Misplaced Pages

#644355

85-582: Sultanahmet (named after Sultan Ahmed ) may refer to these places in Istanbul: Sultanahmet is a neighbourhood in the district of Fatih Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Sultanahmet Mosque) Sultanahmet Square ( Hippodrome of Constantinople ) Sultanahmet Jail , now a hotel See also [ edit ] Sultan Ahmed Mosque (disambiguation): other namesake mosques, mostly in Europe Topics referred to by

170-583: A drain on Ottoman resources. During the centuries long three-way Hungarian–Habsburg–Ottoman wars the Hungarian population highly decimated. Although there was some immigration from other parts of the Empire and some conversions to Islam , the territory remained largely Christian . The Ottomans were relatively religiously tolerant and this tolerance allowed Protestantism to gain traction, unlike in Royal Hungary where

255-421: A few hundred villages and towns, we reached Belső-Szolnok county. It was a cultivated and populous district, but it was destroyed without any trace of prosperity, and its inhabitants were taken prisoner. The next day we set fire to four towns and destroyed some villages, their inhabitants were partly taken prisoner and partly lost. Allahu Akbar! It is such a large plain and so populous countryside... However, when it

340-618: A letter saying that he was willing to sign a peace treaty, with which he would have to send 200 loads of silk every year to Constantinople. On 20 November 1612, the Treaty of Nasuh Pasha was signed, which ceded all the lands the Ottoman Empire had gained in the war of 1578–90 back to Persia and reinstated the 1555 boundaries. However, the peace ended in 1615 when the Shah did not send the 200 loads of silk. On 22 May 1615, Grand Vizier Öküz Mehmed Pasha

425-729: A long tradition in the territory of present-day Hungary. No less than 75 hammams (steam baths) were built during the Ottoman age. During the 16th and 17th centuries, there were at least five Bektashi convents or dervish lodges established across Hungary: two in Buda, one in Eğri , another in Székesfehérvár , and a fifth one in Lippa. In the 17th century, 165 elementary ( mekteb ) and 77 secondary and academic theological schools ( medrese ) were operating in 39 of

510-503: A lot of villages were destroyed. Some military chiefs had claimed these abandoned villages as their property. This deprived the Porte of tax income and on 30 September 1609, Ahmed I issued a letter guaranteeing the rights of the villagers. He then worked on the resettlement of abandoned villages. The new Grand Vizier, Nasuh Pasha, did not want to fight with the Safavids. The Safavid Shah also sent

595-462: A marshy place... The infidels all came out of the marshy place and there was massacre and fighting for three hours... When they arrived on the plain, the Tartars turned back at once and engaged the enemy [the local inhabitants] with the border warriors; some of them were put to the sword, all their possessions, as well as the children and women were taken and captured, and on the seventh day they returned to

680-514: A messenger to the Porte asking for help. Upon the promise of help, his forces also joined the Ottoman forces in Belgrade. With this help, the Ottoman army besieged Esztergom and captured it on 4 November 1605. Bocskai, with Ottoman help, captured Nové Zámky (Uyvar) and forces under Tiryaki Hasan Pasha took Veszprém and Palota . Sarhoş İbrahim Pasha , the Beylerbey of Nagykanizsa (Kanije), attacked

765-478: A much narrower band of territory. Thus wartime dislocations in Hungary do not seem to have seriously affected mortality rates among the general civilian population. The breakdown of social order and other economic links between contiguous regions that is associated with prolonged warfare of the medieval pattern was largely absent in Ottoman warfare of the 17th century. The most severe destructions were experienced during

850-548: A total of 3,500,000 inhabitants for the whole of Hungary. The population growth in Ottoman Hungary during the 17th century was slight: from 900,000 to approximately 1,000,000 inhabitants, a rate similar to that experienced in Royal Hungary and Transylvania. Despite the continuous warfare with the Habsburgs, several Muslim cultural centres sprang up in this far northern corner of the Empire. Examples of Ottoman architecture of

935-544: Is buried in a mausoleum right outside the walls of the famous mosque. In the 2015 TV series Muhteşem Yüzyıl: Kösem , Ahmed I is portrayed by Turkish actor Ekin Koç . [REDACTED] Media related to Ahmed I at Wikimedia Commons [REDACTED] Works by or about Ahmed I at Wikisource Ottoman Hungary Ottoman Hungary ( Hungarian : Török hódoltság , literally "the Turkish subjugation") encompassed those parts of

SECTION 10

#1732855844645

1020-528: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ahmad I Ahmed was probably born in 18 April 1590 at the Manisa Palace, Manisa , when his father Şehzade Mehmed was still a prince and the governor of the Sanjak of Manisa. His mother was Handan Sultan . After his grandfather Murad III 's death in 1595, his father came to Constantinople and ascended

1105-527: The Beylerbey of Erzurum, marching independently from Sinan Pasha and consequently being taken prisoner by the Safavids. The Ottoman army was routed at Urmia and had to flee firstly to Van and then to Diyarbekir . Here, Sinan Pasha sparked a rebellion by executing the Beylerbey of Aleppo , Canbulatoğlu Hüseyin Pasha , who had come to provide help, upon the pretext that he had arrived too late. He soon died himself and

1190-649: The Druze Sheikh Ma'noğlu Fahreddin to defeat the Amir of Tripoli Seyfoğlu Yusuf . He went on to take control of the Adana area, forming an army and issuing coins. His forces routed the army of the newly appointed Beylerbey of Aleppo, Hüseyin Pasha. Grand Vizier Boşnak Dervish Mehmed Pasha was executed for the weakness he showed against the Jelalis. He was replaced by Kuyucu Murad Pasha, who marched to Syria with his forces to defeat

1275-773: The Great Turkish War , the Ottomans ceded to Habsburgs much of the territory they had previously taken from the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. Following this treaty, the members of the Habsburg dynasty administered a much enlarged Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary (previously they controlled only area known as "Royal Hungary"; see Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867) ). In the 1540s, the total of the four principal fortresses of Buda (2,965), Pest (1,481), Székesfehérvár (2,978) and Esztergom (2,775) were 10,200 troops. The number of Ottoman garrison troops stationed in Ottoman Hungary vary, but during

1360-563: The Kars Eyalet , and could only be stopped in Akhaltsikhe . Despite the conditions being favourable, Sinan Pasha decided to stay for the winter in Van , but then marched to Erzurum to stop an incoming Safavid attack. This caused unrest within the army and the year was practically wasted for the Ottomans. In 1605, Sinan Pasha marched to take Tabriz , but the army was undermined by Köse Sefer Pasha ,

1445-602: The Kingdom of Hungary which were under the rule of the Ottoman Empire from the occupation of Buda in 1541 for more than 150 years, until the liberation of the area under Habsburg leadership (1686–1699). The territory was incorporated into the empire, under the name Macaristan. For most of its duration, Ottoman Hungary covered Southern Transdanubia and almost the entire region of the Great Hungarian Plain . During

1530-539: The Long Turkish War , there were armed conflicts involving large military forces. From 1660 and between 1663 and 1664, during the Austro-Turkish War , also between 1683 and 1699 during Hungary's War of Liberation from the Ottoman occupation, the opposing sides fielded armies of about 50,000 soldiers in every year. During the Ottoman rule, the relative calm periods were also not peaceful, the wars were ongoing at

1615-600: The Sultan Ahmed Mosque , the magnum opus of the Ottoman architecture, across from the Hagia Sophia . The sultan attended the breaking of the ground with a golden pickaxe to begin the construction of the mosque complex. An incident nearly broke out after the sultan discovered that the Blue Mosque contained the same number of minarets as the grand mosque of Mecca. Ahmed became furious at this fault and became remorseful until

1700-686: The Treaty of Nasuh Pasha in 1612, territories that had been temporarily conquered in the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–90) . The new borders were drawn per the same line as confirmed in the Peace of Amasya of 1555. During his reign the ruler of Morocco was Mulay Zidan whose father and predecessor Ahmad al-Mansur had paid a tribute of vassalage as a vassal of the Ottomans until his death. The Saadi civil wars had interrupted this tribute of vassalage, but Mulay Zidan proposed to submit to it in order to protect himself from Algiers , and so he resumed paying

1785-547: The bektasi order. Situated close to the janissaries camp, it was built by Jahjapasazáde Mehmed Pasha , the third begler bey (governor) of Budin. Gul Baba's tomb ( türbe ) is to this day the northernmost site of Islamic conquest. Another famous monastery of its time was that of the halveti dervishes. Built around 1576 next to the türbe of Sultan Süleyman I the Magnificent (1520–1566) in Sigetvar ( Szigetvár ), it soon became

SECTION 20

#1732855844645

1870-525: The 150 years of Ottoman rule. The main zones of war were the territories inhabited by the Hungarians, so the death toll depleted them much faster than other nationalities. The three parts of Hungary; the Habsburg Hungary , Ottoman Hungary and Transylvania , experienced only minor differences in population increase in the 17th century. The South Slavic peoples (Serbs, Bosniaks) expanded northward in

1955-620: The 30,000-strong rebel army with great difficulty, albeit with a decisive result, on 24 October 1607. Meanwhile, he pretended to forgive the rebels in Anatolia and appointed the rebel Kalenderoğlu, who was active in Manisa and Bursa , as the sanjakbey of Ankara . Baghdad was recaptured in 1607 as well. Canbulatoğlu Ali Pasha fled to Constantinople and asked for forgiveness from Ahmed I, who appointed him to Timișoara and later Belgrade, but then executed him due to his misrule there. Meanwhile, Kalenderoğlu

2040-468: The Austrian region of Istria . However, with Jelali revolts in Anatolia more dangerous than ever and a defeat in the eastern front, Mehmed Pasha was called to Constantinople. Mehmed Pasha suddenly died there, whilst preparing to leave for the east. Kuyucu Murad Pasha then negotiated the Peace of Zsitvatorok , which abolished the tribute of 30,000 ducats paid by Austria and addressed the Habsburg emperor as

2125-592: The Danube and Tisza rivers). According to modern estimates , the proportion of Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin was around 75-80% at the end of the 15th century, and non-Hungarians were little more than 20 to 25% of the total population. The Hungarian population began to decrease at the time of the Ottoman conquest. The decline of the Hungarians was due to the constant wars, Ottoman raids, famines, and plagues during

2210-527: The Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary ("Royal Hungary") province. Wars, slave raids, and the emigration of nobles who lost their land caused a depopulation of the countryside. However, the Ottomans practiced relative religious tolerance and allowed the various ethnicities living within the empire significant autonomy in internal affairs. Towns maintained some self-government, and a prosperous middle class developed through artisanry and trade. For more than 150 years,

2295-490: The Habsburg forces besieged Buda the Hungarian capital in 1541, Sultan Suleiman led a relief force and defeated the Habsburgs, the Ottomans captured the city by a trick during the Siege of Buda and the south central and central areas of the kingdom came under the authority of the Ottoman Empire, therefore Hungary was divided into three parts. The north-western rim of the Hungarian kingdom remained unconquered and recognised members of

2380-495: The Habsburg-ruled Royal Hungary , especially by 1547 the number of the original Christian population of Buda was down to about a thousand, and by 1647 it had fallen to only about seventy. The number of Jewish and Gypsy immigrants became dominant during the Ottoman rule in Buda. The Hungarian inhabitants of cities moved to other places when they felt threatened by the Ottoman military presence. Without exception, in

2465-607: The Habsburgs repressed it. By the end of the 16th century, around 90% of the population was Protestant, mainly Calvinist . In 1686, Buda was recaptured from the Ottomans, and in 1687, after the Second Battle of Mohács , the Hungarian parliament recognized that the inheritance of the Hungarian crown had passed to the Habsburgs. The imperial armies pushed the Turks out of Hungary relatively quickly and occupied Transylvania as well. Following

2550-599: The House of Habsburg as Kings of Hungary , giving it the name " Royal Hungary ". The Eastern Hungarian Kingdom is the predecessor of the Principality of Transylvania , which was established by the Treaty of Speyer in 1570 and the Eastern Hungarian King became the first Prince of Transylvania . The Principality of Transylvania was a semi-independent state, and a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, it continued to be part of

2635-508: The Hungarian time of troubles, when between 1604 and 1606 the worst effects of the controlled confrontation between Ottoman-Habsburg forces were magnified many times over by Hungary's descent into civil war during the Bocskay rebellion. Hungary's population in the late 16th century was in Ottoman Hungary 900,000, in Habsburg Hungary 1,800,000 and 'free' (Transylvania) Hungary 800,000, making

Sultanahmet - Misplaced Pages Continue

2720-588: The Khan of Crimea, Canibek Giray , attacked the areas of Ganja , Nakhichevan and Julfa . Ahmed I renewed trade treaties with England, France and Venice. In July 1612, the first ever trade treaty with the Dutch Republic was signed. He expanded the capitulations given to France, specifying that merchants from Spain , Ragusa , Genoa , Ancona and Florence could trade under the French flag. Sultan Ahmed constructed

2805-574: The Kingdom of Hungary in the sense of public law, John Sigismund's possessions belonged to the Holy Crown of Hungary , and was a symbol of the survival of Hungarian statehood. The boundary between the three territories thereupon became the frontline in the Ottoman–Habsburg wars over the next 150 years. Whereas a great many of the 17,000 and 19,000 Ottoman soldiers in service in the Ottoman fortresses in

2890-455: The Ottoman rule, the Ottomans had already invaded Hungary's southern parts between 1390 and 1400. As a consequence of the 150 years of constant warfare between the Christian states and Ottomans, population growth was stunted, and the network of ethnic Hungarian medieval settlements, with their urbanized bourgeois inhabitants, perished. The ethnic composition of the territory that had been part of

2975-654: The Ottomans enabled Protestantism in Hungary (such as the Reformed Church in Hungary ) to survive against the oppression of the Catholic Habsburg-ruled Hungarian domains. There were approximately 80,000 Muslim settlers in the Ottoman-controlled territory of present-day Hungary ; being mainly administrators, soldiers, artisans, and merchants of Crimean Tatar origin. The religious life of the Muslims

3060-612: The Safavid army was able to capture Ganja , Shirvan and Shamakhi in Azerbaijan. The Long Turkish War between the Ottomans and the Habsburg monarchy had been going on for over a decade by the time Ahmed ascended the throne. Grand Vizier Malkoç Ali Pasha marched to the western front from Constantinople on 3 June 1604 and arrived in Belgrade , but died there, so Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha

3145-563: The Shaykh-ul-Islam recommended that he should erect another minaret at the grand mosque of Mecca and the matter was solved. Ahmed became delightedly involved in the eleventh comprehensive renovations of the Kaaba , which had just been damaged by flooding. He sent craftsmen from Constantinople, and the golden rain gutter that kept rain from collecting on the roof of the Ka’ba was successfully renewed. It

3230-455: The age of thirteen, when his powerful grandmother Safiye Sultan was still alive. With his accession to the throne, the power struggle in the harem flared up; between his mother Handan Sultan and his grandmother Safiye Sultan, who in the previous reign had absolute power within the walls (behind the throne), in the end, with the support of Ahmed, the fight ended in favor of his mother. A far lost uncle of Ahmed, Yahya , resented his accession to

3315-444: The borders. The raids were daily, primarily intended for tax collection and plundering, which caused significant damage in the Hungarian settlement areas: material destruction, population displacement, kidnapping and killing people. In the 17th century, the campaigns waged by Principality of Transylvania caused also similarly significant losses. The decay of the southernmost counties of the Kingdom of Hungary had started long before

3400-451: The camp with much booty and twenty thousand prisoners. When the prisoners were taken to the Islamic market, they were more than twice as many as our soldiers. My servants also brought three Hungarian students... In the meantime, due to the large number of prisoners, fear arose in the Islamic camp, and by order of the chief serdar, the children, girls and young women were kept, and nine thousand of

3485-501: The cities that became Ottoman administrative centers the Christian population decreased. The Hungarian population remained only in some cities, where the Ottoman garrisons were not installed. From the early 17th century, Serbian refugees were the ethnic majority in large parts of Ottoman-controlled Hungary. That area included territories between the great rivers Sava, Drava, and the Danube–Tisza Interfluve (the territory between

Sultanahmet - Misplaced Pages Continue

3570-459: The classical period, seen in the famous centres of Constantinople and Edirne , were also seen in the territory of present-day southern Hungary, where mosques, bridges, fountains, baths and schools were built. After the Habsburg reclamation, most of these works were destroyed and few survive to this day. The introduction of Turkish baths , with the building of the Rudas Baths , was the beginning of

3655-454: The coronation of Ahmed I and defeated Nasuh Pasha and the Beylerbey of Anatolia, Kecdehan Ali Pasha. In 1605, Tavil Ahmed was offered the position of the Beylerbey of Shahrizor to stop his rebellion, but soon afterwards he went on to capture Harput . His son, Mehmed, obtained the governorship of Baghdad with a fake firman and defeated the forces of Nasuh Pasha sent to defeat him. Meanwhile, Canbulatoğlu Ali Pasha united his forces with

3740-630: The death of the Hungarian king, both the Austrian Habsburg family and the Hungarian noble Zápolya family claimed the whole kingdom. King John I of Hungary ruled the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom , and the Habsburgs ruled the western part of Hungary. The Habsburgs tried several times to unite all Hungary under their rule, but the Ottoman Empire prevented that by supporting the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom. King John I died in 1540,

3825-427: The defeat of the Ottomans in the Great Turkish War , the Ottomans recognized the loss of the Ottoman Hungary by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. The remaining Ottoman occupied territories (that encompassed the southern border regions of the Kingdom of Hungary), Temeşvar Eyalet , Syrmia and Belgrade , were reconquered by the Habsburgs during the Austro-Turkish War between 1716 and 1718, the cession of these regions

3910-498: The empire. Its prestige was further tarnished in the Treaty of Zsitvatorok , signed in 1606, whereby the annual tribute paid by Austria was abolished. Following the crushing defeat in the Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1612) against the neighbouring rivals Safavid Empire , led by Shah Abbas the Great , Georgia, Azerbaijan and other vast territories in the Caucasus were ceded back to Persia per

3995-503: The equal of the Ottoman sultan. The Jelali revolts were a strong factor in the Ottomans' acceptance of the terms. This signaled the end of Ottoman growth in Europe. Resentment over the war with the Habsburgs and heavy taxation, along with the weakness of the Ottoman military response, combined to make the reign of Ahmed I the zenith of the Jelali revolts . Tavil Ahmed launched a revolt soon after

4080-573: The inhabitants on the Ottoman side was unsafe. Peasants fled to the woods and marshes, forming guerrilla bands, known as the Hajdú troops. Eventually, the territory of present-day Hungary became a drain on the Ottoman Empire, swallowing much of its revenue into the maintenance of a long chain of border forts. However, some parts of the economy flourished. In the huge unpopulated areas, townships bred cattle that were herded to south Germany and northern Italy - in some years they exported 500,000 head of cattle. Wine

4165-604: The major towns of the region. The elementary schools taught writing, basic arithmetics, and the reading of the Koran and of the most important prayers. The medreses carried out secondary and academic training within the fields of Muslim religious sciences, church law and natural sciences . Most medreses operated in Budin (Buda), where there were twelve. In Peçuy ( Pécs ) there were five medreses, Eğri had four. The most famous medrese in Ottoman-controlled territory of present-day Hungary

4250-418: The medieval Kingdom of Hungary was fundamentally changed through deportations and massacres, so that the number of ethnic Hungarians in existence at the end of the Ottoman period was substantially diminished. The Hungarian journey of Evliya Çelebi, a Turkish traveller in 1660–1664: The Tatars raided on that day and night. In a location called Szatmár some thousand enemy [the local inhabitants] encamped in

4335-691: The men fit to wield swords were killed on the shore of the Szamos river... With the blessing of Lord Melek Ahmed Pasha, on the eighth day of the Feast Eid al-Adha in the year 1071 [1662], with twenty thousand selected Tatar soldiers who started with forty or fifty thousand wind-speed horses... trusting in Allah, we went out of the Islamic camp and that day and night in the Transylvanian part of the Tisza river, burning and destroying

SECTION 50

#1732855844645

4420-409: The most authoritative studies, the collective population of all three regions grew from about 3.5 million inhabitants at the close of the 16th century to about 4 million by the close of the 17th century. This increase was before the immigration to Hungary from other parts of the Habsburg Empire. The Ottoman–Habsburg wars of the 17th century were fought intermittently and affected populations occupying

4505-451: The nobility. In 1521, Hungary was invaded by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent , the border fortress Belgrade considered as the key and southern gate of the Kingdom of Hungary, after two previous sieges, the Ottomans captured this stronghold by the Third Siege of Belgrade . The Sultan launched an attack against the weakened kingdom, whose smaller army was defeated in 1526 at the Battle of Mohács and King Louis II of Hungary died. After

4590-400: The old, worn-out pulpit. It is also known that Sultan Ahmed erected two more mosques in Uskudar on the Asian side of Istanbul; however, neither of them has survived. The sultan had a crest carved with the footprint of Muhammad that he would wear on Fridays and festive days and illustrated one of the most significant examples of affection to Muhammad in Ottoman history. Engraved inside the crest

4675-434: The other Şehzades and Sultanas. The known consorts are: Ahmed I had at least thirteen sons: Ahmed I had at least eleven daughters: Today, Ahmed I is remembered mainly for the construction of the Sultan Ahmed Mosque (also known as the Blue Mosque), one of the masterpieces of Islamic architecture . The area in Fatih around the Mosque is today called Sultanahmet. He died at Topkapı Palace in Constantinople and

4760-449: The peak period in the mid-16th century it rose to between 20,000 and 22,000 men. As a force of occupation for a country the size of Hungary, even confined to central portions it was a rather low-profile military presence in much of the country and a relatively large proportion of it was concentrated in a few key fortresses. In 1640 when the front remained relatively quiet, 8,000 Janissary supported by an undocumented number of local recruits

4845-436: The period of Ottoman rule, Hungary was divided for administrative purposes into Eyalets (provinces), which were further divided into Sanjaks . Ownership of much of the land was distributed to Ottoman soldiers and officials with about 20% of the territory being retained by the Ottoman state. As a border territory, much of Ottoman Hungary was heavily fortified with troop garrisons. Remaining economically under-developed, it became

4930-486: The poor in the proper way. Ahmed I died of typhus and gastric bleeding on 22 November 1617 at the Topkapı Palace , Istanbul . He was buried in Ahmed I Mausoleum, Sultan Ahmed Mosque . He was succeeded by his younger half-brother Şehzade Mustafa as Sultan Mustafa I . Later three of Ahmed's sons ascended to the throne: Osman II (r. 1618–22), Murad IV (r. 1623–40) and Ibrahim (r. 1640–48). Ahmed had two known consorts, plus several unknown concubines, mothers of

5015-483: The religious and cultural centre of the area. A famous prior of the zavije (monastery) was the Bosnian Šejh Ali Dede . The monastery of Jakovali Hasan Paša in Peçuy (Pécs) was another famous location. Its most outstanding prior was Mevlevian dervish Peçevi Arifi Ahmed Dede , a Turk and native of Peçuy. By the end of the sixteenth century, around 90% of the inhabitants of Ottoman Hungary were Protestant, most of them being Calvinist . Muslims settled in Baranya and

5100-405: The royal power declined in Hungary, the Black Army of Hungary was disbanded. In contrast, by the 16th century, the power of the Ottoman Empire had gradually increased, along with the territory they controlled in the Balkans. While Kingdom of Hungary was weakened by the peasants revolt led by György Dózsa in 1514. Under the reign of Louis II of Hungary (1516–1526), internal dissension divided

5185-458: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sultanahmet . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultanahmet&oldid=1081494605 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

SECTION 60

#1732855844645

5270-442: The sole landowner and managed about 20 percent of the land for its own benefit, apportioning the rest among soldiers and civil servants. The Ottoman landlords were interested mainly in squeezing as much wealth from the land as quickly as possible. Of major importance to the Sublime Porte was the collection of taxes. Taxation left little for the former landlords to collect; Most of the nobility and large numbers of burghers emigrated into

5355-447: The territory of Hungary was a battleground between the forces of the great powers. The military conflict was constant during the entire period of the Ottoman rule. Hungary endured a great number of Ottoman military campaigns and sieges from 1521 to 1568, at the same time when Hungary had an ongoing struggle between its two kings (Austrian Habsburg family and the Hungarian noble Zápolya family ). From 1591, and between 1593 and 1606, during

5440-423: The territory of present-day Hungary were Orthodox and Muslim Balkan Slavs , Southern Slavs were also acting as akıncıs and other light troops intended for pillaging in the territory of present-day Hungary. In these times, the territory of present-day Hungary began to undergo changes due to the Ottoman occupation. Vast lands remained unpopulated and covered with woods. Flood plains became marshes. The life of

5525-402: The territory of present-day Hungary, while Temeşvar and Varat eyalets that had their administrative centers in the territory of present-day Romania also included some parts of present-day Hungary. Pashas and Sanjak-Beys were responsible for administration, jurisdiction and defense. The Ottomans' only interest was to secure their hold on the territory. The Sublime Porte (Ottoman rulers) became

5610-417: The throne and spent his life scheming to become Sultan. Ahmed broke with the traditional fratricide following previous enthronements and did not order the execution of his brother Mustafa . Instead, Mustafa was sent to live at the old palace at Bayezit along with their grandmother, Safiye Sultan. This was most likely due to Ahmed's young age - he had not yet demonstrated his ability to sire children, and Mustafa

5695-422: The throne as Sultan Mehmed III . Mehmed ordered the execution of his nineteen half brothers. Ahmed's elder brother Şehzade Mahmud was also executed by his father Mehmed on 7 June 1603, just before Mehmed's own death on 22 December 1603. Mahmud was buried along with his mother in a separate mausoleum built by Ahmed in Şehzade Mosque , Constantinople. Ahmed ascended the throne after his father's death in 1603, at

5780-437: The tribute to the Ottomans. The Ottoman–Safavid War had begun shortly before the death of Ahmed's father Mehmed III. Upon ascending the throne, Ahmed I appointed Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha as the commander of the eastern army. The army marched from Constantinople on 15 June 1604, which was too late, and by the time it had arrived on the eastern front on 8 November 1604, the Safavid army had captured Yerevan and entered

5865-497: The wake of the Ottoman conquest, while the Hungarian population that survived the Ottoman conquest fled the area over the course of the 17th century. Throughout the 17th century, the newly settled Orthodox South Slavic population ensured the military garrisons, logistical support, and food supply of the Ottoman army in this region. Consequently, the Hungarians derisively referred to the region of Ottoman conquest as "Rascia" (Serbia) from that period onward. According to data presented in

5950-408: Was a poem he composed: “If only could I bear over my head like my turban forever thee, If only I could carry it all the time with me, on my head like a crown, the Footprint of the Prophet Muhammad, which has a beautiful complexion, Ahmed, go on, rub your face on the feet of that rose.“ Sultan Ahmed was known for his skills in fencing, poetry, horseback riding, and fluency in several languages. Ahmed

6035-452: Was a poet who wrote a number of political and lyrical works under the name Bahti. Ahmed patronized scholars, calligraphers, and pious men. Hence, he commissioned a book entitled The Quintessence of Histories to be worked upon by calligraphers. He also attempted to enforce conformance to Islamic laws and traditions, restoring the old regulations that prohibited alcohol, and he attempted to enforce attendance at Friday prayers and paying alms to

6120-438: Was acknowledged by signing of the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718. Since 1360s Hungary confronted with the Ottoman Empire. The Kingdom of Hungary led several crusades, campaigns and carried out several defence battles and sieges against the Ottomans. Hungary bore the brunt of the Ottoman wars in Europe during the 15th century and successfully halted the Ottoman advance. From 1490, after the death of King Matthias of Hungary ,

6205-530: Was again during the era of Sultan Ahmed that an iron web was placed inside the Zamzam Well in Mecca. The placement of this web about three feet below the water level was a response to lunatics who jumped into the well, imagining a promise of a heroic death. In Medina, the city of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , a new pulpit made of white marble and shipped from Istanbul arrived in the mosque of Muhammad and substituted

6290-515: Was appointed as the Grand Vizier and the commander of the western army. Under Mehmed Pasha, the western army recaptured Pest and Vác , but failed to capture Esztergom as the siege was lifted due to unfavourable weather and the objections of the soldiers. Meanwhile, the Prince of Transylvania , Stephen Bocskay , who struggled for the region's independence and had formerly supported the Habsburgs, sent

6375-424: Was assigned to organize an attack on Persia. Mehmed Pasha delayed the attack till the next year, until when the Safavids made their preparations and attacked Ganja. In April 1616, Mehmed Pasha left Aleppo with a large army and marched to Yerevan, where he failed to take the city and withdrew to Erzurum. He was removed from his post and replaced by Damat Halil Pasha . Halil Pasha went for the winter to Diyarbekir, while

6460-403: Was burned, it was so destroyed that only its land, its stone churches, and its towers remained, and his infidel and fornicate people all went into captivity. While we were here, we wandered without fear, destroying the western part to the right and then to the left, and came here between eating and drinking. The economic decline of Buda , the Hungarian capital at the time of the Ottoman conquest,

6545-430: Was emblematic of its stagnated growth rate. The city's population was no larger in 1686 than it had been two centuries prior. The Ottomans allowed the Hungarian royal palace to fall into ruins. The Ottomans later transformed the palace into a gunpowder store and magazine, which caused its detonation during the siege in 1686. The Christian Hungarian population significantly shrank in the next decades, due to them fleeing to

6630-513: Was not allowed in the city by the people of Ankara and rebelled again, only to be crushed by Murad Pasha's forces. Kalenderoğlu ended up fleeing to Persia. Murad Pasha then suppressed some smaller revolts in Central Anatolia and suppressed other Jelali chiefs by inviting them to join the army. Due to the widespread violence of the Jelali revolts, a great number of people had fled their villages and

6715-638: Was not spread by force in the areas under the control of the Ottoman Sultan , however, Arnold concludes by quoting a 17th-century author who stated: Meanwhile he [the Turk] wins [converts] by craft more than by force, and snatches away Christ by fraud out of the hearts of men. For the Turk, it is true, at the present time compels no country by violence to apostatise; but he uses other means whereby imperceptibly he roots out Christianity... The relative religious tolerance of

6800-769: Was sufficient to garrison the whole of the Eyalet of Budin . The Hungarian Ottoman province covered about 91,250 km (35,230 sq mi). The territory was divided into Eyalets (provinces), which were further divided into Sanjaks , with the highest ranking Ottoman official being the Pasha of Budin. At first, Ottoman-controlled territories in present-day Hungary were part of the Budin Eyalet . Later, new eyalets were formed: Temeşvar Eyalet , Zigetvar Eyalet, Kanije Eyalet , Eğri Eyalet , and Varat Eyalet . Administrative centers of Budin, Zigetvar, Kanije and Eğri eyalets were located in

6885-477: Was supervised by the mosques that were either newly built or transformed from older Christian churches. Payment for the servants of the mosques, as well as the maintenance of the churches, was the responsibility of the Ottoman state or charities. Besides Sunni Islam, a number of dervish communities also flourished including the bektashis , the halvetis , and the mevlevis . The famous Gül Baba monastery of Budin (Buda), sheltering 60 dervishes, belonged to

6970-420: Was supported by the libraries. The mosque complex and türbe of Sokollu Mustafa Pasha in Budin (Buda) was built by Ottoman chief architect Mimar Sinan and contained a school and library offering Muslim religious sciences, literature, works on oratory, poetry, astronomy, music, architecture, and medical sciences. The Ottomans practiced relative religious tolerance, and Christianity was not prohibited. Islam

7055-648: Was that of Budin (Buda), commissioned by the Sokollu Mustafa Pasha during his twelve years of governing (1566–1578). In the mosques , people not only prayed, but were taught to read and write, to read the Koran, and prayers. The sermons were the most effective form of political education. There were numerous elementary and secondary schools besides the mosques, and the monasteries of the Dervish orders also served as centers of culture and education. The spread of culture

7140-540: Was then the only other candidate for the Ottoman throne. His brother's execution would have endangered the dynasty, and thus he was spared. His mother tried to interfere in his affairs and influence his decision, especially she wanted to control his communication and movements. In the earlier part of his reign, Ahmed I showed decision and vigor, which were belied by his subsequent conduct. The wars in Hungary and Persia , which attended his accession, terminated unfavourably for

7225-597: Was traded to the Czech lands , Austria and Poland . The defeat of Ottoman forces led by Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha at the Second Siege of Vienna in 1683, at the hands of the combined armies of Poland and the Holy Roman Empire under John III Sobieski swung the balance of power in the region. Still, in 1686, Buda was recaptured by the Ottomans. In 1699, under the terms of the Treaty of Karlowitz , which ended

#644355