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110-396: Suwon ( Korean :  수원 ; Korean pronunciation: [su.wʌn] ) is the largest city and capital of Gyeonggi Province , South Korea's most populous province. The city lies approximately 30 km (19 mi) south of the national capital, Seoul . With a population of 1.2 million, Suwon has more inhabitants than Ulsan , though it enjoys a lesser degree of self-governance as

220-456: A 'special case city'. Traditionally known as the 'City of Filial Piety ', modern Suwon retains a variety of historical landmarks. As a walled city, it is a popular destination for day-trippers from Seoul, with the wall itself—Hwaseong Fortress—receiving 1½ million visits in 2015. Suwon plays an important economic role as it is home to Samsung Electronics , Korea's largest and most profitable company. The company's research and development centre

330-484: A Korean influence on Khitan. The hypothesis that Korean could be related to Japanese has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as Samuel E. Martin and Roy Andrew Miller . Sergei Starostin (1991) found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list . Some linguists concerned with

440-477: A core vowel. The IPA symbol ⟨ ◌͈ ⟩ ( U+0348 ◌͈ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW ) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/ . Its official use in the extensions to the IPA is for "strong" articulation, but is used in the literature for faucalized voice . The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice , but it is not yet known how typical this

550-541: A later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families. Since the establishment of two independent governments, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation and vocabulary chosen. However, these minor differences can be found in any of the Korean dialects , which are still largely mutually intelligible . The Chinese language , written with Chinese characters and read with Sino-Xenic pronunciations ,

660-510: A later time. The issue arose again during the rehabilitation of the entire Suwon Stream, inside and outside the Fortress, that was initiated in 2006. Finally, in June 2010, reconstruction work began and was completed in 2012. 37°16′42″N 127°01′11″E  /  37.27833°N 127.01972°E  / 37.27833; 127.01972 Dongnam Gangnu, the south-eastern pavilion, sits on top of

770-561: A lot of money, so he needed to tell his descendants how it was made, so he made the Hwaseong Sanctuary Uigwe, which eventually became a great source of strength for his descendants. Hwaseong Fortress was built over a two-and-a-half-year period, from 1794 to 1796 according to the designs of the architect Jeong Yakyong , who would later become a renowned leader of the Silhak movement. Silhak , which means practical learning , encouraged

880-508: A number of administrative territory changes since the 1960s. In 1963, Suwon expanded greatly as 20 villages were incorporated from Hwaseong-gun. In 1983, two more villages were acquired from Yongin. In 1987, Suwon expanded westwards, acquiring another two villages from Hwaseong. Gwonseon District and Paldal District were established in 1988. It received more territory from Hwaseong and Yongin in 1994, and again from Hwaseong in 1995. It established Yeongtong District in 2003. In preparation for

990-562: A possible relationship.) Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre- Nivkh substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric ) were once distributed on the Korean Peninsula before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. Korean syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, glide /j, w, ɰ/ and final coda /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ surrounding

1100-464: A similar structure and is instead guarded by lower stone walls and a wooden gatehouse. In 1846, the original Namsumun was swept away in a major flood. It was soon restored but washed away again by a flood in 1922, during the Japanese occupation. During the general restoration of Hwaseong Fortress in 1975, no consensus was obtained on how to rebuild the gate, and the area was left reserved for restoration at

1210-476: A small rise above Namsumun (the South Floodgate). Thanks to its elevated height, the pavilion serves as key lookout point, as much of Hwaseong and the area outside to the south and east can be seen from here. 37°16′44″N 127°01′13″E  /  37.27889°N 127.02028°E  / 37.27889; 127.02028 Dongsam Chi, the third eastern turret, lies halfway from the south-east pavilion to

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1320-433: A turret. Construction of this post was completed on July 3, 1796 and it was intended to defend the beacon tower. For this purpose, it extends further out from the wall than the north-western sentry post. It also lacks wooden front doors. 37°16′53″N 127°01′17″E  /  37.28139°N 127.02139°E  / 37.28139; 127.02139 Bongdon, the beacon tower, sits midway from Paldalmun to Changnyongmun. It

1430-671: Is Samsung Electronics , which was founded in the city in 1969. Its headquarters remain in Suwon, located today with the company's large R&D complex in Maetan-dong. Samsung's presence in the city can be seen through its sponsorship of local sports teams such as Suwon Samsung Bluewings Football Club and two of the oldest domestic basketball teams—Samsung Thunders and Samsung Life Blueminx—both of which have since left Suwon. Other major companies in Suwon include SK Chemical , Samsung SDI , and Samsung Electro-Mechanics . Hwaseong Fortress , built under

1540-405: Is a blueprint showing the appearance of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress, the tools used to build it, and the location of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress. Because Suwon Hwaseong Fortress was restored based on perfectly preserved blueprints, it was exceptionally successful in being registered as a World Cultural Heritage despite being a modern restored building. At the time of the construction of Hwaseong, he spent

1650-504: Is a challenge. Suwon is 11% self-sufficient in its use of water, and plans to increase this to 50% through rainwater harvesting , including building retention facilities; and by treating and reusing sewage. Air pollution in Suwon appears to be from a range of industrial and other sources, with origins of coarse particulate matter (PM 10 ) shown in the pie chart. PM 10 sources on the Suwon–Yongin border: The largest employer in Suwon

1760-550: Is a platform immediately to the east of Janganmun. It housed a cannon to protect the gate and its ongseong . 37°17′20″N 127°00′51″E  /  37.28889°N 127.01417°E  / 37.28889; 127.01417 Janganmun, known locally as Bungmun (North Gate), is the largest such gate in Korea. Some believe this is intentional, as it is through this gate that visitors from Seoul will have entered Suwon and this would be in keeping with King Jeongjo's original desire to move

1870-603: Is also generated by longstanding alliances, military involvement, and diplomacy, such as between South Korea–United States and China–North Korea since the end of World War II and the Korean War . Along with other languages such as Chinese and Arabic , Korean is ranked at the top difficulty level for English speakers by the United States Department of Defense . Modern Korean descends from Middle Korean , which in turn descends from Old Korean , which descends from

1980-424: Is also provided in some regular schools, e.g., Suwonbuk Middle School ( 37 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeonghwa-dong). There is also a centre for lifelong learning at Kyemyung High School ( 88 Jangan-ro 496 beon-gil, Imok-dong), and there are two international schools in the city: Gyeonggi Suwon International School and Suwon Chinese International School ( 수원화교중정소학교 ; 水原華僑中正小學 ) Throughout South Korea, water management

2090-656: Is an agglutinative language . The Korean language is traditionally considered to have nine parts of speech . Modifiers generally precede the modified words, and in the case of verb modifiers, can be serially appended. The sentence structure or basic form of a Korean sentence is subject–object–verb (SOV), but the verb is the only required and immovable element and word order is highly flexible, as in many other agglutinative languages. Question 가게에 gage-e store- LOC 가셨어요? ga-syeo-sseo-yo go- HON . PAST - CONJ - POL 가게에 가셨어요? gage-e ga-syeo-sseo-yo store-LOC go-HON.PAST-CONJ-POL 'Did [you] go to

2200-511: Is closer to a near-open central vowel ( [ɐ] ), though ⟨a⟩ is still used for tradition. Grammatical morphemes may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include -eun/-neun ( -은/-는 ) and -i/-ga ( -이/-가 ). Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include -eul/-reul ( -을/-를 ), -euro/-ro ( -으로/-로 ), -eseo/-seo ( -에서/-서 ), -ideunji/-deunji ( -이든지/-든지 ) and -iya/-ya ( -이야/-야 ). Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically. Korean

2310-497: Is composed of four gu (districts). Jangan District ( 장안구 ) and Gwonseon District ( 권선구 ) were established on 1 July 1988. On 1 February 1993, parts of Jangan District and Gwonseon District became a new district, Paldal District ( 팔달구 ). The newest district is Yeongtong District ( 영통구 ), which separated from Paldal District on 24 November 2003. These districts are in turn divided into 42 dong . Suwon has several new 'towns', e.g., Homaesil and Gwanggyo . The latter

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2420-557: Is found in northern Suwon, specifically Pajang-dong, Gwanggyo-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong. Visible rocks here are composed of quartz , feldspar , biotite , amphibole , and muscovite ; and are generally dark grey or dark green. Mesozoic biotite granite intrudes through these. Precambrian quartzo-feldspathic gneiss (PCEqgn) is distributed in some mountainous areas in Hagwanggyo-dong and Sanggwanggyo-dong in northern Suwon. This gneiss has primarily undergone silicification , and

2530-548: Is in Yeongtong District in eastern Suwon, where its headquarters have also been located since 2016. Samsung's prominence in Suwon is clear: the company is partnered with Sungkyunkwan University, which has a campus in the city; it also owns the professional football team Suwon Samsung Bluewings. This team has won the K League four times and the Asian Super Cup twice. The city is also home to the K League 1 team Suwon FC and

2640-418: Is known as Dongbuk Gangnu and nicknamed Banghwasuryujeong. It sits above Yongyeon, a pond surrounded by a small garden. It was originally intended to be the second battle command post, though its scenic location made it a place favoured instead for feasts. 37°17′15″N 127°01′04″E  /  37.28750°N 127.01778°E  / 37.28750; 127.01778 Hwahongmun, otherwise known as Buksumun,

2750-477: Is located intentionally in direct line with Haenggung so that the king could see its signals. Smokes and lights were used to signal the state of threats. The southernmost of its five chimneys was used during peacetime. 37°16′57″N 127°01′20″E  /  37.28250°N 127.02222°E  / 37.28250; 127.02222 Dong-i Chi, the second eastern turret, like the other nine turrets around Hwaseong, allowed soldiers to look out in many directions along

2860-692: Is mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, and muscovite. It is grey, grey-brown, and white. Suwon's single tectonic fault splits from the Singal Fault in Iui-dong, creating the Woncheonri Stream. The stream follows the fault through Ha-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong till it joins the Hwangguji Stream in Annyeong-dong, Hwaseong . This is a 20 km -long vertical fault running SSW, eventually to

2970-399: Is mainly reserved for specific circumstances such as newspapers, scholarly papers and disambiguation. Today Hanja is largely unused in everyday life but is still important for historical and linguistic studies. The Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in both South Korea and North Korea. The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo , which is thought to be

3080-399: Is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx. /s/ is aspirated [sʰ] and becomes an alveolo-palatal [ɕʰ] before [j] or [i] for most speakers (but see North–South differences in the Korean language ). This occurs with

3190-521: Is open to the public on weekdays from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m. , but it is closed at weekends. Bugugwon ( 부국원 ), also known as Suwon Gu Bugugwon , built prior to 1923, is a cultural centre at 130 Hyanggyo-ro, Gyo-dong. There is no record of the 85.95 m building's construction, but exterior photographs were published in 1923. Under Japanese rule, the building was the headquarters of Bugukwon Co., Ltd., which sold agricultural products such as fertilizers. After liberation, from 1952 to 1956, it temporarily housed

3300-427: Is perhaps the most notable of these: the first stage of its construction was completed in 2011. Suwon is 50.3% male (49.7% female), and 2.9% foreign. On average, there are 2.3 residents per household. Further details for each district are shown below (figures from 31 December 2023). The Catholic Diocese of Suwon was created in 1963 by Pope Paul VI . The cathedral—St Joseph's—is at 39 Imok-ro, Jeongja-dong. Suwon

3410-534: Is the native language for about 81 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It is the national language of both North Korea and South Korea . Beyond Korea, the language is recognized as a minority language in parts of China , namely Jilin , and specifically Yanbian Prefecture , and Changbai County . It is also spoken by Sakhalin Koreans in parts of Sakhalin , the Russian island just north of Japan, and by

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3520-647: Is the birthplace of the former president of the Baptist World Alliance, Kim Janghwan (Billy Kim) . Mr founded the Suwon Central Baptist Church , though this is located in Yongin. Mireukdang ( 미륵당 ), a small shrine to Maitreya , is located in Pajang-dong. This has a religious basis fusing Buddhism and traditional local religions. Illegal dumping of household waste has been a problem in Suwon, and

3630-565: Is the gate under which the Suwoncheon flows on entering the area encompassed by Hwaseong and exited through Namsumun. The gate has the obvious function of being a bridge, but also housed cannons for defensive purposes. The Suwoncheon was widened at this point and the gate has seven arches through which it passes. 37°17′19″N 127°01′00″E  /  37.28861°N 127.01667°E  / 37.28861; 127.01667 Bukdong-GunTower sits between Janganmun and Hwahongmun. This tower controls

3740-716: Is well attested in Western Old Japanese and Northern Ryukyuan languages , in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the Southern Ryukyuan language group . Also, the doublet wo meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyuan languages. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. (See Classification of the Japonic languages or Comparison of Japanese and Korean for further details on

3850-511: The Koryo-saram in parts of Central Asia . The language has a few extinct relatives which—along with the Jeju language (Jejuan) of Jeju Island and Korean itself—form the compact Koreanic language family . Even so, Jejuan and Korean are not mutually intelligible . The linguistic homeland of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in contemporary Manchuria . The hierarchy of the society from which

3960-523: The yangban aristocracy, who looked down upon it too easy to learn. However, it gained widespread use among the common class and was widely used to print popular novels which were enjoyed by the common class. Since few people could understand official documents written in classical Chinese, Korean kings sometimes released public notices entirely written in Hangul as early as the 16th century for all Korean classes, including uneducated peasants and slaves. By

4070-634: The Greek Expeditionary Force relocated from Busan to Suwon, attached to the US 1st Cavalry Division . The city also appeared strategically important, as in late 1951, the US Air Force's top fighter pilot Gabby Gabreski was placed in charge of Suwon Air Base . A memorial to French forces was erected in 1974 near the Yeongdong Expressway's North Suwon exit. This was renovated in 2013. In 1964,

4180-529: The Mesozoic Era. Most of Suwon is composed of biotite granite (Jbgr) from the Jurassic period. This granite is centred on Paldalsan. A form of Daebo granite, this rock is distributed through Homaesil-dong, Geumgok-dong, Dangsu-dong, Seryu-dong, Seodun-dong, Gwonseon-dong, and other areas. Its main constituent minerals are quartz, plagioclase , orthotic, biotite, and amphibole. Precambrian biotite gneiss (PCEbgn)

4290-570: The Proto-Koreanic language , which is generally suggested to have its linguistic homeland somewhere in Manchuria . Whitman (2012) suggests that the proto-Koreans, already present in northern Korea, expanded into the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and

4400-557: The Three Kingdoms of Korea (not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula), while " -eo " and " -mal " mean "language" and "speech", respectively. Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo , literally "national language". This name is based on the same Han characters ( 國語 "nation" + "language") that are also used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China ,

4510-612: The University of Suwon and Suwon Science College are not actually in Suwon, but in neighbouring Hwaseong. Seoul National University 's agriculture campus was located in Suwon until 2005; it is now in Seoul. Suwon has 44 high schools, 57 middle schools, 100 primary schools, and 180 kindergartens. Three schools are dedicated to special education: Jahye School ( 47 Subong-ro, Tap-dong), Suwon Seokwang School ( 517 Jangan-ro, Imok-dong), and Areum School ( 32 Gwanggyo-ro, Iui-dong). Special education

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4620-868: The 17th century, the yangban had exchanged Hangul letters with slaves, which suggests a high literacy rate of Hangul during the Joseon era. In the context of growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the Gabo Reform of 1894 abolished the Confucian examinations and decreed that government documents would be issued in Hangul instead of literary Chinese. Some newspapers were published entirely in Hangul, but other publications used Korean mixed script , with Hanja for Sino-Korean vocabulary and Hangul for other elements. North Korea abolished Hanja in writing in 1949, but continues to teach them in schools. Their usage in South Korea

4730-399: The 1910–1945 Japanese colonial period, a number of prominent Korean independence activists came from or operated in Suwon. Kim Se-hwan  [ ko ] and Yi Sŏn-gyŏng ( 이선경 ; 李善卿 ) were both arrested for their activities. On 15 August 1949, Suwon was promoted from a county to a city, with some of its former territory made into Hwaseong County. When the Korean War began,

4840-408: The 20th century. The script uses 24 basic letters ( jamo ) and 27 complex letters formed from the basic ones. When first recorded in historical texts, Korean was only a spoken language . Since the turn of the 21st century, aspects of Korean culture have spread to other countries through globalization and cultural exports . As such, interest in Korean language acquisition (as a foreign language )

4950-648: The Goryeo and Joseon periods. During the Joseon Dynasty, it was the largest and oldest state school in Gyeonggi Province. The school was originally built in 1291 beside Hwasan in Wau-ri, Hwaseong-gun. It was moved to its current location at 107–9 Hyanggyo-ro, Gyo-dong around 1795, when Hwaseong Fortress was built. The school houses memorial tablets to Confucius , Mencius , and 25 Korean figures noteworthy to Confucianism. It

5060-547: The KBO League baseball team KT Wiz. Suwon houses several well-known universities, most notably Sungkyunkwan University and Ajou University. It is served by three expressways, the national railway network, and three lines on the Seoul Metropolitan Subway. Suwon means literally "water source". The area has gone by different names since antiquity, but almost all of them have this meaning. The name originally comes from

5170-559: The North Suwon exit of the Yeongdong Expressway; Gwanggyo Reservoir  [ ko ] ( 광교 저수지 ) and Hagwanggyo Reservoir ( 하광교 소류지 ) at the foot of Gwanggyosan; Woncheon and Sindae Reservoirs ( 원천 저수지 , 신대 저수지 ) in Gwanggyo Lake Park; and Geumgok Reservoir ( 금곡 저수지 ), a small lake at the foot of Chilbosan. Irwang Reservoir (Manseokkeo) has been designated a world heritage site for irrigation. Wangsong Reservoir ( 왕송 저수지 ), on

5280-646: The North-East outskirts of the Fortress, and protects Hwahongmun. It was completed on September 23, 1794. Not to be confused with 동북포루, the East-North SentryPost. 37°17′21″N 127°00′54″E  /  37.28917°N 127.01500°E  / 37.28917; 127.01500 Bukdong Chi, the north-eastern turret, sits immediately to the east of the north-eastern gate guard platform. 37°17′21″N 127°00′53″E  /  37.28917°N 127.01472°E  / 37.28917; 127.01472 Bukdong Jeokdae

5390-701: The South Entry, i.e. the biggest one, a more radical solution has been used. Four no more extant structures (the South-West and South-East Gate Guard Platforms, the South Secret Gate and the South Observation Tower) were not rebuild at all and now the South Gate, Paldalmun, remains isolated from everything, like an island in a flood of traffic. Among all the structures along the wall (see descriptions below),

5500-541: The South Gate. The South Secret Gate (남암문) allowed sallies out of the fortress. The Domgnam Gongsimdon, or the South Observation Tower (남공심돈), like that which stands by Hwaseomun, was an observation tower beside the Suwoncheon . Extending across the Suwoncheon at the southern part of the fortress is Namsumun (남수문), the South Floodgate. Located a little over a kilometer downstream from its sister, Hwahongmun,

5610-782: The Suwon Court and the Public Prosecutor's Office. From 1957 to 1960, it was used as the Suwon City Education Support Office, and in 1974 the Republican Party used it as their Gyeonggi Province base. In 1979, the Suwon Arts Foundation was based here, and in 1981 it became an internal medicine clinic. Since 2018, it has been a public cultural space. Korean language Korean ( South Korean : 한국어 , Hanguk-eo ; North Korean : 조선어 , Chosŏnŏ )

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5720-542: The United States Air Force 49th Fighter Wing , then stationed in Japan, was sent to Korea with an initial mission of evacuating civilians from Suwon and Gimpo . While on this mission, on 27 June 1950, US planes in Suwon were attacked by North Korean fighters. The ensuing Battle of Suwon Airfield became the first aerial combat of the war. Suwon Airfield was attacked again two days later while General Douglas MacArthur

5830-460: The Yellow Sea. In Suwon, biotite gneiss and biotite granite are brought into contact by the fault. While the low-lying fault sits in the south of Suwon, the north is hillier: the city's highest point is Gwanggyosan (582 m (1,909 ft)) on the border with Yongin. Most of Suwon's streams originate on Gwanggyosan or other nearby peaks. Since the city is bounded to the north by Gwanggyosan, to

5940-455: The beginnings of words. /l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and [l] or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/ . A written syllable-final ' ㄹ ', when followed by a vowel or a glide ( i.e. , when the next character starts with ' ㅇ '), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ] . Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before [j] , and otherwise became /n/ . However,

6050-526: The bell has a line of Sanskrit words around it, while the bottom is decorated with arabesque designs. The decorative nipples are interspaced with Bodisattvas holding lotus flowers. The bell is very similar in design to that in Tongdosa , which differs notably from Paldalmun's only in size. Paldalmun was not damaged during the Korean War, so has not undergone the same extensive rebuild as other structures around

6160-457: The border with Uiwang, used to be partly in Suwon, but after controversial boundary changes, it is now entirely in Uiwang. Suwon has both a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfa ), and a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa ). The city is prone to occasional flooding: the 1998 flood caused the death of a US soldier, and 145 mm (5.7 in) of rain fell in 24 hours in 2010. The city

6270-404: The capital of the country to Suwon. Janganmun's stone base is capped with a two-storey wooden pavilion. A small, semi-circular protective wall known as an ongseong, is located outside the gate. The gate was destroyed in the Korean War and reconstructed in the 1970s. 37°17′19″N 127°00′49″E  /  37.28861°N 127.01361°E  / 37.28861; 127.01361 Bukseo Jeokdae

6380-472: The chief priest of Manuisa Temple, for use in Buddhist ceremonies. Standing 123 cm tall and 75 cm in diameter, it hangs from a dragon-shaped suspension ring, has a flue pipe to set the tone and has a slightly curved body - features which are typical of Korean bells of that era. This particular bell's flue pipe has a design of the dragon's tail entwined around it and is topped with a lotus flower. The top of

6490-431: The city council has addressed this by increasing urban greenery. This approach appears to have reduced the scale of the problem. There are several universities and colleges in Suwon. These include Sungkyunkwan University 's Natural Sciences Campus, Kyonggi University , Ajou University , Dongnam Health University , Gukje Cyber University , Hapdong Theological Seminary , and Suwon Women's University. Despite their names,

6600-465: The construction of a new planned city Gwanggyo , there were two-way exchanges of land between Suwon and Yongin in 2007 and 2019. Suwon's most recent land exchange occurred in 2020, when it swapped some land parcels with Hwaseong. Suwon lies in the north of the Gyeonggi plain, 30 km (19 mi) south of the national capital, Seoul. It is bordered by the cities of Uiwang to the north-west, Yongin to

6710-419: The construction, such as the royal orders and records of the wages of the workers. The final three volumes are supplements and detail the construction of the adjoining palace, Haenggung. Manpower was allocated by speciality, dividing workers by trade, categorising them as foremen, stonemasons, labourers, and so on. The records also detail the quantities of different materials used. An abridged French translation

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6820-487: The early Iron Age have been found in the area, and include objects such as pottery, sculpture, and arrowheads. One location these materials have been found is at Yeogisan  [ ko ] , which is now a monument of Gyeonggi Province  [ ko ] . During the Three Kingdoms of Korea period, the area was described as being of the territory of the statelet Mosuguk, part of the Mahan confederacy . The area came under

6930-576: The east, Hwaseong to the south-west, and Ansan to the west. Suwon is near the Yellow Sea coast: at its closest point, on the 239-metre (784 ft) Chilbosan ridge to the west, Suwon lies 18.2 km (11.3 mi) from Ueumdo in Sihwa Lake, a coastal inlet cordoned off to drive the world's largest tidal power station . Suwon is primarily composed of Precambrian metamorphic rock. It has amphibolites that intrude through these, and also granites from

7040-424: The eastern secret gate, situated 140 metres (459 ft) from Dongjangdae, was used for passage of people, animals and munitions. Construction of the gate, which sits beneath a brick structure surmounted with a large round parapet, was completed on March 25, 1796. 37°17′15″N 127°01′11″E  /  37.28750°N 127.01972°E  / 37.28750; 127.01972 The Dongbuk-SentryPost stands between

7150-491: The exterior of the wall. Unlike the other two eastern turrets, the outer corners of this structure are rounded, the others forming sharp right angles. 37°17′01″N 127°01′23″E  /  37.28361°N 127.02306°E  / 37.28361; 127.02306 Dong-GunTower, the eastern GunTower, lies between the two eastern turrets. Construction of the post was completed on July 16, 1796. As with other GunTowers in Hwaseong,

7260-399: The first Korean dynasty known to Western nations. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram or Koryo-in (literally, " Koryo/Goryeo persons"), and call the language Koryo-mal' . Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the nation, and its inflected form for the language, culture and people, "Korea" becoming more popular in

7370-422: The first eastern sentry post, was completed on July 10, 1796. Like the second eastern sentry post, it extends further from the wall than most posts. 37°17′16″N 127°01′31″E  /  37.28778°N 127.02528°E  / 37.28778; 127.02528 Changnyongmun, known locally as Dongmun (East Gate), sits by a major road junction. Its stone base is capped with a one-storey wooden pavilion. The gate

7480-480: The first times in Korea's history, corvée labour having been common previously. Construction details were meticulously recorded in the text Hwaseong Seongyeok Uigwe ( 화성 성역 의궤 ). This document was invaluable after the Korean War: reconstruction efforts from 1964 to the present day have relied heavily on this. Suwon Hyanggyo ( 수원향교 ; 水原鄕校 ) was a government-run school and Confucian ceremonial centre during

7590-490: The fortress while the wall also included secret gates for offensive actions. The fortress took 700,000 man-hours to build and cost the national treasury 870,000 nyang , the currency at the time, and 1500 sacks of rice to pay the workers. In the past, government work had been carried out by corvée labour , but in this case workers were paid by the government, another sign of Silhak influence. A white paper, Hwaseong Seongyeok Uigwe (Records of Hwaseong Fortress Construction),

7700-464: The gate is 29.4m long, 5.9m wide and 9.3m high. Construction of the original began on February 28, 1794, was interrupted, then continued in November 1795, and ultimately was completed on March 25, 1796, though the gates basic structure was completed as early as January 16 and came into operation at that time. The bridge features nine arches for the water to flow underneath, two more than Hwahongmun because of

7810-428: The headquarters of Gyeonggi Province began a process of relocation from Seoul to Suwon. Seoul had left the province in 1949. When the construction of the headquarters was completed on 23 June 1967, the date was set as a new annual holiday: Suwon Citizen's Day ( 수원시민의 날 ). The Hwahong Cultural Festival (now Hwaseong Cultural Festival  [ ko ] ) was established to celebrate the occasion. Suwon has experienced

7920-406: The increase in water flow. This particular area was considered a weak point in the fortress' defenses, and thus a large brick structure overlooking the stream was built above the bridge. A feature unique to Namsumun, this defensive structure comprises a whole two-thirds of the gate's total height above the arches, with the bridge accounting for the remaining one-third. Notably, Hwahongmun does not have

8030-479: The inflow of western loanwords changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or [l] . All obstruents (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with no audible release , [p̚, t̚, k̚] . Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ become nasals [m, n, ŋ] before nasal sounds. Hangul spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains

8140-448: The influence of Goguryeo in the late 5th century CE, and then later became part of Unified Silla (668–935). It became part of Goryeo after a military campaign led by King Taejo . In the 13th and 14th centuries, the area was promoted, demoted, merged, and made part of various administrative districts. The area then became a part of Joseon upon its founding, and in 1395 was made an administrative center of Gyeonggi Province . Until

8250-520: The interior is of multiple levels to allow various angles for firearms and other weapons. 37°17′05″N 127°01′27″E  /  37.28472°N 127.02417°E  / 37.28472; 127.02417 Dong-il Chi, the first eastern turret, is the first turret south of the first eastern sentry post, lying 148 metres (486 ft) along the wall towards the beacon tower. 37°17′09″N 127°01′28″E  /  37.28583°N 127.02444°E  / 37.28583; 127.02444 Dongil-SentryPost,

8360-408: The issue between Japanese and Korean, including Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities are not due to any genetic relationship , but rather to a sprachbund effect and heavy borrowing, especially from Ancient Korean into Western Old Japanese . A good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asá , meaning " hemp ". This word seems to be a cognate, but although it

8470-527: The king was in residence in Haenggung, within the fortress walls, there were two generals and four soldiers on guard in this command post at all times. (There were five night shifts.) Each officer was armed with a bow and arrow, sword and baton. The command post is nicknamed Yeonmudae , a reference to its second function as a training camp. 37°17′14″N 127°01′17″E  /  37.28722°N 127.02139°E  / 37.28722; 127.02139 Dongammun,

8580-618: The language is most often called Joseon-mal , or more formally, Joseon-o . This is taken from the North Korean name for Korea (Joseon), a name retained from the Joseon dynasty until the proclamation of the Korean Empire , which in turn was annexed by the Empire of Japan . In mainland China , following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term Cháoxiǎnyǔ or

8690-466: The language originates deeply influences the language, leading to a system of speech levels and honorifics indicative of the formality of any given situation. Modern Korean is written in the Korean script ( 한글 ; Hangeul in South Korea, 조선글 ; Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea), a system developed during the 15th century for that purpose, although it did not become the primary script until

8800-495: The largest of the four main gates and resemble Seoul's Namdaemun in roof design, stone and woodwork. Indeed, Janganmun is the largest gate in Korea . Both the north and south gates are topped with two-storey wooden pavilions, while Hwaseomun's and Changyongmun's, those of the west and east gates respectively, have only one storey. The four main gates are encircled by miniature fortresses which were manned by guards. Meanwhile, Changyoungmun

8910-451: The late 1800s. In South Korea the Korean language is referred to by many names including hanguk-eo ("Korean language"), hanguk-mal ("Korean speech") and uri-mal ("our language"); " hanguk " is taken from the name of the Korean Empire ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ; Daehan Jeguk ). The " han " ( 韓 ) in Hanguk and Daehan Jeguk is derived from Samhan , in reference to

9020-493: The late 18th century, Suwon's administrative centre was in modern-day Annyeong-dong at the foot of Hwasan (a hill in Hwasan-dong, Hwaseong ). In 1796, King Jeongjo relocated it to its current location at the foot of Paldalsan. To protect this new city, he commanded the building of Hwaseong Fortress —a protective wall around the town. An 1899 administrative report had the population at 49,708 people in 12,579 households. During

9130-460: The middle of a roundabout on a busy main road in central Suwon. Its stone base is capped with a two-storey wooden pavilion surrounded by a stone wall. A small, semi-circular protective wall known as an ongseong , is located on the south side (outside) of the gate. The gate also houses a bell called Paldalmun Dongjong, which was originally cast in Gaeseong in 1080 and was refounded in 1687 by Dohwaseung,

9240-660: The most striking are For an unknown reason, the original Chinese terms 砲樓 ( pào lóu , "fortified tower, blockhouse") and 鋪樓 ( pù lóu , "platform") have been alphabetized by the same Hangul 포루 , generating several naming collisions. In accordance with the authoritative Hwaseong Seongyeok Uigwe (1801), it is convenient to maintain different names for different kinds of fortification structures. This leads to alphabetize 砲樓 as 'GunTower' and 鋪樓 as 'SentryPost'. The following gallery shows how different these structures are in their design and their usefulness. There were 48 structures, including those no longer existing, situated along

9350-499: The name of the statelet Mosuguk  [ ko ] , from around the Proto–Three Kingdoms period . Afterwards, the area and what is now Hwaseong were together called Maehol , Maetkol , or Mulgol ( 매홀; 맷골; 물골 ; 買忽 ). In 757 CE , the name was changed to Susŏng-gun ( 수성군 ; 水城郡 ; lit.  Susŏng County), in order to disambiguate it from another territory with a similar-sounding name. In 940, its name

9460-602: The north and east secret gates, and protects their outskirts. This structure shall not be confused with the Bukdong-GunTower. 37°17′14″N 127°01′07″E  /  37.28722°N 127.01861°E  / 37.28722; 127.01861 Bukammun, or officially the third north gate (제3북암문) is the only remaining secret gate of the three originals. It lies close to the north-east pavilion. 37°17′15″N 127°01′06″E  /  37.28750°N 127.01833°E  / 37.28750; 127.01833 The north-east pavilion

9570-440: The north-east observation tower, is situated beside Changnyongmun. Oval in shape, its three stories stand 6.8 metres (22 ft) tall. The roof is accessible by an internal spiral staircase 37°17′18″N 127°01′23″E  /  37.28833°N 127.02306°E  / 37.28833; 127.02306 Dongjangdae, meaning eastern command post, stands next to Dongbuk Gongsimdon, facing Changnyongmun across an archery field. When

9680-414: The orders of King Jeongjo in 1796, is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The entire city used to be encircled by the fortress walls, but Suwon has long since expanded far beyond this boundary. There are four main gates in the walls, and Haenggung Palace lies in the centre of the fortress. Hwaseong was built under the guidance of philosopher Jeong Yak-yong . Workers were paid for their labour for one of

9790-459: The population was illiterate. In the 15th century King Sejong the Great personally developed an alphabetic featural writing system , known today as Hangul , to promote literacy among the common people. Introduced in the document Hunminjeongeum , it was called eonmun ('colloquial script') and quickly spread nationwide to increase literacy in Korea. The Korean alphabet was denounced by

9900-522: The potential to grow into a new and prosperous capital. To encourage growth, he ordered people to move to Suwon at considerable expense and exempted them from taxes for ten years. King Jeongjo also ordered public works, such as the building of educational facilities to better facilitate the city as a capital. Suwon Hwaseong Fortress was restored based on the Hwaseong Seongyeok Uigwe, a design drawing from 200 years ago. The Hwaseong Seongyeok Uigwe

10010-416: The second eastern sentry post. Like other turrets, it extends a short distance perpendicularly from the wall to enable guards to see and attack assailants who had already reached the fortress. 37°16′49″N 127°01′14″E  /  37.28028°N 127.02056°E  / 37.28028; 127.02056 Dong-i Poru, the second eastern sentry post, like other sentry posts, is a wooden structure sitting on

10120-660: The short form Cháoyǔ has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and Yanbian , whereas Hánguóyǔ or the short form Hányǔ is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea. Korean is a member of the Koreanic family along with the Jeju language . Some linguists have included it in the Altaic family, but the core Altaic proposal itself has lost most of its prior support. The Khitan language has several vocabulary items similar to Korean that are not found in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages, suggesting

10230-458: The store?' Response 예/네. ye/ne AFF Hwaseong Fortress King Jeongjo apparently built Hwaseong Fortress to prepare for a move of the capital from Seoul to Suwon. Suwon was purported to be strategically positioned to connect Seoul with the West Sea ( Yellow Sea ) and China. The king wanted to leave the factional strife of the court to carry out reforms and believed that Suwon had

10340-441: The tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (example: beoseot ( 버섯 ) 'mushroom'). /h/ may become a bilabial [ɸ] before [o] or [u] , a palatal [ç] before [j] or [i] , a velar [x] before [ɯ] , a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a [h] elsewhere. /p, t, t͡ɕ, k/ become voiced [b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ] between voiced sounds. /m, n/ frequently denasalize at

10450-474: The time, the dominant model for building fortresses in Korea was to make a simple wall for the city or town and a separate mountain fortress to which the people could evacuate in times of war. However, this fortress was built to include elements of a wall, defensive fortress, and town centre, the four main gates being used as the gates for the town. The arrow-launching platforms built along ramparts with crenellated parapets and battlements were defensive elements of

10560-464: The underlying, partly historical morphology . Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word. The traditional prohibition of word-initial /ɾ/ became a morphological rule called "initial law" ( 두음법칙 ) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial /ɾ/ in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example, ^NOTE ㅏ

10670-458: The use of science and industry, and Jeong incorporated fortress designs from Korea and China along with contemporary science into his plans. The use of brick as a building material for the fortress and employment of efficient pulleys and cranes were also due to the influence of Silhak. Construction of the fortress was also a response to the collapse of the Korean front line during the Imjin war . At

10780-527: The wall and which can be sorted by their relative usefulness: Four of the original structures were not reconstructed; these were the South-East Gate Guard Platform, the South Secret Gate, the South Observation Tower, and the South Floodgate. All four structures were all situated immediately near the South Gate and the presence of the modern roads required for visitors and inhabitants in the area inhibited their reconstruction. The structures of

10890-475: The wall can also be listed in the order they appear by walking the length of the wall, beginning with the South Gate. or the "Asian Historical Architecture". Here, these structures are listed in anti-clockwise order beginning by the South Gate (the access node using public transportation). 37°16′39″N 127°01′01″E  /  37.27750°N 127.01694°E  / 37.27750; 127.01694 Paldalmun, known locally as Nammun (South Gate), sits in

11000-624: The wall. As a result, there has been extensive sagging in some beams, so, beginning in September 2010, a full dismantling, repair and reassembling of the gate's roof is being undertaken. Four structures of the original Hwaseong Fortress were not reconstructed but are known from the Uigwe. The first two of these were the South-East Gate Guard Platform (남동적대) and the South-West Gate Guard Platform (남서적대), originally located at both sides of

11110-914: The west by Chilbosan, and to the east by other hills, the streams, chiefly the Hwanggujicheon, Suwoncheon , Seohocheon , and Woncheollicheon, flow southwards. After merging, they eventually empty into the Yellow Sea at Asan Bay . The entirety of Suwon is drained in this manner. Several of Suwon's streams feature lakes. Since there are few natural lakes on the Korean mainland, Suwon's lakes are in fact small reservoirs. These 11 reservoirs are Chungmanje  [ ko ] , otherwise known as Seoho ( 서호 ) near Hwaseo Station; Irwol Reservoir ( 일원 저수지 ) near Sungkyunkwan University; Bambat Reservoir ( 밤밭 저수지 ) near Sungkyunkwan University Station; Manseokkeo  [ ko ] , otherwise known as Irwang Reservoir ( 일왕 저수지 ) in Manseok Park; Pajang Reservoir ( 파장 저수지 ) near

11220-490: Was a site of such killings: eyewitness account from US intelligence officer Donald Nichols places Suwon as the location of a massacre of approximately 1,800 in late June 1950. Suwon was retaken, fell again to the North, before being recaptured for the final time. In total, the city changed hands four times during the war. While under southern authority, Suwon hosted forces from several countries. For example, on 16 December 1950,

11330-435: Was changed to Su-ju ( 수주 ; 水州 ; lit.  Su Province). In the 11th century, it went by either Susŏng (different Hanja: 隋城 ) or Hannam ( 한남 ; 漢南 ; lit.  south of Han). In 1310, it received the name Suwon . In English, the name was formerly often spelt 'Sou-wen' . The area now corresponding to Suwon has been inhabited since at latest the early Bronze Age. Artifacts from that period to

11440-567: Was destroyed during the Korean War , but was reconstructed in 1975. 37°17′20″N 127°01′31″E  /  37.28889°N 127.02528°E  / 37.28889; 127.02528 Dongbuk Nodae is one of two crossbow platforms in the fortress and is situated within reach of the east gate and has a wide field of view as it sits on a corner of the wall, enabling archers to target assailants from many angles. 37°17′22″N 127°01′28″E  /  37.28944°N 127.02444°E  / 37.28944; 127.02444 Dongbuk Gongsimdon, meaning

11550-487: Was first introduced to Korea in the 1st century BC, and remained the medium of formal writing and government until the late 19th century. Korean scholars adapted Chinese characters (known in Korean as Hanja ) to write their own language, creating scripts known as idu , hyangchal , gugyeol , and gakpil. These systems were cumbersome, due to the fundamental disparities between the Korean and Chinese languages, and accessible only to those educated in classical Chinese. Most of

11660-482: Was generally built higher than that on either of the two hills over which it passes, as higher walls were seen as less necessary along hilltops. The parapets are made of stone and brick, like most of the fortress, and were 1.2 metres (4 ft) in height. All parts are well-maintained, and the whole circuit can be walked easily. The 1795 fortress had four gates: Janganmun (north gate), Hwaseomun (west), Paldalmun (south) and Changnyongmun (east). Janganmun and Paldalmun are

11770-444: Was greatly destroyed during the Korean War and it was restored in 1978. Nowadays, the intra muros Suwon requires large entries for the modern roads needed by visitors and inhabitants. These large roads were built during the period when the wall was down, and the 1975 reconstruction had no choice but to preserve these roads. For three of them, the rampart walk has been rebuilt as a bridge between two neighboring structures: Concerning

11880-499: Was on site. Though the US repelled both attacks, Suwon fell to the advancing North Koreans one week later, on 4 July 1950. The following day saw the first land conflict between United States and North Korean forces, the Battle of Osan . North Korean troops were not the only threat to life: in the early days of the war, southern authorities feared left-leaning civilians, and many were killed. Suwon

11990-402: Was published in 1801, shortly after the death of King Jeongjo. It has ten volumes and proved invaluable for the reconstruction effort in 1970 after the fortress had been severely damaged during the Korean War . The volumes were divided by subject, with the first covering the plans for building, including blueprints and a list of supervisors. The next six volumes detail the actual implementation of

12100-403: Was published in 1898 by Henry Chevalier, who was consul of France in Korea, while a full German translation with commentary is provided in a thesis by Doo Won Cho of the University of Bamberg . The wall is 5.74 kilometres (3.57 mi) in length and varies between 4 and 6 metres (13–20 ft), originally enclosing 1.3 square kilometres (0.5 sq mi) of land. On flat terrain the wall

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