Misplaced Pages

#364635

20-560: The park was personally designed by Tsar Peter in 1704, supposedly, with the assistance of the Dutch gardener and physician Nicolaas Bidloo . Starting from 1712, the planting of the Summer Garden was further elaborated by the Dutch gardener Jan Roosen , who was the chief gardener of the park till 1726. The well-known French architect Jean-Baptiste Le Blond , who arrived in St. Petersburg in 1716, added to

40-572: A coffee house. On the bank of the Carp Pond, a porphyry vase, a gift of Charles XIV of Sweden to the tsar, was installed in 1839. Fifteen years later, a famous monument to the children's writer Ivan Krylov was opened in the park. A sign of the progress of Romanticism in Russian official culture, it was the first monument to a poet erected in Eastern Europe . On 4 April 1866 Dmitry Karakozov made

60-568: A few of the sculptures were no longer extant, and those remaining were moved from place to place, thus destroying the original design. In late 20th century, all sculptures were rearranged and today they stand in accordance with the aesthetic ideas characteristic of the beginning of the 18th century. To protect sculptures from winter weather they have been traditionally covered with wooden cases and reopened in warm season and cleaned; to further safeguard valuable antiques, protecting them from vandalism as well, Russian Museum initiated copying them to keep in

80-691: A member of the Mennonites in Amsterdam. Bidloo studied medicine at Leiden University , where his uncle Govert was a professor, and in January 1697 received a doctorate in the medical sciences. In 1701 the 27-year-old Nicolaas married Clasina Claes in Amsterdam. In 1702, Bidloo signed a contract with the Russian ambassador to serve as Tsar Peter the Great's personal physician for a period of six years, at an annual salary of 2500 Dutch guilders (an extraordinarily high pay for

100-511: A physician at that time). He arrived in Russia with his family in June 1703. As the tsar's personal physician, Bidloo accompanied Peter the Great on his travels, but found himself with very little to do, as the tsar was in excellent health. As part of this efforts to modernize Russia, Peter the Great in 1707 ordered the establishment of the country's first hospital and appointed Bidloo as its director. Peter

120-438: A position he held until his death in 1713, when he was succeeded by Herman Boerhaave . In 1685 he published an anatomical atlas, Anatomia Hvmani Corporis ( Dutch : Ontleding des menschelyken lichaams ) (1690.) Anatomia Hvmani Corporis described papillary ridges on skin ( fingerprints ). This was one of the pioneering scientific observations which laid the foundation of forensic identification using fingerprints. The atlas

140-552: A student of the anatomist Frederik Ruysch . He then studied medicine at the University of Franeker , receiving his degree in 1682. In 1688 he became a lecturer of anatomical dissection in The Hague , and in 1690 he was appointed head of the national hospital service, a post he also held in England from 1692. In 1694 he became a professor of anatomy and medicine at the University of Leiden ,

160-515: The Summer Garden and Peterhof in St. Petersburg. In 1730 Bidloo published a manuscript on his private garden, intended as a souvenir for his children. The manuscript included 19 drawings which Bidloo made of the gardens. The manuscript is now in the collection of Leiden University. Govert Bidloo Govert Bidloo or Govard Bidloo (12 March 1649 – 30 March 1713) was a Dutch Golden Age physician, anatomist, poet and playwright. He

180-526: The Great granted Bidloo a piece of land on the Yauza River , in the German Quarter on the outskirts of Moscow, to build the hospital as well as a house for himself and his family. As part of the hospital, Bidloo founded the first Russian medical school, where he gave instruction in anatomy and surgery to 50 students. The hospital and medical school also contained Russia's first anatomical theater. Here, Peter

200-572: The Great regularly attended dissections. In 1710 Bidloo published the first Russian textbook on medical studies, a 1306-page manual of surgery entitled Instructio de chirurgia in theatro anatomico studiosis proposita a.d. 1710, januarii die 3 . The hospital burned down in 1721 but was restored and reopened in 1727. Bidloo died in St Petersburg. He was succeeded by Antonius Theils, and in 1742 by Herman Kaau Boerhaave, nephew of Herman Boerhaave . His brother Abraham Kaau Boerhaave arrived in 1746 and

220-454: The adjacent St Michael's Castle (another branch of the same Museum), placing copies in the open garden. 59°56′46″N 30°20′06″E  /  59.946°N 30.335°E  / 59.946; 30.335 Nicolaas Bidloo Nicolaas Bidloo (c. 1673/74 – 23 March 1735) was a Dutch physician who served as the personal physician of Tsar Peter I of Russia (Peter the Great). Bidloo

SECTION 10

#1732851944365

240-529: The first attempt to assassinate the tsar when he walked out of the Summer Garden. As the attempt proved abortive, the ponderous Summergrille memorial chapel in a Russian Revival style was built over the gate. This reattachment was demolished by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution . In the 19th century, the intended arrangement of the decorative sculptures in the Summer Garden was forgotten, quite

260-431: The life cycle of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica . He observed worms of an identical anatomy in bile ducts of sheep , calves , deer and humans. He also observed the presence of eggs inside the body of an unknown worm, later recognized as F. hepatica . William III , Dutch stadholder and king of England , asked Bidloo to become his personal physician in 1695. The king died in his arms on 8 March 1702. He

280-458: The park the flavour of a Garden à la française . The Summer Garden was largely completed in 1719. The walks were lined with a hundred allegorical marble sculptures, executed by Francesco Penso , Pietro Baratta , Marino Gropelli , Alvise Tagliapietra , Bartolomeo Modulo and other Venetian sculptors that were acquired by Sava Vladislavich . In the late 20th century, 90 surviving statues were moved indoors, while modern replicas took their place in

300-464: The park. A delicate iron-cast railing, separating the park from the public walk of the Palace Embankment , was installed between 1771 and 1784. The poet Anna Akhmatova , among others, considered the grille to be a pinnacle of art- casting and one of the symbols of St Petersburg. In the 1820s, a grotto pavilion , attributed to Andreas Schlüter and Georg Johann Mattarnovy , was rebuilt into

320-578: Was appointed in the Kunstkamera . Bidloo laid out extensive gardens on the hospital estate, including ponds, statues, a triumphal arch, and a botanical garden based on the Hortus Botanicus in Leiden. He also advised Peter the Great on horticulture, gardens and fountains. The tsar visited Bidloo's garden frequently, even when Bidloo was not at home. Supposedly, Bidloo was also one of the original designers of

340-541: Was his nephew Nicolaas Bidloo , who would go on to become the personal physician of Russian czar Peter the Great , and also founded a medical school in Moscow . Born into a Mennonite family of Amsterdam , the son and namesake of a hatter, he was the younger brother of the literary apothecary, Lambert Bidloo (1638-1724), a thorough classicist who saw to it that he had a requisite mastery of Latin as well as Dutch. Govert then began his apprenticeship in surgery and in 1670 became

360-531: Was illustrated with 105 plates by Gerard de Lairesse , showing the human figure both in living attitudes and as dissected cadavers. The book was later plagiarized by English surgeon William Cowper for his Anatomy of the Humane Bodies (1698), which gave no credit to either Bidloo or de Lairesse. This led to a number of vitriolic exchanges between Bidloo and Cowper, including several pamphlets published in each anatomist's defense. Bidloo contributed to discovery of

380-520: Was the director of the first hospital in Russia as well as the first medical school in Russia, and is considered one of the founders of Russian medicine. Bidloo was born in Amsterdam and came from a Mennonite family of scientific repute. His father Lambert Bidloo (1638–1724) was an apothecary and wrote a treatise on botany and his uncle Govert Bidloo was the personal physician of King William III of England . In 1690 he confirmed his belief and became

400-418: Was the personal physician of William III of Orange-Nassau , Dutch stadholder and King of England , Scotland and Ireland . Bidloo was also a prolific and popular poet, opera librettist , and playwright. He wrote the libretto for the first-ever Dutch opera, Bacchus, Ceres en Venus (1686) by Johan Schenck . His collected works were published in three volumes after his death. One of Bidloo's students

#364635