62-518: Stuart Fergusson Victor Sutcliffe (23 June 1940 – 10 April 1962) was a Scottish painter and musician best known as the original bass guitarist of the Beatles . Sutcliffe left the band to pursue his career as a painter, having previously attended the Liverpool College of Art . Sutcliffe and John Lennon are credited with inventing the name "Beetles" (sic), as they both liked Buddy Holly 's band,
124-407: A fractured skull in the fight and Lennon's little finger was broken. Sutcliffe refused medical attention at the time and failed to keep an X-ray appointment at Sefton General Hospital. Although Lennon did not attend nor send flowers to Sutcliffe's funeral, his second wife, Yoko Ono , recalled that Lennon mentioned Sutcliffe's name often, saying he was "[My] alter ego ... a spirit in his world ...
186-435: A "marvellous art portfolio" and was a very talented painter who was one of the "stars" of the school. He helped Lennon improve his artistic skills, and with others, worked with him when Lennon had to submit work for exams. Sutcliffe shared a flat with Murray at 9 Percy Street, Liverpool, before being evicted. He moved to Hillary Mansions at 3 Gambier Terrace, home of art student Margaret Chapman , who vied with Sutcliffe to be
248-578: A "real good booze-up ", slipping £10 into Sutcliffe's pocket before disappearing for another six months. During his first year at the Liverpool College of Art, Sutcliffe worked as a bin man on the Liverpool Corporation 's waste collection trucks. Lennon was introduced to Sutcliffe by mutual friend Bill Harry when all three were students at the College of Art. According to Lennon, Sutcliffe had
310-550: A Paolozzi sculpture in his Cavendish Avenue home. While studying in Germany, Sutcliffe began experiencing severe headaches and acute sensitivity to light. According to Kirchherr, some of the headaches left him temporarily blind. In February 1962, Sutcliffe collapsed during an art class in Hamburg. Kirchherr's mother had German doctors examine him, but they were unable to determine the exact cause of his headaches. They suggested he return to
372-490: A TV report about the 2i's Coffee Bar in London's Soho where several singers had been discovered. The Quarrymen — John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison , and Ken Brown —went to the club to arrange their first booking, to which Mona agreed, but said she needed to finish painting the club first. All four took up brushes and helped Mona to finish painting the walls with spiders, dragons, rainbows and stars. In addition to
434-669: A guiding force". Sutcliffe is buried in Huyton Parish Church Cemetery (also known as St. Michael's) in the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley, Merseyside in North West England. The Beatles' compilation album Anthology 1 , released in 1995, had previously unreleased recordings from the group's early years. Sutcliffe plays bass with the Beatles on three songs they recorded in 1960: " Hallelujah, I Love Her So ", " You'll Be Mine ", and " Cayenne ". In addition, he
496-472: A photograph taken in the flat below Sutcliffe's of a teenaged Lennon lying on the floor, with Sutcliffe standing by a window. As they had often visited the Jacaranda club, its owner, Allan Williams , had arranged for the photo to be taken, subsequently taking over from Sutcliffe to book concerts for the group: Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Sutcliffe. The Beatles' subsequent name change came during an afternoon in
558-448: A ruptured aneurysm resulting in cerebral paralysis due to severe bleeding into the right ventricle of the brain. He was 21 years old. On 13 April 1962, Kirchherr met the group at Hamburg Airport , telling them Sutcliffe had died a few days earlier. Sutcliffe's mother flew to Hamburg with Beatles manager Brian Epstein and returned to Liverpool with her son's body. Sutcliffe's father did not hear of Stuart's death for three weeks, as he
620-473: A silhouette of him on the wall, which is also still there. The Quarrymen played a series of seven Saturday night concerts in the Casbah for 15 shillings each, starting on 29 August to October 1959, featuring Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Brown, but without a drummer, and only one microphone connected to the club's small PA system. The opening night concert was attended by about 300 local teenagers, but as
682-453: A teacher at an infants' school and Charles Sutcliffe (25 May 1905 – 18 March 1966), a senior civil servant. Charles had moved to Liverpool in 1943 to help with wartime work and subsequently signed on as a ship's engineer, so he was often at sea during his son's early years. Sutcliffe had two younger sisters, Pauline and Joyce; three older half-brothers, Joe, Ian, and Charles; and an older half-sister, Mattie, from his father's first marriage to
SECTION 10
#1733202791101744-577: A tourist attraction in Liverpool, along with McCartney and Lennon's previous homes at 20 Forthlin Road, and 251 Menlove Avenue respectively. The club is 3.5 miles (5.6 km) from the Liverpool city centre, and only booked groups of visitors are accepted. McCartney was quoted as saying, "I think it's a good idea to let people know about the Casbah. They know about the Cavern , they know about some of those things, but
806-452: A tuba. In some jazz groups and jam bands , the basslines are played by a Hammond organ player, who uses the bass pedal keyboard or the lower manual for the low notes. Keyboard driven bass also occurs occasionally in rock bands, such as the Doors and Atomic Rooster . Electric bassists play the bass guitar. In most rock, pop, metal and country genres, the bass line outlines the harmony of
868-409: A wealthy part of the Hamburg suburb of Altona . After a photo session with the Beatles, Kirchherr invited them to her mother's house for tea. She showed them her bedroom, which she had decorated in black including the furniture, with silver foil on the walls and a large tree branch hanging from the ceiling. Sutcliffe was smitten and began dating Kirchherr shortly afterwards. He wrote to friends that he
930-647: A woman also named Martha. Sutcliffe was born at the Edinburgh Royal Maternity Hospital and Simpson Memorial Maternity Pavilion in Edinburgh, Scotland. After his family moved to England, he was brought up at 37 Aigburth Drive in Liverpool. He attended Park View Primary School, Huyton (1946–1951), and Prescot Grammar School from 4 September 1951 to 1956. When Sutcliffe's father returned home on leave, he invited his son and art college classmate Rod Murray (also Sutcliffe's housemate and best friend), for
992-539: Is left-handed) not to change the strings around or restring the instrument, so McCartney had to play the bass as it was. In 1967, a photo of Sutcliffe was included on the cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (extreme left, in front of fellow artist Aubrey Beardsley ). Sutcliffe met Astrid Kirchherr in the Kaiserkeller, where she had gone to watch the Beatles perform. She had been brought up by her widowed mother, Nielsa Kirchherr, on Eimsbütteler Strasse, in
1054-631: Is marvellous to me, he says that he knows Stuart so much and he loves him so much that he can understand me. The cause of Sutcliffe's aneurysm is unknown, although authors of books on the Beatles have speculated it was caused by an earlier head injury. He may have been either kicked in the head, or thrown head first against a brick wall during an attack outside Lathom Hall after a performance in January 1961. According to booking agent Allan Williams , Lennon and Best went to Sutcliffe's aid, fighting off his attackers before dragging him to safety. Sutcliffe sustained
1116-408: Is pictured on the front covers of all three Anthology albums. In 2011, Sutcliffe's estate released a recording claimed to be Sutcliffe singing a cover of Elvis Presley's " Love Me Tender ", recorded in 1961 and donated to the estate in 2009. The cover art shows a Sutcliffe painting entitled Homage to Elvis . The recording was quickly proven to be fake by amateurs and industry professionals alike; it
1178-471: The Abstract Expressionist movement in the U.S. His earlier figurative work is reminiscent of the kitchen sink school , particularly of John Bratby , though Sutcliffe was producing abstract work by the end of the '50s including Summer Painting purchased by Moores. Sutcliffe's works bear some comparison with those of John Hoyland and Nicolas de Staël , though they are more lyrical (Sutcliffe used
1240-515: The John Moores art exhibition. Even though the membership list later spiralled to over a thousand, Mona closed the club on 24 June 1962, with the Beatles as the last group to perform. In 2006, Culture Minister David Lammy announced that the Bests' ex-coal cellar was to be given Grade II listed building status and a blue plaque, after being recommended by English Heritage . It has now been opened as
1302-488: The 1960s, the electric bass has been the standard bass instrument for funk , R&B , soul , rock , reggae , jazz fusion , heavy metal , country and pop . The double bass is the standard bass instrument for classical music , bluegrass , rockabilly , and most genres of jazz . Low brass instruments such as the tuba or sousaphone are the standard bass instrument in Dixieland and New Orleans-style jazz bands. Despite
SECTION 20
#17332027911011364-749: The Beatles (1979) and by Lee Williams in In His Life: The John Lennon Story (2000). Sutcliffe's role in the Beatles' early career and the factors that led him to leave the group are dramatised in the 1994 film Backbeat , in which he was portrayed by American actor Stephen Dorff . Sutcliffe does not appear in Nowhere Boy (2009), but is briefly mentioned toward the end of the film. Four television documentaries have been broadcast that deal with Sutcliffe's life: Books about Sutcliffe: The Stuart Sutcliffe Estate sells memorabilia and artifacts of Sutcliffe's, including poems written by him and
1426-687: The Beatles in Hamburg , he met photographer Astrid Kirchherr , to whom he was later engaged. After leaving the Beatles, he enrolled in the Hamburg College of Art , studying under future pop artist Eduardo Paolozzi , who later wrote a report stating that Sutcliffe was one of his best students. Sutcliffe earned other praise for his paintings, which mostly explored a style related to abstract expressionism . While studying in West Germany , Sutcliffe began suffering from intense headaches and experiencing acute light sensitivity. In February 1962, he collapsed in
1488-499: The Bests lived for nine years—Mona was told by Rory about a large Victorian house for sale at 8 Hayman's Green, in 1954. The house (built around 1860 by an unknown architect), had previously been owned by the West Derby Conservative Club , and was unlike many other family dwellings in Liverpool, as it was set back from the road, had 15 bedrooms and 1 acre (4,000 m2) of land. All the rooms were painted dark green or brown,
1550-563: The Black Jacks, who later played in the Casbah. Chas Newby joined the group, as did Ken Brown , but only after he had left the Quarrymen. The reason for Brown's exit from the group was that he turned up on the seventh Saturday night of the Quarrymen residency at the Casbah with the flu , so Mona ordered him upstairs to the Best's living room to rest. This caused a massive quarrel with the rest of
1612-711: The Casbah Coffee Club (owned by Pete Best 's mother, Mona Best ), Lennon and McCartney persuaded him to buy a Höfner 500/5 model bass guitar on hire-purchase from Frank Hessey's Music Shop. Sutcliffe's prior music experience consisted of piano lessons, which his mother had insisted on since he was nine; singing in the Huyton church choir, playing bugle in the Air Training Corps , and playing guitar using chords his father had taught him. In May 1960, Sutcliffe joined Lennon, McCartney, and George Harrison (then known as "
1674-468: The Casbah was the place where all that started. We helped paint it and stuff. We looked upon it as our personal club." English Heritage's Head of Heritage Protection in the North of England, Bob Hawkins, stated: "The basement Casbah Club rooms are historically significant because they represent tangible evidence of The Beatles’ formation, their growth in popularity and their enduring cultural influence throughout
1736-490: The Crickets . They also had a fascination with group names with double meanings (as Crickets, for example, the word referring to both an insect and a sport), so Lennon then came up with "The Beatles", from the word beat (though Lennon's original spelling was "Beatals"). As a member of the group when it was a five-piece band, Sutcliffe is one of several who are sometimes referred to as the " Fifth Beatle ". When he performed with
1798-663: The Hurricanes , the Searchers and Gerry & the Pacemakers later played in the club. The Black Jacks became the resident group at the Casbah, although the Quarrymen occasionally played there again and often visited. It was in the Casbah Club that Lennon and McCartney persuaded Stuart Sutcliffe to buy a Höfner 500/5 model—known in Europe as a President bass—with the money he had won in
1860-531: The Kirchherr family's house, Sutcliffe used to borrow Astrid's clothes. He wore her leather trousers and jackets, oversized shirts and long scarves, and collarless jackets. He borrowed a corduroy suit with no lapels to wear on stage, which prompted Lennon to sarcastically ask if his mother had lent him the suit. Sutcliffe displayed artistic talent at an early age. Fellow student Helen Anderson remembered his early works as very aggressive with dark, moody colours, which
1922-555: The Renshaw Hall bar when Sutcliffe, Lennon, and Lennon's girlfriend, Cynthia Powell , thought up names similar to Holly's band, the Crickets, and came up with Beetles. Sutcliffe's playing style was elementary, mostly sticking to root notes of chords . Harry—an art school friend and founder and editor of the Mersey Beat newspaper—complained to Sutcliffe that he should be concentrating on art and not music, as he thought that Sutcliffe
Stuart Sutcliffe - Misplaced Pages Continue
1984-543: The Silver Beatles "). Although he had previously played acoustic guitar , Sutcliffe's fingers would often blister during long rehearsals, as he had never practised long enough for his fingers to become calloused . He started acting as a booking agent for the group, and they often used his Gambier Terrace flat as a rehearsal room. In July 1960, the Sunday newspaper The People ran an article titled "The Beatnik Horror" with
2046-532: The UK and have himself admitted to a hospital with better facilities; however, after arriving, Sutcliffe was told nothing was wrong and returned to Hamburg. He continued living with the Kirchherrs, but his condition soon worsened. After he collapsed again on 10 April 1962, Kirchherr took him to hospital, riding with him in the ambulance, but he died before they arrived. The cause of death was a cerebral hemorrhage , specifically
2108-481: The Wyvern Club in Liverpool, Williams later claimed Parnes would have hired the group as the backing band for Billy Fury for £10 per week (equivalent to £291 in 2023), but as Sutcliffe turned his back to Parnes throughout the audition (because, as Williams believed, Sutcliffe could not play very well), Parnes said he would hire them only if they got rid of Sutcliffe. Parnes later denied this, stating his only concern
2170-630: The associations of different bass instruments with certain genres, there are exceptions. Some new rock bands and bassist used a double bass, such as Lee Rocker of Stray Cats , Barenaked Ladies and Tiger Army . Larry Graham , Bernard Edwards, Mick Hogan, Andy Fraser, and Mel Schacher used an electric bass guitar. Some funk, R&B and jazz, fusion groups use synth bass or keyboard bass rather than electric bass. Bootsy Collins, Stevie Wonder, Kashif and Kevin McCord(One Way) used synth bass. Some Dixieland bands use double bass or electric bass instead of
2232-509: The best painter in class. The flat was opposite the new Anglican cathedral in the rundown area of Liverpool 8, with bare lightbulbs and a mattress on the floor in the corner. Lennon moved in with Sutcliffe in early 1960. ( Paul McCartney later admitted he was jealous of Sutcliffe's relationship with Lennon, as he had to take a "back seat" to Sutcliffe.) Sutcliffe and his flatmates painted the rooms yellow and black, which their landlady did not appreciate. After talking to Sutcliffe one night at
2294-414: The cellar had no air-conditioning, and people were dancing, the temperature rose until it became hard to breathe. After the success of the first night, Mona gave the Quarrymen a residency, and paid the whole group £ 3 a night. Every Saturday thereafter, queues lengthened onto the street, which was financially good for Mona, as she charged one shilling admission on top of the annual membership fee. As there
2356-489: The chords and lyrics to songs Lennon and Sutcliffe were learning. Bass guitarist A bassist (also known as a bass player or bass guitarist ) is a musician who plays a bass instrument such as a double bass (upright bass, contrabass, wood bass), bass guitar (electric bass, acoustic bass), synthbass, keyboard bass or a low brass instrument such as a tuba or trombone . Different musical genres tend to be associated with one or more of these instruments. Since
2418-406: The club to arrange the booking, to which Mona agreed, but said she needed to finish painting the club first. All four took up brushes and helped Mona to finish painting the walls with spiders, dragons, rainbows and stars, but as Lennon was short-sighted , he mistook gloss for emulsion paint, which took a long time to dry in the dark, damp cellar. Cynthia Powell , later the wife of Lennon, painted
2480-546: The day, unlike the Cavern Club, which had a jazz-only policy at that time. Mona charged half a crown annually for membership—to "keep out the rough elements"—and served soft drinks, snacks, cakes, and coffee from an espresso machine , which no other club had at that time. Records were played on a small Dansette record player, which amplified them through a 3" speaker. Mona had booked the Les Stewart Quartet to play
2542-413: The four boys' artistic contributions, Cynthia Powell , later to become Cynthia Lennon, painted a silhouette of John on the wall, which can still be seen today. The group often played at the Casbah as other venues, like the Cavern Club , had a jazz-only policy at that time. The cellar—with its original decoration—still exists. In 2006, Culture Minister David Lammy announced that the Bests' ex-coal cellar
Stuart Sutcliffe - Misplaced Pages Continue
2604-650: The friction with McCartney. Lennon also started to criticise Sutcliffe, joking about his size and playing. On 5 December 1960, an underage Harrison was sent back to Britain. McCartney and Best were deported for attempted arson at the Bambi Kino , which left Lennon and Sutcliffe in Hamburg. Lennon also returned home, but as Sutcliffe had a cold , he stayed in Hamburg. Sutcliffe later borrowed money from his girlfriend Astrid Kirchherr so he could fly back to Liverpool on Friday, 20 January 1961, although he returned to Hamburg in March with
2666-402: The garden was totally overgrown, and the cellar was used for storing coal. Mona came up with the idea of the club after watching a TV report about the 2i's Coffee Bar in London's Soho, where several singers had been discovered. She decided to open the club, which was located in her cellar, on 29 August 1959, for her sons, their friends and young people to meet and listen to the popular music of
2728-533: The group when Mona came to pay them, as they wanted Brown's money to be shared amongst the three of them, as Brown had not played. Mona refused, so the Quarrymen angrily cancelled their residency and stormed out. Colin Manley from the Remo Four was also given a booking to play in the club, which was the only venue that young amateur bands could play at the time. Other artists and groups like Cilla Black , Rory Storm and
2790-441: The middle of an art class after complaining of head pains. German doctors performed tests, but were unable to determine a cause. After collapsing again on 10 April 1962, Sutcliffe was taken to a hospital, but died in the ambulance on the way. The cause of death was later found to have been a brain haemorrhage — severe bleeding in the right ventricle of his brain. Sutcliffe was the eldest child of Martha, known as Millie (1907–1983),
2852-566: The music being performed, while simultaneously indicating the rhythmic pulse. In addition, there are many different standard bass line types for different genres and types of song (e.g. blues ballad, fast swing, etc.). Bass lines often emphasize the root note, with a secondary role for the third, and fifth of each chord being used in a given song. In addition, pedal tones (repeated or sustained single notes), ostinatos , and bass riffs are also used as bass lines. While most electric bass players rarely play chords (three or more notes all sounded at
2914-403: The opening night with Harrison on guitar, but they cancelled the booking after Stewart and Ken Brown had a quarrel. Stewart was angry that Brown had missed a rehearsal, because Brown was helping Mona to decorate the club. As 300 membership cards had already been sold, Harrison said that he had two friends in a band called the Quarrymen who would play instead. Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went to
2976-516: The other Beatles. In July 1961, Sutcliffe decided to leave the group to continue painting. After being awarded a postgraduate scholarship, he enrolled at Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg , where he studied under the tutelage of Eduardo Paolozzi . He briefly lent McCartney his bass until the latter could earn enough to buy a specially made smaller left-handed Höfner 500/1 bass of his own in June 1961. However, Sutcliffe specifically asked McCartney (who
3038-516: The same time), chords are used in some styles, especially funk , R&B , soul music, jazz , Latin and heavy metal music . See the List of contemporary classical double bass players . See the List of jazz bassists , which includes both double bass and electric bass players. See the List of double bassists in popular music , which includes blues, folk, country, etc. The Casbah Coffee Club The Casbah Coffee Club , officially Casbah Club ,
3100-402: The stage name "Stu de Staël" when he was playing with the Beatles on a Scottish tour in spring 1960). His later works are typically untitled, constructed from heavily impastoed slabs of pigment in the manner of de Staël (whom he learned about from Surrey -born art instructor Nicky Horsfield) and overlaid with scratched or squeezed linear elements creating enclosed spaces. Hamburg Painting No. 2
3162-471: Was a rock and roll music venue in the West Derby area of Liverpool , England, that operated from 1959 to 1962. Started by Mona Best , mother of early Beatles drummer Pete Best , in the cellar of the family home, the Casbah was planned as a members-only club for her sons Pete and Rory and their friends, to meet and listen to the popular music of the day. Mona came up with the idea of the club after watching
SECTION 50
#17332027911013224-413: Was a competent musician whose talents would be better used in the visual arts. While Sutcliffe is often described in Beatles biographies as appearing uncomfortable onstage and occasionally playing with his back to the audience, Pete Best, their drummer at the time, denies this. Best recalled Sutcliffe was usually good-natured and "animated" before an audience. When the Beatles auditioned for Larry Parnes at
3286-509: Was clearly an amateur ' pitch shift ' edit of the 1967 recording of "Love Me Tender" by The Boston Show Band (later known as the Glittermen ). Part One of The Beatles Anthology video documentary covers Sutcliffe's time with the group. There is no mention of his death in the documentary, but it is discussed in the accompanying book . Sutcliffe was portrayed by David Nicholas Wilkinson in Birth of
3348-650: Was infatuated with her, and asked her German friends which colours, films, books and painters she liked. Best commented that the beginning of their relationship was "like one of those fairy stories". Kirchherr and Sutcliffe got engaged in November 1960 and exchanged rings, as is the German custom. Sutcliffe later wrote his parents that he was engaged to Kirchherr. They were shocked because they thought he would give up his career as an artist, although he told Kirchherr he would like to be an art teacher in London or Germany. After moving into
3410-476: Was no amplification, Lennon later persuaded Mona to hire a young amateur guitar player called Harry to play a short set before the Quarrymen, but this was only so they could use his 40-Watt amplifier . Pete Best was studying at the Collegiate Grammar School when he decided he wanted to be in a music group, so Mona bought him a drum kit from Blacklers ' music department and Best formed his own band;
3472-465: Was not what she expected from such a "quiet student". One of Sutcliffe's paintings was shown at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool as part of the John Moores exhibition, from November 1959 to January 1960. After the exhibition, Moores bought Sutcliffe's canvas for £65 (equivalent to £1,891 in 2023), which was then equal to 6–7 weeks' wages for an average working man. The picture Moores bought
3534-501: Was purchased by Liverpool's Walker Art Gallery and is one of a series entitled Hamburg in which surface and colour changes produce atmospheric energy. European artists (including Paolozzi) were also influencing Sutcliffe at the time. The Walker Art Gallery has other works by Sutcliffe: Self-Portrait (in charcoal) and The Crucifixion . Lennon later hung two of Sutcliffe's paintings in his house ( Kenwood ) in Weybridge , and McCartney had
3596-560: Was sailing to South America on a cruise ship, although the family arranged for a padre , a military chaplain, to give him the news as soon as the ship docked in Buenos Aires . After Sutcliffe's death, Kirchherr wrote a letter to his mother, apologising for being too ill to attend his funeral in Liverpool and saying how much she and Lennon missed him: Oh, Mum, he (Lennon) is in a terrible mood now, he just can't believe that darling Stuart never comes back. [He's] just crying his eyes out ... John
3658-409: Was that the group had no permanent drummer. Klaus Voormann regarded Sutcliffe as a good bass player, although Beatles' historian Richie Unterberger described Sutcliffe's bass playing as an "artless thump". Sutcliffe's profile grew after he began wearing Ray-Ban sunglasses and tight trousers. His high spot was singing " Love Me Tender ", which drew more applause than the other Beatles and increased
3720-452: Was titled Summer Painting , and Sutcliffe attended a formal dinner to celebrate the exhibition with another art student, Susan Williams. Murray remembered that the work was painted on a board rather than a canvas. Due to its size, it had to be cut in two and hinged. Murray noted only one of the pieces actually got to the exhibition (because they stopped at a pub to celebrate), but sold nonetheless because Moores bought it for his son. Sutcliffe
3782-746: Was to be given Grade II listed building status and a blue plaque , after being recommended by English Heritage . It was opened as a tourist attraction in Liverpool, along with McCartney and Lennon's previous homes at 20 Forthlin Road and 251 Menlove Avenue respectively. In 2024, the Casbah was turned into holiday flats, available to rent on Airbnb . Mona Shaw was born on 3 January 1924, in Delhi , and married John Best in India before moving with him and their two children, Pete Best (b. 1941) and Rory Best (b. 1944) back to Liverpool in 1945, where they lived in various houses. After moving to Queenscourt Road in 1948—where
SECTION 60
#17332027911013844-609: Was turned down when he applied to study for an Art Teacher's Diploma (ATD) course at Liverpool Art College, but after meeting Kirchherr, he decided to leave the Beatles and attend the Hamburg College of Art. In June 1961, he did so, under the tutelage of Paolozzi, who later wrote a report commending Sutcliffe. In Paolozzi's words: "Sutcliffe is very gifted and very intelligent. In the meantime he has become one of my best students." Sutcliffe's few surviving works reveal influence from British and European abstract artists contemporary with
#100899