninsula and adjacent North Africa shows that this may be a simplification. In addition to these regions in the west tulips have been identified in Greece, Cyprus and the Balkans . In the south, Iran marks its furthest extent, while the northern limit is Ukraine. Although tulips are also throughout most of

1560-536: The Dutch tulipomania gained their delicately feathered patterns from an infection with the tulip breaking virus , a mosaic virus that was carried by the green peach aphid , Myzus persicae . While the virus produces fantastically streaked flowers, it also weakens plants and reduces the number of offsets produced. Dutch growers would go to extraordinary lengths during tulipomania to make tulips break, borrowing alchemists’ techniques and resorting to sprinkling paint powders of

1620-466: The Dutch. Between 1634 and 1637, the enthusiasm for the new flowers in Holland triggered a speculative frenzy now known as the tulip mania that eventually led to the collapse of the market three years later. Tulip bulbs had become so expensive that they were treated as a form of currency, or rather, as futures, forcing the Dutch government to introduce trading restrictions on the bulbs. Around this time,

1680-610: The Kadi of A‘azāz in Syria to send him 50,000 tulip bulbs. However, John Harvey points out several problems with this source, and there is also the possibility that tulips and hyacinth ( sümbüll ), originally Indian spikenard ( Nardostachys jatamansi ) have been confused. Sultan Selim also imported 300,000 bulbs of Kefe Lale (also known as Cafe-Lale, from the medieval name Kaffa, probably Tulipa schrenkii ) from Kefe in Crimea , for his gardens in

1740-526: The Mediterranean and Europe, these regions do not form part of the natural distribution. Tulips were brought to Europe by travellers and merchants from Anatolia and Central Asia for cultivation, from where they escaped and naturalised ( see map ). For instance, less than half of those species found in Turkey are actually native. These have been referred to as neo-tulipae. Tulips are indigenous to mountainous areas with temperate climates , where they are

1800-457: The Netherlands. The gardening book Revnak'ı Bostan (Beauty of the Garden) by Sahibül Reis ülhaç Ibrahim Ibn ülhaç Mehmet, written in 1660 does not mention the tulip at all, but contains advice on growing hyacinths and lilies . However, there is considerable confusion of terminology, and tulips may have been subsumed under hyacinth, a mistake several European botanists were to perpetuate. In 1515,

1860-521: The Tulip's historical forms do not survive alongside their modern incarnations. In horticulture, tulips are divided into fifteen groups (Divisions) mostly based on flower morphology and plant size. They may also be classified by their flowering season: A number of names are based on naturalised garden tulips and are usually referred to as neo-tulipae. These are often difficult to trace back to their original cultivar, and in some cases have been occurring in

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1920-594: The attention of Northern Europeans until the sixteenth century, when Northern European diplomats to the Ottoman court observed and reported on them. They were rapidly introduced into Northern Europe and became a much-sought-after commodity during tulip mania . Tulips were frequently depicted in Dutch Golden Age paintings , and have become associated with the Netherlands , the major producer for world markets, ever since. In

1980-609: The colours. Tulip growth is also dependent on temperature conditions. Slightly germinated plants show greater growth if subjected to a period of cool dormancy, known as vernalisation . Furthermore, although flower development is induced at warmer temperatures (20–25 °C or 68–77 °F), elongation of the flower stalk and proper flowering is dependent on an extended period of low temperature (< 10 °C or 50 °F). Tulip bulbs imported to warm-winter areas are often planted in autumn to be treated as annuals. The colour of tulip flowers also varies with growing conditions. In

2040-426: The desired hue or pigeon droppings onto flower roots. Tulips affected by the mosaic virus are called "broken"; while such plants can occasionally revert to a plain or solid colouring, they will remain infected and have to be destroyed. Today the virus is almost eradicated from tulip growers' fields. The multicoloured patterns of modern varieties result from breeding; they normally have solid, un-feathered borders between

2100-718: The early 17th century to c. 1960, is held by Polly Nicholson at Blackland House , near Calne in Wiltshire. It is believed the first tulips in the United States were grown near Spring Pond at the Fay Estate in Lynn and Salem , Massachusetts. From 1847 to 1865, Richard Sullivan Fay, Esq., one of Lynn's wealthiest men, settled on 500 acres (2 km ; 202 ha) located partly in present-day Lynn and partly in present-day Salem. Mr. Fay imported many different trees and plants from all parts of

2160-510: The early 17th century, entire properties were exchanged as payment for a single tulip bulb. The value of the flower gave it an aura of mystique, and numerous publications describing varieties in lavish garden manuals were published, cashing in on the value of the flower. An export business was built up in France, supplying Dutch, Flemish, German and English buyers. The trade drifted slowly from the French to

2220-538: The early 17th century. These curiosities fitted well in an age when natural oddities were cherished especially in the Netherlands, France, Germany and England, where the spice trade with the East Indies had made many people wealthy. Nouveaux riches seeking wealthy displays embraced the exotic plant market, especially in the Low Countries where gardens had become fashionable. A craze for bulbs soon grew in France, where in

2280-602: The eastern shore of the Caspian Sea through Turkmenistan , Bukhara , Samarkand and Tashkent (Uzbekistan), to the eastern end of the range in the Pamir-Alai and Tien-Shan mountains in Central Asia, which form the centre of diversity . Further to the east, Tulipa is found in the western Himalayas , southern Siberia , Inner Mongolia, and as far as the northwest of China. While authorities have stated that no tulips west of

2340-474: The garden of Councillor Heinrich Herwart. In Central and Northern Europe, tulip bulbs are generally removed from the ground in June and must be replanted by September for the winter. It is doubtful that Busbecq could have had the tulip bulbs harvested, shipped to Germany and replanted between March 1558 and Gessner's description the following year. Pietro Andrea Mattioli illustrated a tulip in 1565 but identified it as

2400-436: The interior surface. The inner petals have a small, delicate cleft at the top, while the sturdier outer ones form uninterrupted ovals. The flowers have six distinct, basifixed introrse stamens arranged in two whorls of three, which vary in length and may be glabrous or hairy. The filaments are shorter than the tepals and dilated towards their base. The style is short or absent and each stigma has three distinct lobes, and

2460-447: The most admired breaks of his time. Breeding programmes have produced thousands of hybrid and cultivars in addition to the original species (known in horticulture as botanical tulips). They are popular throughout the world, both as ornamental garden plants and as cut flowers . Tulips are perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes that bloom in spring and die back after flowering to an underground storage bulb. Depending on

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2520-430: The plains of India, as he did with other plants like melons and grapes. The tulip represents the official symbol of Turkey. In Moorish Andalus , a "Makedonian bulb" ( basal al-maqdunis ) or "bucket- Narcissus " ( naryis qadusi ) was cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens. It was supposed to have come from Alexandria and may have been Tulipa sylvestris , but the identification is not wholly secure. Although it

2580-426: The plant. Other pathogens include anthracnose , bacterial soft rot , blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii , bulb nematodes , other rots including blue molds , black molds and mushy rot. The fungus Trichoderma viride can infect tulips, producing dried leaf tips and reduced growth, although symptoms are usually mild and only present on bulbs growing in glasshouses . Variegated tulips admired during

2640-727: The pollen to move several feet to another plant but only within their blossoms." Tulips can be propagated through bulb offsets , seeds or micropropagation . Offsets and tissue culture methods are means of asexual propagation for producing genetic clones of the parent plant, which maintains cultivar genetic integrity. Seeds are most often used to propagate species and subspecies or to create new hybrids . Many tulip species can cross-pollinate with each other, and when wild tulip populations overlap geographically with other tulip species or subspecies, they often hybridise and create mixed populations. Most commercial tulip cultivars are complex hybrids, and often sterile . Offsets require

2700-603: The scholar Qasim from Herat in contrast had identified both wild and garden tulips (lale) as anemones ( shaqayq al-nu'man ) but described the crown imperial as laleh kakli . In a Turkic text written before 1495, the Chagatay Husayn Bayqarah mentions tulips ( lale ). Babur , the founder of the Mughal Empire , also names tulips in the Baburnama . He may actually have introduced them from Afghanistan to

2760-454: The seventeenth-century Netherlands, during the time of the tulip mania, an infection of tulip bulbs by the tulip breaking virus created variegated patterns in the tulip flowers that were much admired and valued. While truly broken tulips are not cultivated anymore, the closest available specimens today are part of the group known as the Rembrandts – so named because Rembrandt painted some of

2820-406: The species, tulip plants can be between 10 and 70 cm (4 and 28 inches) high. Tulip stems have few leaves. Larger species tend to have multiple leaves. Plants typically have two to six leaves, some species up to 12. The tulip's leaf is cauline (born on a stem), strap-shaped, with a waxy coating, and the leaves are alternate (alternately arranged on the stem), diminishing in size the further up

2880-658: The spring, they become dormant in the summer once the flowers and leaves die back, emerging above ground as a shoot from the underground bulb in early spring. Growing wild over much of the Near East and Central Asia, tulips had probably been cultivated in Persia from the 10th century. By the 15th century, tulips were among the most prized flowers; becoming the symbol of the later Ottomans. Tulips were cultivated in Byzantine Constantinople as early as 1055 but they did not come to

2940-483: The stem. These fleshy blades are often bluish-green in colour. The bulbs are truncated basally and elongated towards the apex. They are covered by a protective tunic (tunicate) which can be glabrous or hairy inside. The tulip's flowers are usually large and are actinomorphic (radially symmetric) and hermaphrodite (contain both male ( androecium ) and female ( gynoecium ) characteristics), generally erect, or more rarely pendulous , and are arranged more usually as

3000-456: The summer highland pastures ( Yayla ) at Spil Dağı above the town of Manisa . They seem to have consisted of wild tulips. However, of the 14 tulip species known from Turkey, only four are considered to be of local origin, so wild tulips from Iran and Central Asia may have been brought into Turkey during the Seljuk and especially Ottoman periods. Also, Sultan Ahmet imported domestic tulip bulbs from

3060-472: The taxon Tulipa ×gesneriana . They have usually several species in their direct background, but most have been derived from Tulipa suaveolens (today often regarded as a synonym with Tulipa schrenkii ). Tulipa ×gesneriana is in itself an early hybrid of complex origin and is probably not the same taxon as was described by Conrad Gessner in the 16th century. The UK's National Collection of English florists' tulips and Dutch historic tulips, dating from

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3120-550: The term used is glabrescent . In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana , trichome formation is initiated by the GLABROUS1 protein. Knockouts of the corresponding gene lead to glabrous plants. This phenotype has already been used in gene editing experiments and might be of interest as a visual marker for plant research to improve gene editing methods such as CRISPR/Cas9. In varying degrees most mammals have some skin areas without natural hair. In humans , glabrous skin

3180-439: The time and most owned by Pauw, his refusal to sell any flowers, despite wildly escalating offers, is believed by some to have sparked the mania. Tulip flowers come in a wide variety of colours, except pure blue (several tulips with "blue" in the name have a faint violet hue), and have absent nectaries . Tulip flowers are generally bereft of scent and are the coolest of floral characters. While tulips can be bred to display

3240-581: The tulip. Tulips are mainly distributed along a band corresponding to latitude 40° north, from southeast of Europe ( Greece , Albania , North Macedonia , Kosovo , Southern Serbia , Bulgaria , most part of Romania , Ukraine , Russia) and Turkey in the west, through the Levant (Syria, Israel, Palestinian Territories , Lebanon and Jordan) and the Sinai Peninsula . From there it extends eastwards through Jerevan (Armenia), and Baku ( Azerbaijan ) and on

3300-459: The visible unitary colour. The breaking of flowers occurs when a virus suppresses anthocyanin and the base colour is exposed as a streak. The great majority of tulips, both species and cultivars, have no discernable scent, but a few of both are scented to a degree, and Anna Pavord describes T. hungarica as "strongly scented", and among cultivars, some such as "Monte Carlo" and "Brown Sugar" are "scented", and "Creme Upstar" "fragrant". Tulipa

3360-400: The wild for many centuries. The history of naturalisation is unknown, but populations are usually associated with agricultural practices and are possibly linked to saffron cultivation . Some neo-tulipae have been brought into cultivation, and are often offered as botanical tulips. These cultivated plants can be classified into two Cultivar Groups: 'Grengiolensis Group', with picotee tepals, and

3420-432: The word tulipan to describe the flower. Extensive speculation has tried to understand why he would state this, given that the Turkish word for tulip is lale . It is from this speculation that tulipan being a translation error referring to turbans is derived. This etymology has been challenged and makes no assumptions about possible errors. At no point does Busbecq state this was the word used in Turkey, he simply states it

3480-530: The word used by his "Turk/Hungarian" guides. The Hungarian word tulipan may be adopted from an Indo-Aryan reference to the tulip as a symbol of resurrection, tala meaning "bottom or underworld" and pAna meaning "defence". Prior to arriving in Europe the Hungarians, and other Finno-Ugrians, embraced the Indo-Iranian cult of the dead, Yima/Yama, and would have been familiar with all of its symbols including

3540-452: The world and planted them among the meadows of the Fay Estate. The Netherlands is the world's main producer of commercial tulip plants, producing as many as 3 billion bulbs annually, the majority for export. "Unlike many flower species, tulips do not produce nectar to entice insect pollination. Instead, tulips rely on wind and land animals to move their pollen between reproductive organs. Because they are self-pollinating, they do not need

3600-489: Was used by the "Turks". On his way to Constantinople Busbecq states he travelled through Hungary and used Hungarian guides. Until recent times "Turk" was a common term when referring to Hungarians. The word tulipan is in fact the Hungarian word for tulip. As long as one recognizes "Turk" as a reference to Hungarians, no amount of speculation is required to reconcile the word's origin or form. Busbecq may have been simply repeating

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