The Abkhazian State University is the only university in Abkhazia . It was founded in 1979 on the basis of the Sukhumi Pedagogical Institute . Its first rector was Zurab Anchabadze . The study language is mainly Russian in the university.
131-610: The university consists the departments of physics and mathematics, biology and geography, history, philology, economics, law; pedagogical and agro-engineering departments. The first college in Abkhazia, the Sukhumi Agro-pedagogical Institute was founded in 1932 and transformed into the Maxim Gorky Pedagogical Institute the following year. Following the rallies and street demonstrations in 1978 it
262-493: A complex response across continents and disciplines to a changing world". Literary modernism is often summed up in a line from W. B. Yeats : "Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold" (in ' The Second Coming '). Modernists often search for a metaphysical 'centre' but experience its collapse. ( Postmodernism , by way of contrast, celebrates that collapse, exposing the failure of metaphysics, such as Jacques Derrida 's deconstruction of metaphysical claims.) Philosophically,
393-596: A final decision on this is made by voting of the Odesa City Council . Monuments of Maxim Gorky are installed in many cities. Among them: On 6 December 2022 the City Council of the Ukrainian city Dnipro decided to remove from the city all monuments to figures of Russian culture and history , in particular it was mentioned that the monuments to Gorky, Alexander Pushkin and Mikhail Lomonosov would be removed from
524-757: A financially successful author, editor, and playwright, Gorky gave financial support to the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), as well as supporting liberal appeals to the government for civil rights and social reform. The brutal shooting of workers marching to the Tsar with a petition for reform on 9 January 1905 (known as the "Bloody Sunday" ), which set in motion the Revolution of 1905 , seems to have pushed Gorky more decisively toward radical solutions. He became closely associated with Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Bogdanov 's Bolshevik wing of
655-511: A forerunner of Albert Einstein 's theory of relativity . Many prior theories about epistemology argued that external and absolute reality could impress itself, as it were, on an individual—for example, John Locke 's (1632–1704) empiricism , which saw the mind beginning as a tabula rasa , a blank slate ( An Essay Concerning Human Understanding , 1690). Freud's description of subjective states, involving an unconscious mind full of primal impulses and counterbalancing self-imposed restrictions,
786-537: A great influence on twentieth-century novelists," especially those modernists who used the stream of consciousness technique, such as Dorothy Richardson for the book Pointed Roofs (1915), James Joyce for Ulysses (1922) and Virginia Woolf (1882–1941) for Mrs Dalloway (1925) and To the Lighthouse (1927). Also important in Bergson's philosophy was the idea of élan vital , the life force, which "brings about
917-572: A paid informer. Before his death from a lingering illness in June 1936, he was visited at home by Stalin, Yagoda, and other leading communists, and by Moura Budberg , who had chosen not to return to the USSR with him but was permitted to stay for his funeral. The sudden death of Gorky's son Maxim Peshkov in May 1934 was followed by the death of Maxim Gorky himself in June 1936 from pneumonia. Speculation has long surrounded
1048-413: A personal friend of Vladimir Lenin after they met in 1902. He exposed governmental control of the press (see Matvei Golovinski affair). In 1902, Gorky was elected an honorary Academician of Literature, but Tsar Nicholas II ordered this annulled. In protest, Anton Chekhov and Vladimir Korolenko left the academy. From 1900 to 1905, Gorky's writings became more optimistic. He became more involved in
1179-440: A puppet controlled or menaced by invisible outside forces. Though the term is applied to a wide range of plays, some characteristics coincide in many of the plays: broad comedy, often similar to Vaudeville , mixed with horrific or tragic images; characters caught in hopeless situations forced to do repetitive or meaningless actions; dialogue full of clichés, wordplay, and nonsense; plots that are cyclical or absurdly expansive; either
1310-521: A sarcastic saying: Destroy homosexuality and fascism will disappear." Gorky was a strong and sincere supporter of such Stalinist policies as usage of forced labour, collectivization and " dekulakization " and the show trials against the saboteurs of the Plan, but being a propagandist for such policies wasn't his main role; he was regarded as an "ideological asset" to personify the myth of the "proletarian culture" and bring literature, as Tovah Yedlin writes, under
1441-449: A sensational success and his career as a writer began. Gorky wrote incessantly, viewing literature less as an aesthetic practice (though he worked hard on style and form) than as a moral and political act that could change the world. He described the lives of people in the lowest strata and on the margins of society, revealing their hardships, humiliations, and brutalisation, but also their inner spark of humanity. Gorky's reputation grew as
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#17328580537601572-499: A similar statement that such "legends" represent "the essence of reality", but if the boy existed, it would be impossible for Gorky to "take the boy with him" even with his reputation of a "great proletarian writer": for example, Gorky had to spend over 2 years to free Julia Danzas . Gorky also helped other political prisoners (not without the influence of his wife, Yekaterina Peshkova ). For example, because of Gorky's interference Mikhail Bakhtin 's initial verdict (5 years of Solovki)
1703-409: A single compound image'. This avoids the limitations of a single, privileged viewer, and points towards a more objective realism. Similarly, it has been argued that Wallace Stevens's realism "serves a truth that is revealing—not the truth that prevails. It also is a “realism” that recognizes multiple perspectives, multiple truths. Perhaps the snow is not just white; it is also turning black, attuned to
1834-555: A strong dislike of Gumilev, but he nevertheless promised to do something. He could not keep his promise because the sentence of death was announced and carried out with unexpected haste, before Gorky had got round to doing anything." In October, Gorky returned to Italy on health grounds: he had tuberculosis . In July 1921, Gorky published an appeal to the outside world, saying that millions of lives were menaced by crop failure. The Russian famine of 1921–22 , also known as Povolzhye famine, killed an estimated 5 million, primarily affecting
1965-452: A strong staff on my road, which was neither even nor easy. I believe that Jewish wisdom is more all-human and universal than any other; and this not only because of its immemorial age...but because of the powerful humaneness that saturates it, because of its high estimate of man." He publicly opposed the Tsarist regime and was arrested many times. Gorky befriended many revolutionaries and became
2096-407: A struggle with the sense of nature's significance, falling under two headings: poems in which the speaker denies that nature has meaning, only for nature to loom up by the end of the poem; and poems in which the speaker claims nature has meaning, only for that meaning to collapse by the end of the poem. Modernism often rejects nineteenth century realism , if the latter is understood as focusing on
2227-432: A unique literary voice from the bottom stratum of society and as a fervent advocate of Russia's social, political, and cultural transformation. By 1899, he was openly associating with the emerging Marxist social-democratic movement, which helped make him a celebrity among both the intelligentsia and the growing numbers of "conscious" workers. At the heart of all his work was a belief in the inherent worth and potential of
2358-445: Is "a way of controlling, of ordering, of giving a shape and a significance to the immense panorama of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history.... Instead of narrative method, we may now use the mythical method. It is, I seriously believe, a step toward making the modern world possible for art." Eliot's own modernist poem The Waste Land (1922) mirrors "the futility and anarchy" in its own way, in its fragmented structure, and
2489-570: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Maxim Gorky Alexei Maximovich Peshkov (Russian: Алексей Максимович Пешков ; 28 March [ O.S. 16 March] 1868 – 18 June 1936), popularly known as Maxim Gorky ( Максим Горький ), was a Russian and Soviet writer and proponent of socialism . He was nominated five times for the Nobel Prize in Literature . Before his success as an author, he travelled widely across
2620-472: Is always weak-willed and subject to emotions and moods." Gorky's best-known publication of the period were concerning antisemitism , written in response of the severe Tsarist repressions against the Jews, and an essay "Two Souls", which contrasted "the passive East" with "the active West" and promoted the values of European culture and progress and urged Russia break free from the "Eastern-Asiatic" "soul" and encouraged
2751-476: Is known as an early work of modernism for its plain-spoken prose style and emphasis on psychological insight into characters. James Joyce was a major modernist writer whose strategies employed in his novel Ulysses (1922) for depicting the events during a twenty-four-hour period in the life of his protagonist, Leopold Bloom , have come to epitomize modernism's approach to fiction. The poet T. S. Eliot described these qualities in 1923, noting that Joyce's technique
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#17328580537602882-660: Is the atonal ending of Arnold Schoenberg 's Second String Quartet in 1908, the Expressionist paintings of Wassily Kandinsky starting in 1903 and culminating with his first abstract painting and the founding of the Expressionist Blue Rider group in Munich in 1911, the rise of fauvism , and the introduction of cubism from the studios of Henri Matisse , Pablo Picasso , Georges Braque and others between 1900 and 1910. Sherwood Anderson 's Winesburg, Ohio (1919)
3013-727: The Arizona State University , San Diego State University , Rutgers University , Virginia Tech , Pennsylvania State University , University of Maryland, College Park and the United States Department of Agriculture . In 2020, the Abkhazian State University established the Great Caucasus format together with the Armenian National University of Architecture and Construction of Armenia ,
3144-557: The OGPU ) who vested interest in spying on Gorky, and two other OGPU officers, Semyon Firin and Matvei Pogrebinsky , who held high office in the Gulag . Pogrebinsky was Gorky's guest in Sorrento for four weeks in 1930. The following year, Yagoda sent his brother-in-law, Leopold Averbakh to Sorrento, with instructions to induce Gorky to return to Russia permanently. Gorky's return from Fascist Italy
3275-619: The Perestroika . The essays call Lenin a tyrant for his senseless arrests and repression of free discourse, and an anarchist for his conspiratorial tactics; Gorky compares Lenin to both the Tsar and Nechayev . He was a member of the Committee for the Struggle against Antisemitism within the Soviet government. In 1921, he hired a secretary, Moura Budberg , who later became his mistress. In August 1921,
3406-611: The Russian Empire changing jobs frequently, experiences which would later influence his writing. Gorky's most famous works are his early short stories " Chelkash ", " Old Izergil ", and " Twenty-six Men and a Girl " (written in the 1890s); plays The Philistines (1901), The Lower Depths (1902) and Children of the Sun (1905); a poem, " The Song of the Stormy Petrel " (1901); his fictional autobiographical trilogy, My Childhood, In
3537-472: The 1920s and 1930s, including further novels by Marcel Proust , Virginia Woolf , Robert Musil ( The Man Without Qualities ), and Dorothy Richardson . The American modernist dramatist Eugene O'Neill 's career began in 1914, but his major works appeared in the 1920s and 1930s and early 1940s. Two other significant modernist dramatists writing in the 1920s and 1930s were Bertolt Brecht and Federico García Lorca . D. H. Lawrence 's Lady Chatterley's Lover
3668-526: The 1930s, in addition to further major works by William Faulkner ( As I Lay Dying , Light in August ), Samuel Beckett published his first major work, the novel Murphy (1938), while in 1932 John Cowper Powys published A Glastonbury Romance , the same year as Hermann Broch 's The Sleepwalkers . In 1935 E. du Perron published his Country of Origin , the seminal work of Dutch modernist prose. Djuna Barnes published her novel Nightwood in 1936,
3799-553: The 20th century, and were characterized by a poetry that favoured a precision of imagery , brevity and free verse . This idealism, however, ended with the outbreak of World War I , and writers created more cynical works that reflected a prevailing sense of disillusionment. Many modernist writers also shared a mistrust of institutions of power such as government and religion, and rejected the notion of absolute truths. Modernist works such as T. S. Eliot 's The Waste Land (1922) were increasingly self-aware, introspective, and explored
3930-503: The Absurd is applied to plays written by primarily European playwrights, that express the belief that human existence has no meaning or purpose and therefore all communication breaks down. Logical construction and argument gives way to irrational and illogical speech and to its ultimate conclusion, silence. While there are significant precursors, including Alfred Jarry (1873–1907), the Theatre of
4061-491: The Absurd is generally seen as beginning in the 1950s with the plays of Samuel Beckett . Critic Martin Esslin coined the term in his 1960 essay, "Theatre of the Absurd." He related these plays based on a broad theme of the Absurd, similar to the way Albert Camus uses the term in his 1942 essay, " The Myth of Sisyphus ". The Absurd in these plays takes the form of man's reaction to a world apparently without meaning, and/or man as
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4192-517: The Bolsheviks, and the founder of the increasingly canonical " socialist realism ". Source: Turner, Lily; Strever, Mark (1946). Orphan Paul; A Bibliography and Chronology of Maxim Gorky . New York: Boni and Gaer. pp. 261–270. In Kharkiv Gorky Park was renamed Central Park of Culture and Recreation in June 2023. In Odesa in June 2023 a Historical and Toponymic Commission proposed renaming its Gorky Park to Park of Children's Dreams,
4323-864: The Cathedral . While modernist poetry in English is often viewed as an American phenomenon, with leading exponents including Ezra Pound , Hart Crane , Marianne Moore , William Carlos Williams , H.D. , and Louis Zukofsky , there were important British modernist poets, including T. S. Eliot, David Jones , Hugh MacDiarmid , Basil Bunting , and W. H. Auden . European modernist poets include Federico García Lorca , Fernando Pessoa , Anna Akhmatova , Constantine Cavafy , and Paul Valéry . Though The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature sees Modernism ending by c. 1939 , with regard to British and American literature, "When (if) Modernism petered out and postmodernism began has been contested almost as hotly as when
4454-576: The Congress of Writers to be rewritten, and in his account of the visit, Kaganovich reported that Gorky's "mood [was] apparently not very good", and that the "aftertaste" with which Gorky was critical about some life aspects in the USSR "reminded [him] of Comrade Krupskaya ", Lenin's wife who supported the Right Opposition , and that Kamenev seemingly had "an important role in shaping" Gorky's "moods"; Kaganovich also proposed to heavily edit Gorky's attack on
4585-571: The Highest Stage of Capitalism , with Lenin's criticisms of Kautsky removed from the text. After the February Revolution, Gorky visited the headquarters of the Okhrana on Kronversky Prospekt together with Nikolai Sukhanov and Vladimir Zenisinov. Gorky described the former Okhrana headquarters, where he sought literary inspiration, as derelict, with windows broken, and papers lying all over
4716-563: The Organising Committee of the Union and demands to let Leopold Averbakh , the leader of RAPP who was executed in 1937, speak at the congress. After his arrest in the beginning of 1935, Kamenev wrote a letter to Gorky: "We didn't talk with you about politics, and when I told you about the feeling of love and respect for Stalin..., about my readiness to sincerely work with him, that all feelings of resentment and anger burned out in me — I told
4847-654: The Russian North-Caucasus Federal University and the South Ossetian State University . The four universities will work more together and spread the use of the Russian language . This Asian university, college or other education institution article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Georgian school-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Abkhazia -related article
4978-710: The Russian boureoisie to participate "in the work of reform". Although the Okhrana , the secret police, had failed to find a legal pretext to close the journal, the government decided to do it in January 1917, but these plans failed because of the February Revolution . Gorky distrusted it at first, but in Spring became cautiously optimist about it. In Summer, Gorky's publishing house published one of Lenin's most famous writings, Imperialism,
5109-484: The Russian liberals" in Lenin's words; later he wrote a series of anti-war publications, but succeeded in publishing only one of them, in which he appealed to feelings of international brotherhood and cooperation; one of the articles was confiscated by the censor, and another was condemned and led the journal being confiscated after being published. While not being a strong " defeatist " like Lenin, Gorky supported "a speedy end of
5240-553: The Socialist Realism writers earlier attacked by Gorky, published an answer to him, in which he dismissed his line of criticizing the officially acclaimed Socialist Realism writers while supporting such ostensible enemies of Communism as D. S. Mirsky . David Zaslavsky published an ironic response to Gorky's article defending Demons , in which he accused Gorky in connivance in the formation of the "counter-revolutionary intelligentsia " and directly compared his "liberal position" with
5371-609: The Soviet regime were rather difficult: while being Stalin's public supporter, he maintained friendships with Lev Kamenev and Nikolai Bukharin , the leaders of the anti-Stalin opposition executed after Gorky's death; he also hoped to ease the Soviet cultural policies and made some efforts to defend the writers who disobeyed them, which resulted in him spending his last days under unannounced house arrest. Born as Alexei Maximovich Peshkov on 28 March [ O.S. 16 March] 1868, in Nizhny Novgorod , Gorky became an orphan at
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5502-442: The Soviet vice-premier, Alexei Rykov asking him to tell Leon Trotsky that any death sentences carried out on the defendants would be "premeditated and foul murder." This provoked a contemptuous reaction from Lenin, who described Gorky as "always supremely spineless in politics", and Trotsky, who dismissed Gorky as an "artist whom no-one takes seriously". He was denied permission by Italy's fascist government to return to Capri, but
5633-610: The Turbins were allowed for staging; Gorky took Andrei Platonov to the "writers' brigades" after he was made unable to be published because of his work critical of the collectivization, although Gorky rejected his "pessimistic" texts; with Gorky's intervention, Bukharin became one of the keynote speakers on the Writers' Congress and proclaimed Boris Pasternak , who was denounced by the Stalinist party critics as "decadent", to be "first poet" of
5764-416: The USSR. Gorky was not a supporter of artistic pluralism and diversity among writers and agreed that some censorship had to be inevitable, often being dismissive and rigid of creative experiments; however, Gorky was concerned with the bureaucratization of the Union of Writers and tried to oppose the increasing pressure on writers and attacked the party-sanctioned authors and them achieving the highest ranks in
5895-559: The Volga and Ural River regions. Gorky left Russia in September 1921, for Berlin. There he heard about the impending Moscow Trial of 12 Socialist Revolutionaries , which hardened his opposition to the Bolshevik regime. He wrote to Anatole France denouncing the trial as a "cynical and public preparation for the murder" of people who had fought for the freedom of the Russian people. He also wrote to
6026-473: The World, My Universities (1913–1923); and a novel, Mother (1906). Gorky himself judged some of these works as failures, and Mother has been frequently criticized; Gorky thought of Mother as one of his biggest failures. However, there have been warmer appraisals of some of his lesser-known post-revolutionary works such as the novels The Artamonov Business (1925) and The Life of Klim Samgin (1925–1936);
6157-487: The abortive 1905 Russian Revolution , Gorky wrote the play Children of the Sun , nominally set during an 1862 cholera epidemic, but universally understood to relate to present-day events. He was released from the prison after a European-wide campaign, which was supported by Marie Curie , Auguste Rodin and Anatole France , amongst others. Gorky assisted the Moscow uprising of 1905 , and after its suppression his apartment
6288-416: The absence of an obvious central, unifying narrative. This is in fact a rhetorical technique to convey the poem's theme: "The decay and fragmentation of Western Culture". The poem, despite the absence of a linear narrative, does have a structure: this is provided by both fertility symbolism derived from anthropology, and other elements such as the use of quotations and juxtaposition. In Italian literature ,
6419-490: The age of eleven. He was brought up by his maternal grandmother and ran away from home at the age of twelve in 1880. After an attempt at suicide in December 1887 he travelled on foot across the Russian Empire for five years, changing jobs and accumulating impressions used later in his writing. As a journalist working for provincial newspapers he wrote under the pseudonym Иегудиил Хламида (Jehudiel Khlamida). He started using
6550-534: The artist as "hero" seeks to embrace complexity and locate new meanings. Regarding technique, modernist works sought to obfuscate the boundaries between genres. Thus, prose works tended to be poetical and poetry prose-like. T. S. Eliot's poetry sacrified lyrical grace for the sake of fragmented narrative while Virginia Woolf's novels (such as Mrs Dalloway and The Waves ) have been described as poetical. Other early modernist writers and selected works include: Significant modernist works continued to be created in
6681-508: The assistance of "Kremlin's doctors" Pletnyov and Lev Levin using substances developed at a special NKVD laboratory in Moscow . In Soviet times, before and after his death, the complexities in Gorky's life and outlook were reduced to an iconic image (echoed in heroic pictures and statues dotting the countryside): Gorky as a great Soviet writer who emerged from the common people, a loyal friend of
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#17328580537606812-401: The beginning and quote novelist Virginia Woolf , who declared that human nature underwent a fundamental change "on or about December 1910". But modernism was already stirring by 1902, with works such as Joseph Conrad 's (1857–1924) Heart of Darkness , while Alfred Jarry 's (1873–1907) absurdist play Ubu Roi appeared even earlier, in 1896. Among early modernist non-literary landmarks
6943-548: The book's value as of a work of art. His experiences in the United States—which included a scandal over his travelling with his lover (the actress Maria Andreyeva ) rather than his wife—deepened his contempt for the "bourgeois soul". From 1906 to 1913, Gorky lived on the island of Capri in southern Italy , partly for health reasons and partly to escape the increasingly repressive atmosphere in Russia. He continued to support
7074-454: The boy with him. The boy was executed after Gorky left. Gorky left the room in tears, and wrote in the visitor book "I am not in a state of mind to express my impressions in just a few words. I wouldn't want, yes, and I would likewise be ashamed to permit myself the banal praise of the remarkable energy of people who, while remaining vigilant and tireless sentinels of the Revolution, are able, at
7205-508: The boy's identity, and that the story isn't supported by documents: "In the Solovki Museum... information about the real boy was not found; this story is considered to be a legend." Dmitry Bykov in his biography of Gorky wrote that whether or not did the boy exist, "mass consciousness is structured in such a way that the boy is needed, and it is no longer possible to erase him from Gorky's biography"; Gorky's biographer Pavel Basinsky makes
7336-453: The circumstances of his death. Stalin and Molotov were among those who carried Gorky's urn during the funeral. During the Bukharin trial in 1938 (last of the three Moscow Trials ), one of the charges was that Gorky was killed by Yagoda 's NKVD agents. According to several historians, Gorky and his son were poisoned by NKVD chief Genrikh Yagoda on the orders from Stalin and possibly with
7467-542: The coal industry, one of whom, Pyotr Osadchy, had visited Gorky in Sorrento . In contrast to his attitude to the trial of the Socialist Revolutionaries , Gorky accepted without question that the engineers were guilty, and expressed regret that in the past he had intervened on behalf of professionals who were being persecuted by the regime. During the visit, he struck up friendships with Genrikh Yagoda (deputy head of
7598-658: The collapse of metaphysics can be traced back to the Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711–1776), who argued that we never actually perceive one event causing another. We only experience the ' constant conjunction ' of events, and do not perceive a metaphysical 'cause'. Similarly, Hume argued that we never know the self as object, only the self as subject, and we are thus blind to our true natures. Moreover, if we only 'know' through sensory experience—such as sight, touch and feeling—then we cannot 'know' and neither can we make metaphysical claims. Thus, modernism can be driven emotionally by
7729-410: The common people, and wrote a series of important cultural memoirs, including the first part of his autobiography. On returning to Russia, he wrote that his main impression was that "everyone is so crushed and devoid of God's image." The only solution, he repeatedly declared, was "culture". With Russia entering World War I in 1914 and the outburst of patriotism Gorky became devastated; shortly after
7860-409: The control of the party, becoming officially praised as "the founder of Socialist Realism in literature". However, in her political biography of Gorky she also describes his various conflicts with the official cultural policies and the increasing pressure on him towards the end of his life; during his last years, he supported friendly relations with Lev Kamenev and Nikolai Bukharin , the leaders of
7991-983: The creative evolution of everything". His philosophy also placed a high value on intuition, though without rejecting the importance of the intellect. These various thinkers were united by a distrust of Victorian positivism and certainty. Modernism as a literary movement can also be seen as a reaction to industrialisation, urbanisation and new technologies. Important literary precursors of modernism were Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821–81) ( Crime and Punishment (1866), The Brothers Karamazov (1880)); Walt Whitman (1819–92) ( Leaves of Grass ) (1855–91); Gustave Flaubert (1821–1880) ( Madame Bovary (1856–57), Sentimental Education (1869), The Temptation of Saint Anthony (1874), Three Tales (1877), Bouvard et Pécuchet (1881)); Charles Baudelaire (1821–67) ( Les Fleurs du mal ), Rimbaud (1854–91) ( Illuminations , 1874); Knut Hamsun (1859–1952) ( Hunger , 1890); August Strindberg (1849–1912), especially his later plays, including
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#17328580537608122-426: The darker aspects of human nature. The term modernism covers a number of related, and overlapping, artistic and literary movements, including Imagism , Symbolism , Futurism , Vorticism , Cubism , Surrealism , Expressionism , and Dada . Early modernist writers, especially those writing after World War I and the disillusionment that followed, broke the implicit contract with the general public that artists were
8253-557: The decline of the traditional role of the poet as foreseer, teacher, prophet. In a world that has absorbed Friedrich Nietzsche 's lesson, these poets want to renew literature according to the new cultural world of the 20th century. For example, Montale uses epiphany to reconstruct meaning, while Saba incorporates Freudian concepts of psychoanalysis . Modernist literature addressed similar aesthetic problems as contemporary modernist art. Gertrude Stein 's abstract writings, such as Tender Buttons (1914), for example, have been compared to
8384-540: The desire for metaphysical truths, while understanding their impossibility. Some modernist novels, for instance, feature characters like Marlow in Heart of Darkness or Nick Carraway in The Great Gatsby who believe that they have encountered some great truth about nature or character, truths that the novels themselves treat ironically while offering more mundane explanations. Similarly, many poems of Wallace Stevens convey
8515-527: The destruction of the Rheims Cathedral , Gorky wrote Andreeva: "All this is so terrible that I am unable to express even one one-hundredth of my heavy feelings, which are perhaps best described in words such as world catastrophe, the downfall of European culture." At first, Gorky along with the other writers signed a protest against the "barbarism of the Germans", blaming them for the war, "the despicable paper of
8646-495: The embodiment of meaning within a naturalistic representation. At the same time, some modernists aim at a more 'real' realism, one that is uncentered. Picasso's proto-cubist painting, 'The Poet' of 1911 is decentred, presenting the body from multiple points of view. As the Peggy Guggenheim Collection website puts it, 'Picasso presents multiple views of each object, as if he had moved around it, and synthesizes them into
8777-458: The evenings from the lack of adequate shelter and food, but even in the middle of the day. Most tellingly, Solzhenitsyn and Dmitry Likhachov document a visit, on 20 June 1929 to Solovki , the "original" forced labour camp, and the model upon which thousands of others were constructed. Given Gorky's reputation, (both to the authorities and to the prisoners), the camp was transformed from one where prisoners (Zeks) were worked to death to one befitting
8908-471: The filthy venom of power", crushing the rights of the individual to achieve their revolutionary dreams. Gorky wrote that Lenin was a "cold-blooded trickster who spares neither the honor nor the life of the proletariat. ... He does not know the popular masses, he has not lived with them". Gorky went on to compare Lenin to a chemist experimenting in a laboratory with the only difference being the chemist experimented with inanimate matter to improve life while Lenin
9039-553: The floor. Having dinner with Sukhanov later the same day, Gorky grimly predicted that revolution would end in "Asiatic savagery". Initially a supporter of the Socialist-Revolutionary Alexander Kerensky , Gorky switched over to the Bolsheviks after the Kornilov affair . In July 1917, Gorky wrote his own experiences of the Russian working class had been sufficient to dispel any "notions that Russian workers are
9170-474: The former enemies of proletariat". For other writers, he urged that one obtained realism by extracting the basic idea from reality, but by adding the potential and desirable to it, one added romanticism with deep revolutionary potential. For himself, Gorky avoided realism. His denials that even a single prisoner died during the construction of the aforementioned canal was refuted by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn who claimed thousands of prisoners froze to death not only in
9301-557: The fragmentary and multi-perspective Cubist paintings of her friend Pablo Picasso . The questioning spirit of modernism, as part of a necessary search for ways to make sense of a broken world, can also be seen in a different form in the Scottish poet Hugh MacDiarmid 's A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle (1928). In this poem, MacDiarmid applies Eliot's techniques to respond to the question of nationalism, using comedic parody, in an optimistic (though no less hopeless) form of modernism in which
9432-405: The generation of poets represented by Eugenio Montale (with his Ossi di seppia ), Giuseppe Ungaretti (with his Allegria di naufragi ), and Umberto Saba (with his Canzoniere ) embodies modernism. This new generation broke with the tradition of Giosuè Carducci , Giovanni Pascoli , and Gabriele D'Annunzio in terms of style, language and tone. They were aware of the crisis deriving from
9563-486: The grass and was now chopping off branches, leading Gorky to write that he was "stubborn as a mole, and apparently as blind as one too". Gorky's relations with the Bolsheviks became strained, however, after the October Revolution . One contemporary recalled how Gorky would turn "dark and black and grim" at the mere mention of Lenin. Gorky wrote that Vladimir Lenin together with Leon Trotsky "have become poisoned with
9694-410: The human animal. Another major precursor of modernism was Friedrich Nietzsche , especially his idea that psychological drives, specifically the " will to power ", were more important than facts, or things. Henri Bergson (1859–1941), on the other hand, emphasised the difference between scientific clock time and the direct, subjective, human experience of time. His work on time and consciousness "had
9825-417: The human person. In his writing, he counterposed individuals, aware of their natural dignity, and inspired by energy and will, with people who succumb to the degrading conditions of life around them. Both his writings and his letters reveal a "restless man" (a frequent self-description) struggling to resolve contradictory feelings of faith and scepticism, love of life and disgust at the vulgarity and pettiness of
9956-537: The human world. In 1916, Gorky said that the teachings of the ancient Jewish sage Hillel the Elder deeply influenced his life: "In my early youth I read...the words of...Hillel, if I remember rightly: 'If thou art not for thyself, who will be for thee? But if thou art for thyself alone, wherefore art thou'? The inner meaning of these words impressed me with their profound wisdom...The thought ate its way deep into my soul, and I say now with conviction: Hillel's wisdom served as
10087-694: The ideological enemies, namely Kamenev and Zinoviev : "Next thing you know you'll be calling for publication of White Guard writers", as Korney Chukovsky summarized in his diary; Gorky's second answer to Zaslavsky was not published. During the officially organized campaign against the composer Dmitry Shostakovich , Gorky wrote a letter to Stalin in defense of the composer, demanding a "careful" treatment of him and calling his critics "a bunch of mediocre people, hack-workers" "attack[ing] Shostakovich in every possible way." Such sources as Romain Rolland 's diary demonstrate that because of Gorky's refusal to blindly obey
10218-545: The image’. This was extended in modernist theory which, drawing on its symbolist precursors, often emphasizes the inscrutability and failure of symbol and metaphor. For example, Wallace Stevens seeks and fails to find meaning in nature, even if he at times seems to sense such a meaning. As such, symbolists and modernists at times adopt a mystical approach to suggest a non-rational sense of meaning. For these reasons, modernist metaphors may be unnatural, as for instance in T.S. Eliot's description of an evening 'spread out against
10349-514: The incarnation of spiritual beauty and kindness". Gorky admitted to feeling attracted to Bolshevism, but admitted to concerns about a creed that made the entire working class "sweet and reasonable – I had never known people who were really like this". Gorky wrote that he knew the poor, the "carpenters, stevedores, bricklayers", in a way that the intellectual Lenin never did, and he frankly distrusted them. During World War I, his apartment in Petrograd
10480-826: The invitation of Mark Twain and other writers. An invitation to the White House by President Theodore Roosevelt was withdrawn after the New York World reported that the woman accompanying Gorky was not his wife. After this was revealed all of the hotels in Manhattan refused to house the couple, and they had to stay at an apartment in Staten Island . During a visit to Switzerland, Gorky met Lenin, who he charged spent an inordinate amount of his time feuding with other revolutionaries, writing: "He looked awful. Even his tongue seemed to have turned grey". Despite his atheism , Gorky
10611-400: The late 19th and early 20th centuries, and is characterised by a self-conscious separation from traditional ways of writing in both poetry and prose fiction writing. Modernism experimented with literary form and expression, as exemplified by Ezra Pound 's maxim to "Make it new". This literary movement was driven by a conscious desire to overturn traditional modes of representation and express
10742-543: The latter is considered by some as Gorky's masterpiece and has been viewed by some critics as a modernist work. Unlike his pre-revolutionary writings (known for their "anti-psychologism") Gorky's later works differ, with an ambivalent portrayal of the Russian Revolution and "unmodern interest to human psychology" (as noted by D. S. Mirsky ). He had associations with fellow Russian writers Leo Tolstoy and Anton Chekhov , both mentioned by Gorky in his memoirs. Gorky
10873-468: The literary bureaucracy. Such Stalin's closest associates as Lazar Kaganovich opposed Gorky and Bukharin in their efforts against the increasing party control of literature, and Kaganovich in his letters to Stalin wrote about Gorky's ideological faults and the ostensible influence of the Opposition on him. For example, Kaganovich and several Politburo members visited Gorky and demanded his keynote speech for
11004-519: The many writers after 1945 who resist easy inclusion into the category 'postmodern' and yet, heavily influenced by (say) American and/or European modernism, continued to manifest significant neo-modernist works, for instance Roy Fisher , Mario Petrucci and Jorge Amado . Another example of post-1945 modernism, then, would be the first modernist work of Reunionnais literature entitled Sortilèges créoles: Eudora ou l'île enchantée ( fr ), published 1952 by Marguerite-Hélène Mahé . The term Theatre of
11135-550: The members of the Organising Committee and publish it so it wouldn't circulate illegally. Another act which concerned the Politburo was Gorky's support of the members of the RAPP , the former party institution to control literature the members of which fell out of favour after its disbandment; Kaganovich wrote about Gorky supporting the RAPP-led campaign against Stalin's hand-picked leadership of
11266-618: The menacing storm in the sky—or it is perhaps purple, surrounding a man with a monarch’s boundless ego." Modernism, with its sense that 'things fall apart,' can be seen as the apotheosis of romanticism , if romanticism is the (often frustrated) quest for metaphysical truths about character, nature, a higher power and meaning in the world. Modernism often yearns for a romantic or metaphysical centre, but later finds its collapse. This distinction between modernism and romanticism extends to their respective treatments of 'symbol'. The romantics at times see an essential relation (the 'ground') between
11397-487: The new sensibilities of the time. The immense human costs of the First World War saw the prevailing assumptions about society reassessed, and much modernist writing engages with the technological advances and societal changes of modernity moving into the 20th century. In Modernist Literature , Mary Ann Gillies notes that these literary themes share the "centrality of a conscious break with the past", one that "emerges as
11528-443: The official Soviet idea of "transformation through labour". Gorky did not notice the relocation of thousands of prisoners to ease the overcrowding, the new clothes on the prisoners (used to labouring in their underwear), or even the hiding of prisoners under tarpaulins, and the removal of the torture rooms. The deception was exposed when Gorky was presented with children "model prisoners", one of who challenged Gorky if he "wanted to know
11659-534: The opposition movement, for which he was again briefly imprisoned in 1901. In 1904, having severed his relationship with the Moscow Art Theatre in the wake of conflict with Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko , Gorky returned to Nizhny Novgorod to establish a theatre of his own. Both Konstantin Stanislavski and Savva Morozov provided financial support for the venture. Stanislavski believed that Gorky's theatre
11790-410: The opposition which were executed after Gorky's death, and he could be sympathetic to the centrist and Right Opposition in general; both Bukharin and Kamenev had been friends with Gorky since 1920s. Paola Cioni noted that although there are traits of a conflict in the relations between Stalin and the state and Gorky, it is uncertain when this conflict was provoked by psychological motives, and when it
11921-468: The party, with Bogdanov taking responsibility for the transfer of funds from Gorky to Vpered . It is not clear whether he ever formally joined, and his relations with Lenin and the Bolsheviks would always be rocky. His most influential writings in these years were a series of plays on social and political themes, most famously The Lower Depths (1902). While briefly imprisoned in Peter and Paul Fortress during
12052-493: The poet Nikolay Gumilev was arrested by the Petrograd Cheka for his monarchist views. There is a story that Gorky hurried to Moscow, obtained an order to release Gumilev from Lenin personally, but upon his return to Petrograd he found out that Gumilev had already been shot – but Nadezhda Mandelstam , a close friend of Gumilev's widow, Anna Akhmatova wrote that: "It is true that people asked him to intervene. ... Gorky had
12183-591: The policies of Stalinism, he had lost the Party's goodwill and spent his last days under unannounced house arrest. With the increase of Stalinist repression and especially after the assassination of Sergei Kirov in December 1934, Gorky was placed under unannounced house arrest in his house near Moscow in Gorki-10 (the name of the place is a completely different word in Russian unrelated to his surname). His long-serving secretary Pyotr Kryuchkov had been recruited by Yagoda as
12314-566: The pseudonym "Gorky" (from горький; literally "bitter") in 1892, when his first short story, " Makar Chudra ", was published by the newspaper Kavkaz (The Caucasus) in Tiflis where he spent several weeks doing menial jobs, mostly for the Caucasian Railway workshops. The name reflected his simmering anger about life in Russia and a determination to speak the bitter truth. Gorky's first book Очерки и рассказы ( Essays and Stories ) in 1898 enjoyed
12445-460: The public space of the city. The monument of Gorky that been erected in 1977 was dismantled on 26 December 2022. Maxim Gorky is depicted on postage stamps: Albania (1986), Vietnam (1968) India (1968), Maldives (2018), and many more. Some of them can be found below. In 2018, FSUE Russian Post released a miniature sheet dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the writer. Literary modernism Modernist literature originated in
12576-406: The publishing house Academia ; Gorky also made efforts to support the literary " fellow travellers " and writers who had troubles with their works being published for ideological or artistic reasons or were disapproved by the official critic. For example, in letters to Stalin he defended Mikhail Bulgakov , and partly because of Gorky, Bulgakov's plays The Cabal of Hypocrites and The Days of
12707-504: The reliable interpreters and representatives of mainstream ("bourgeois") culture and ideas, and, instead, developed unreliable narrators , exposing the irrationality at the roots of a supposedly rational world. They also attempted to address the changing ideas about reality developed by Charles Darwin , Ernst Mach , Freud , Albert Einstein , Nietzsche , Bergson and others. From this developed innovative literary techniques such as stream-of-consciousness, interior monologue , as well as
12838-595: The same time, to be remarkably bold creators of culture". In a collection of academic papers about Gorky by the World Literature Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences published in 1995 it was noted that the story about the boy was first told by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn in The GULAG Archipelago and there was no other testimonies in support of it, that there were never details given about
12969-483: The same year as Miroslav Krleža 's Ballads of Petrica Kerempuh . Then in 1939 James Joyce 's Finnegans Wake appeared. It was in this year that another Irish modernist, W. B. Yeats , died. In poetry, E. E. Cummings , and Wallace Stevens continued writing into the 1950s. It was in this period when T. S. Eliot began writing what would become his final major poetic work, Four Quartets . Eliot shifted focus in this period, writing several plays, including Murder in
13100-452: The sky / Like a patient etherized upon a table'. In the 1880s, increased attention was given to the idea that it was necessary to push aside previous norms entirely, instead of merely revising past knowledge in light of contemporary techniques. The theories of Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) and Ernst Mach (1838–1916) influenced early Modernist literature. Ernst Mach argued that the mind had a fundamental structure, and that subjective experience
13231-506: The symbol (or the 'vehicle', in I.A. Richards 's terms) and its 'tenor' (its meaning)—for example in Coleridge's description of nature as 'that eternal language which thy God / Utters'. But while some romantics may have perceived nature and its symbols as God's language, for other romantic theorists it remains inscrutable. As Goethe (not himself a romantic) said, ‘the idea [or meaning] remains eternally and infinitely active and inaccessible in
13362-479: The term late modernism has been redefined by at least one critic and used to refer to works written after 1945, rather than 1930. With this usage goes the idea that the ideology of modernism was significantly re-shaped by the events of World War II , especially the Holocaust and the dropping of the atom bomb. Taking this further, instead of attempting to impose some arbitrary 'end-date' on modernism, one may acknowledge
13493-768: The transition from Victorianism to Modernism occurred". Clement Greenberg sees Modernism ending in the 1930s, with the exception of the visual and performing arts. In fact, many literary modernists lived into the 1950s and 1960s, though generally speaking they were no longer producing major works. The term late modernism is sometimes applied to modernist works published after 1930. Among modernists (or late modernists) still publishing after 1945 were Wallace Stevens , Gottfried Benn , T. S. Eliot , Anna Akhmatova , William Faulkner , Dorothy Richardson , John Cowper Powys , and Ezra Pound . Basil Bunting , born in 1901, published his most important modernist poem Briggflatts in 1965. In addition Hermann Broch 's The Death of Virgil
13624-452: The trilogy To Damascus 1898–1901, A Dream Play (1902), and The Ghost Sonata (1907). Initially, some modernists fostered a utopian spirit, stimulated by innovations in anthropology , psychology , philosophy , political theory , physics and psychoanalysis . The poets of the Imagist movement , founded by Ezra Pound in 1912 as a new poetic style, gave modernism its early start in
13755-400: The truth". On the affirmative, the room was cleared and the 14-year-old boy recounted the truth – starvation, men worked to death, and of the pole torture, of using men instead of horses, of the summary executions, of rolling prisoners, bound to a heavy pole down stairs with hundreds of steps, of spending the night, in underwear, in the snow. Gorky never wrote about the boy, or even asked to take
13886-415: The truth... I loved you from the bottom of my heart"; Gorky's secretary Kryuchkov didn't register the letter in Gorky's correspondence receipt book, but the hand-written copy in the Gorky archives contains the writer's characteristic annotations in red pencil; meanwhile, as Gorky's relationship with Stalin worsened, the latter stopped visiting him and replying to his phone calls, and their formal correspondence
14017-418: The use of multiple points-of-view. This can reflect doubts about the philosophical basis of realism , or alternatively an expansion of our understanding of what is meant by realism. For example, the use of stream-of-consciousness or interior monologue reflects the need for greater psychological realism. It is debatable when the modernist literary movement began, though some have chosen 1910 as roughly marking
14148-432: The war and for peace without annexation or indemnities." In 1915, he launched the publishing house Parus and the magazine Letopis to spread anti-war stance and "defend the idea of international culture against all manifestations of nationalism and imperialism"; among its prominent writers were the poets Sergei Yesenin , Aleksandr Blok and Vladimir Mayakovsky . Lenin was critical of Gorky's position: "In politics Gorky
14279-463: The work of Russian social-democracy, especially the Bolsheviks and invited Anatoly Lunacharsky to stay with him on Capri. The two men had worked together on Literaturny Raspad which appeared in 1908. It was during this period that Gorky, along with Lunacharsky, Bogdanov and Vladimir Bazarov developed the idea of an Encyclopedia of Russian History as a socialist version of Diderot 's Encyclopédie . In 1906, Maxim Gorky visited New York City at
14410-588: Was a major propaganda victory for the Soviets. He was decorated with the Order of Lenin and given a mansion (formerly belonging to the millionaire Pavel Ryabushinsky , which was for many years the Gorky Museum ) in Moscow and a dacha in the suburbs. The city of Nizhny Novgorod, and the surrounding province were renamed Gorky. Moscow's main park , and one of the central Moscow streets, Tverskaya, were renamed in his honour, as
14541-523: Was active in the emerging Marxist socialist movement and later supported the Bolsheviks . He publicly opposed the Tsarist regime and for a time closely associated himself with Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Bogdanov 's Bolshevik wing of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party . During World War I , Gorky supported pacifism and internationalism and anti-war protests. For a significant part of his life he
14672-420: Was almost entirely maintained by Gorky, with Stalin replying occasionally. Later Gorky tried to defend an issue of Dostoevsky's Demons which was prepared by Kamenev and came out after his arrest; the novel had a reputation of a "counter-revolutionary" work. As the conflict was becoming more visible, Gorky's political and literary positions became weaker. Fyodor Panferov , one of the party-sanctioned leaders of
14803-472: Was an opportunity to develop the network of provincial theatres which he hoped would reform the art of the stage in Russia, a dream of his since the 1890s. He sent some pupils from the Art Theatre School—as well as Ioasaf Tikhomirov , who ran the school—to work there. By the autumn, however, after the censor had banned every play that the theatre proposed to stage, Gorky abandoned the project. As
14934-496: Was based on the interplay of parts of the mind in The Science of Mechanics (1883). Freud's first major work was Studies on Hysteria (with Josef Breuer ; 1895). According to Freud, all subjective reality was based on the play of basic drives and instincts, through which the outside world was perceived. As a philosopher of science, Ernst Mach was a major influence on logical positivism , and through his criticism of Isaac Newton ,
15065-518: Was changed to 6 years of exile. Gorky strongly supported efforts in getting a law passed in 1934, making homosexuality a criminal offense . His attitude was coloured by the fact that some members of the Nazi Sturmabteilung were homosexual. The phrase "exterminate all homosexuals and fascism will vanish" is often attributed to him. Writing in Pravda on 23 May 1934, Gorky said: "There is already
15196-460: Was combined by Carl Jung (1875–1961) with the idea of the collective unconscious , which the conscious mind either fought or embraced. While Charles Darwin 's work remade the Aristotelian concept of "man, the animal" in the public mind, Jung suggested that human impulses toward breaking social norms were not the product of childishness or ignorance, but rather derived from the essential nature of
15327-621: Was exiled from Russia and later the Soviet Union (USSR), being critical both of the Tsarism and of the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War and the 1920s, condemning the latter for political repressions. In 1928 he returned to the USSR on Joseph Stalin 's personal invitation and lived there from 1932 until his death in June 1936. After his return he was officially declared the "founder of Socialist Realism ". Despite this, Gorky's relations with
15458-404: Was experimenting on the "living flesh of Russia". A further strain on Gorky's relations with the Bolsheviks occurred when his newspaper Novaya Zhizn ( New Life ) fell prey to Bolshevik censorship during the ensuing civil war, around which time Gorky published a collection of essays critical of the Bolsheviks called Untimely Thoughts in 1918, which would not be republished in Russia until after
15589-485: Was having difficulty earning enough to keep his large household, and began to seek an accommodation with the communist regime. The General Secretary of the Communist Party Joseph Stalin was equally keen to entice Gorky back to the USSR. He paid his first visit in May 1928 – at the very time when the regime was staging its first show trial since 1922, the so-called Shakhty Trial of 53 engineers employed in
15720-520: Was later depicted by Viktor Govorov in his painting . On that same day Stalin left his autograph on the last page of this work by Gorky: "This piece is stronger than Goethe's Faust (love defeats death)" Voroshilov also left a "resolution": "I am illiterate, but I think that Comrade Stalin more than correctly defined the meaning of A. Gorky's poems. On my own behalf, I will say: I love M. Gorky as my and my class of writer, who correctly defined our forward movement." As Vyacheslav Ivanov remembers, Gorky
15851-483: Was not a materialist. Most controversially, he articulated, along with a few other maverick Bolsheviks, a philosophy he called " God-Building " (богостроительство, bogostroitel'stvo ), which sought to recapture the power of myth for the revolution and to create religious atheism that placed collective humanity where God had been and was imbued with passion, wonderment, moral certainty, and the promise of deliverance from evil, suffering, and even death. Though 'God-Building'
15982-412: Was permitted to settle in Sorrento, where he lived from 1922 to 1932, with an extended household that included Moura Budberg, his ex-wife Andreyeva, her lover, Pyotr Kryuchkov , who acted as Gorky's secretary (initially a spy for Yagoda) for the remainder of his life, Gorky's son Max Peshkov, Max's wife, Timosha, and their two young daughters. He wrote several successful books while there, but by 1928 he
16113-422: Was provoked by his political position. It is certain, however, that Gorky intervened on behalf of such politically persecuted individuals as the historian Yevgeny Tarle and the literary critic, Mikhail Bakhtin , succeeded in making possible for the writers Yevgeny Zamyatin and Victor Serge to leave the country, tried to intercede on behalf of Karl Radek and Bukharin, and made Kamenev appointed as director of
16244-446: Was published in 1928, while another important landmark for the history of the modern novel came with the publication of William Faulkner 's The Sound and the Fury in 1929. The 1920s would prove to be watershed years in modernist poetry. In this period, T. S. Eliot published some of his most notable poetic works, including The Waste Land , The Hollow Men , and Ash Wednesday . In
16375-774: Was published in 1945 and Thomas Mann 's Doctor Faustus in 1947 (early works by Thomas Mann , The Magic Mountain (1924), and Death in Venice (1912) are sometimes considered modernist). Samuel Beckett , who died in 1989, has been described as a "later modernist". Beckett is a writer with roots in the expressionist tradition of modernism, who produced works from the 1930s until the 1980s, including Molloy (1951), En attendant Godot (1953), Happy Days (1961) and Rockaby (1981). The terms minimalist and post-modernist have also been applied to his later works. The poets Charles Olson (1910–1970) and J. H. Prynne (b. 1936) have been described as late modernists. More recently
16506-587: Was raided by the Black Hundreds . He subsequently fled to Lake Saimaa , Finland . In 1906, the Bolsheviks sent him on a fund-raising trip to the United States with Ivan Narodny . When visiting the Adirondack Mountains , Gorky wrote Mother , his probably most famous novel of revolutionary conversion and struggle; despite its success and political impact, various critics and Gorky himself were harsh of
16637-469: Was ridiculed by Lenin, Gorky retained his belief that "culture"—the moral and spiritual awareness of the value and potential of the human self—would be more critical to the revolution's success than political or economic arrangements. An amnesty granted for the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty allowed Gorky to return to Russia in 1914, where he continued his social criticism, mentored other writers from
16768-569: Was the Moscow Art Theatre . The largest fixed-wing aircraft in the world in the mid-1930s, the Tupolev ANT-20 was named Maxim Gorky in his honour. He was also appointed President of the Union of Soviet Writers , founded in 1932, to coincide with his return to the USSR. On 11 October 1931 Gorky read his fairy tale poem "A Girl and Death" (which he wrote in 1892) to his visitors Joseph Stalin , Kliment Voroshilov and Vyacheslav Molotov , an event that
16899-663: Was transformed into Abkhazian State University with Abkhaz, Georgian and Russian sections. In 1989 Georgian students demanded that the Georgian sector be transformed into a branch of the Tbilisi State University . This was opposed by the Abkhaz and eventually led to the clashes in the city . In 2018, professors from Abkhazian State University visited the United States as part of an exchange program. The university employees visited
17030-508: Was turned into a Bolshevik staff room, and his politics remained close to the Bolsheviks throughout the revolutionary period of 1917 . On the day after the October Revolution of 7 November 1917 , Gorky observed a gardener working the Alexander Park who had cleared snow during the February Revolution while ignoring the shots in the background, asked people during the July Days not to trample
17161-465: Was very upset: They wrote their resolution on his fairy tale "A Girl and Death". My father , who spoke about this episode with Gorky, insisted emphatically that Gorky was offended. Stalin and Voroshilov were drunk and fooling around. In 1933, Gorky co-edited, with Averbakh and Firin, an infamous book about the White Sea–Baltic Canal , presented as an example of "successful rehabilitation of
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