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41-474: The Stubb creek forest reserve also known as Akoiyak Ekid , is a gazette forest reserve in Akwa Ibom state , Nigeria , established in 1930. The reserve has attracted several researchers from within and outside Nigeria, as it is considered a hotspot for biodiversity, especially it floral and faunal resources. In 2021, a public dispute emerged between Eket and Ibeno Local government areas of Akwa Ibom State on
82-569: A country's development status. They conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. Wolff, Chong and Auffhammer suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because the cut-off values seem arbitrary, and the classifications can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, as well as having
123-526: A number of grounds, including focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification of "low", "medium", "high" or "very high" human development countries. There have also been various criticism towards the lack of consideration regarding sustainability (which later got addressed by
164-616: A second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government Areas. Notable places. Four points by Sheraton Ikot Ekpene. It's a hotel located at the heart of Ikot Ekpene town. Four Points by Sheraton Ikot Ekpene has an outdoor swimming pool, fitness center, a terrace and restaurant in Ikot Ekpene, with free WiFi access as well. Akwa Ibom state has one of Nigerians international stadiums situated in Uyo which
205-412: Is considered central — someone choosing to be hungry (e.g. when fasting for religious reasons ) is considered different from someone who is hungry because they cannot afford to buy food, or because the country is going through a famine . The index does not take into account several factors, such as the net wealth per capita or the relative quality of goods in a country. This situation tends to lower
246-470: Is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with the state house of assembly. The capital city of the state is Uyo. The electoral system of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold,
287-803: Is not clearly stated. In the pre-colonial period, what is now Akwa Ibom State was divided into various city-states like the Ibom Kingdom and Akwa Akpa before they later became a British protectorate in 1884 as a part of the Oil Rivers Protectorate . Prior to the British colonization, no central government had existed among the people of what is now Akwa Ibom State. The various ethnic peoples were largely organized into clan communities, based on kinship and relations. Several Scottish missionaries went to Calabar in 1848, and Ibono in 1887. The British government did not attempt to establish more control over
328-643: Is the year when the report was published. The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific , published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries. The Human Development Index has been criticized on
369-565: Is tropical with significant rainfall and a short dry season. Politics in Akwa Ibom State are dominated by the three main ethnic groups: the Ibibio , Annang , and Oro . Of these three, the Ibibio remain the majority and have held sway in the state since its creation. The list of ministries in Akwa Ibom State include the following: Akwa Ibom State consists of thirty-one (31) local government areas . They include: The main ethnic groups of
410-626: Is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development . A country scores a higher level of HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the gross national income GNI (PPP) per capita is higher. It was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul-Haq and was further used to measure a country's development by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)'s Human Development Report Office. The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While
451-593: The Biafran forces as they were mainly non-Igbos. At the war's end and the reunification of Nigeria, the South-Eastern State was reformed until 1976 when it was renamed Cross River State . Eleven years later, Cross River State was divided on 23 September 1987, by the Military Administration of General Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida . This division resulted in the creation of the state of Akwa Ibom, Uyo
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#1732859563454492-700: The Church of Nigeria is Prince Asukwo Antai (2014). Like their Efik neighbors of Cross River State , people of Akwa Ibom speak various dialects of the Ibibio-Efik languages , which belong to the Benue–Congo language family, forming part of the Niger–Congo group of languages with close affinity to the Igbos with whom they share some language and cultural similarities due to many centuries of inter-tribal relationships between
533-533: The Igbos of Arochukwu kingdom even before the advent of the colonial Europeans . The following table lists languages of Akwa Ibom State, and the local government areas in which they are spoken: The Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Education is tasked with monitoring the education sector of the state. The current part of Akwa Ibom State that was within the former Calabar Kingdom , was the first site of Western education in Nigeria. The Hope Waddell Training Institute
574-481: The lowest and highest values the variable x {\displaystyle x} can attain, respectively. The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the uniformly weighted sum with 1 ⁄ 3 contributed by each of the following factor indices: The Human Development Report 2023/24 by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 13 March 2024; the report calculates HDI values based on data collected in 2022. Ranked from 1 to 69 in
615-488: The planetary pressures-adjusted HDI ), social inequality (which got addressed by the inequality-adjusted HDI ), unemployment or democracy . Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They have identified three sources of data error which are: (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify
656-416: The seventeenth highest Human Development Index in the country in large part due to years of systemic corruption. Akwa Ibom State's economy is based on the production of crude oil and natural gas . It produces the most oil of any state in the country. It includes the following oil- producing Local Government Areas: Ibeno , Mbo , and Eastern Obolo . Key minor industries are based on agriculture;
697-1222: The 2010 Human Development Report calculated the HDI combining three dimensions: In its 2010 Human Development Report, the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used: 1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = LE − 20 85 − 20 = LE − 20 65 {\displaystyle ={\frac {{\textrm {LE}}-20}{85-20}}={\frac {{\textrm {LE}}-20}{65}}} 2. Education Index (EI) = MYSI + EYSI 2 {\displaystyle ={\frac {{\textrm {MYSI}}+{\textrm {EYSI}}}{2}}} 3. Income Index (II) = ln ( GNIpc ) − ln ( 100 ) ln ( 75 , 000 ) − ln ( 100 ) = ln ( GNIpc ) − ln ( 100 ) ln ( 750 ) {\displaystyle ={\frac {\ln({\textrm {GNIpc}})-\ln(100)}{\ln(75,000)-\ln(100)}}={\frac {\ln({\textrm {GNIpc}})-\ln(100)}{\ln(750)}}} Finally,
738-718: The British actually gained formal control of the area before incorporating the protectorate (now renamed the Niger Coast Protectorate ) into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate which later merged into British Nigeria ; after the merger, much of modern-day Akwa Ibom became a centre of anti-colonial resistance during the Women's War and political activism through the Ibibio State Union. After independence in 1960,
779-522: The HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices: LE: Life expectancy at birth MYS: Mean years of schooling (i.e. years that a person aged 25 or older has spent in formal education) EYS: Expected years of schooling (i.e. total expected years of schooling for children under 18 years of age, incl. young men and women aged 13–17) GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita The HDI combined three dimensions last used in its 2009 report: This methodology
820-495: The Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI, and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuously updating the human-development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place. In 2013, Salvatore Monni and Alessandro Spaventa emphasized that in
861-625: The area of now-Akwa Ibom was a part of the post-independence Eastern Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the South-Eastern State . Less than two months afterwards, the Igbo -majority former Eastern Region attempted to secede as the state of Biafra ; in the three-year long Nigerian Civil War , now-Akwa Ibom was hard-fought over in the prelude to the Invasion of Port Harcourt while people from Akwa Ibom were persecuted by
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#1732859563454902-565: The area until 1904. In that year, they organized the Enyong Division, encompassing the area of the current state of Akwa Ibom, with headquarters at Ikot Ekpene , a predominately Annang city. Noted Africanist Kaanan Nair, noted this city as the cultural and political capital of the Annang and Ibibio peoples . The greater Southeast was largely dominated by the majority Igbo people . The creation of Enyong Division encouraged collaboration among
943-533: The closely related Ibibio , Annang , and Oron peoples in the North-East , North-West , and Southern zones of the state, respectively. Economically, Akwa Ibom State is based around the production of crude oil and natural gas as highest oil-producing state in the country. Key minor industries involve agriculture as the state has substantial cocoyam , yam , and plantain crops along with fishing and heliciculture . Despite its vast oil revenues, Akwa Ibom has
984-416: The focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies ". He believed that a simple composite measure of human development was needed to convince the public, academics and politicians that they can, and should, evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being . Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June 2011),
1025-466: The numerous minority ethnic groups in the area. They created the Ibibio Welfare Union, later renamed Ibibio State Union. This social organization was first established as a local development and improvement forum for educated African persons and groups who in 1929 were still excluded from the colonial administration. It was dominated by British colonists and their appointees. In the early 1900s,
1066-475: The ownership of Stubb creek forest reserve. This dispute was intensified following the interest of BUA Group of Companies in the forest. This Nigeria -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Akwa Ibom State Akwa Ibom State is a state in the South-South geopolitical zone of Nigeria . It borders Cross River State to the east, Rivers State and Abia State to
1107-480: The people. "There are 20 languages spoken as first languages in Akwa Ibom State." However, comparing different sources show there are slightly over 20 languages. They are as follows (in alphabetical order) with the LGAs in which they are spoken: One research however claims to "have identified just about 10 languages", claiming that some languages are dialects of others, though the criteria for classification as dialects
1148-510: The potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large. In 2010, the UNDP reacted to the criticism by updating the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded to an article published in the magazine on 6 January 2011 which discusses
1189-447: The ranking of some of the most developed countries , such as the G7 members and others. The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Human Development Reports produced by the Human Development Report Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These annual reports were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul-Haq in 1990, and had the explicit purpose "to shift
1230-771: The simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for this inequality ), while the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum level of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no inequality." The index is based on the human development approach, developed by Mahbub ul-Haq, anchored in Amartya Sen 's work on human capabilities, and often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in life. Examples include — being: well-fed, sheltered, and healthy; doing: work, education, voting, participating in community life. The freedom of choice
1271-477: The state has substantial cocoyam , yam , and plantain crops, along with fishing and heliciculture . Despite its vast oil revenues, Akwa Ibom ranks as seventeenth among the states List of Nigerian states by Human Development Index#2019 in the Human Development Index . Years of systemic corruption have resulted in such revenues being diverted from improving infrastructure, education and welfare of
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1312-535: The state include: Ibibio , Anaang , Oro and Obolo . The people of Akwa Ibom are predominantly Christians. 976,791 Catholics (2020) in the two dioceses of Uyo [1] (1989) with 74 parishes under Bishop John Ebebe Ayah (2014), and Ikot Ekpene (1963) with 53 parishes under Bishop Camillus Raymond Umoh (2010), both suffragans of the Archdiocese of Calabar . The Bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Uyo within
1353-663: The state is divided between the Central African mangroves in the coastal far south and the Cross–Niger transition forests in the rest of the state. Other important geographical features are the Imo and Cross rivers which flow along Akwa Ibom's eastern and western borders respectively while the Kwa Ibo River bisects the state before flowing into the Bight of Bonny . In the southeast corner of
1394-702: The state is the Stubb Creek Forest Reserve , a heavily threatened wildlife reserve that contains declining crocodile , putty-nosed monkey , red-capped mangabey , and Sclater's guenon populations along with potentially extirpated populations of African leopard and Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee . Offshore, the state is also biodiverse as there are large fish populations alongside various cetacean species , including bottlenose dolphins , pantropical spotted dolphins , humpback whales , and killer whales . Modern-day Akwa Ibom State has been inhabited by various ethnic groups for hundreds of years, primarily
1435-450: The time) are typical annual totals for Akwa Ibom. The Akwa Ibom region regularly has tropical monsoons . All year long, there are high temperatures and a lot of rain. The region of Akwa Ibom has an average yearly temperature of 60 degrees and 672 inches of precipitation. The average humidity is 80% and the UV-index is 7. It is dry for only 52 days of the year. The climate of Akwa Ibom
1476-583: The west and north-west, and to the south by the Atlantic Ocean . The state takes its name from the Qua Iboe River which bisects the state before flowing into the Bight of Bonny . Akwa Ibom was split from Cross River State in 1987 with her capital Uyo and with 31 local government areas . Of the 36 states , Akwa Ibom is the 30th largest in area and fifteenth most populous , with an estimated population of nearly 5.5 million as of 2016. Geographically,
1517-493: The year 2022, the following countries are considered to be of "very high human development": The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest sixteen times, Canada eight times, and Switzerland, Japan, and Iceland have each ranked twice. The year represents the time period from which the statistics for the index were derived. In parentheses
1558-419: Was chosen as the state capital in order to encourage development in all regions of the state. Akwa Ibom has a tropical monsoon climate (Classification: Am) and is 42.58 meters (139.7 feet) above sea level. The city's average annual temperature is -0.99% lower than Nigeria's averages at 28.47 °C (83.25 °F). 342.56 millimeters (13.49 inches) of precipitation and 294.37 rainy days (80.65% of
1599-677: Was founded at Calabar in 1895, and the Methodist Boys' High School, Oron in 1905. Other top schools, such as the Catholic seminaries Holy Family College at Abak and Regina Coeli College in Essene , were also soon founded. Some educational institutes in the state today are: Federal highways Other major highways include: Airports: Victor Attah International Airport (2009) 24 km southeast of Uyo has services to Abuja and Lagos, and Eket Airstrip for domestic flights. The State government
1640-437: Was named after the former Governor Godswill Akpabio . The stadium has hosted both local and international matches of the Nigeria football team. Human Development Index The Human Development Index ( HDI ) is a statistical composite index of life expectancy , education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of schooling upon entering the education system ), and per capita income indicators, which
1681-556: Was used by the UNDP until their 2011 report. The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ). In general, to transform a raw variable , say x {\displaystyle x} , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used: where a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} are