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47-596: Sediment deposition of the Stormberg Group took place in a terrestrial environment that was seasonally arid . The depositional environment in the lower sections of the Stormberg was similar to that of the Katberg Formation . Both places feature coarser-grained sandstones that lack fining-upward sequences, thus pointing to an alluvial fan and braided river environment. The depositional environment changes towards

94-569: A retroarc foreland basin . A fault -controlled crustal uplift ( orogenesis ) in the south influenced the foreland system at the beginning of the Stormberg deposition. This crustal uplift had been underway millions of years prior due to the subduction of the Paleo-pacific plate beneath the Gondwanan Plate, which had also resulted in the creation of the Gondwanide mountain range. At this time

141-654: A discontinuous patchwork up to the San Rafael Swell . The stratigraphic nomenclature used in southern Utah is also utilized in Monument Valley , where the coarse-grained lower members of the Chinle form a caprock for many famous buttes which characterize the valley. In this region, the stratigraphically lowest unit in the Chinle is usually the Shinarump Conglomerate (or Shinarump Member), which thins northward but

188-632: A divergent plate boundary was forming the Atlantic Ocean , southwest of Gondwana , heralding the earliest stages of the break-up of the Gondwanan supercontinent . There are no outcrops or exposures of the Stormberg Group West of 24ºE. This was because orogenic loading in the south by the Gondwanide mountains from the early Triassic caused changes in position of the forebulge and foredeep in

235-855: A local extinction, or simply represents a time period which is truncated by slow deposition or a geological hiatus. The thin Sonsela Sandstone bed, the namesake of its corresponding member, has been dated to 216.6 Ma (2019) at its type locality at Sonsela Buttes in Arizona. The first Chinle U-Pb age data to be published referred to the Black Forest Bed, a sandstone layer near the top of the Petrified Forest Member in PEFO. U-Pb estimates for this layer include ~213 Ma (2003 maximum), ~211 Ma (2009), and ~210 Ma (2011, 2020). A presumably older exposure of

282-528: A maximum thickness of a little over 520 meters (1,710 ft). Typically, the Chinle rests unconformably on the Moenkopi Formation . The Chinle Formation was probably mostly deposited in the Norian stage, according to a plethora of chronological techniques. It is a thick and fossiliferous formation with numerous named members (subunits) throughout its area of deposition. While colorful Triassic sediments of

329-485: A segment of Triassic sediments which are so diverse and extensive that it is sometimes raised to its own formation, subdivided further, or redefined more narrowly. In its widest definition, the Petrified Forest Member (or Formation) is split into three sections: the muddy Lower Petrified Forest and Upper Petrified Forest, and the sandy Sonsela Sandstone bed, which separates them. The Lower "Petrified Forest Member"

376-535: Is a reliable component of outcrops throughout the region. In several areas, a thin layer of mottled paleosols , the Temple Mountain Member , may be superimposed onto the Shinarump and underlying Moenkopi Formation. The Monitor Butte Member overlies the Shinarump and Temple Mountain members in southeast Utah and Monument Valley. This unit comprises drab and generally fine-grained sediments, equivalent to

423-461: Is an Upper Triassic continental geological formation of fluvial , lacustrine , and palustrine to eolian deposits spread across the U.S. states of Nevada , Utah , northern Arizona , western New Mexico , and western Colorado . In New Mexico, it is often raised to the status of a geological group, the Chinle Group . Some authors have controversially considered the Chinle to be synonymous to

470-561: Is composed of three main geological formations that are found in numerous localities across Lesotho and in the Free State , KwaZulu-Natal , and Eastern Cape provinces in South Africa . These formations are listed below (from oldest to youngest): The Stormberg Group contains many fossils . It is also an important geological group as the Stormberg rocks are the only rocks in South Africa where dinosaur fossils have been discovered. In

517-907: Is entirely Late Triassic in age. Tetrapod biostratigraphy for the Chinle was first developed based on phytosaurs and aetosaurs , which in 1998 were combined into global biozones in Spencer G. Lucas 's Land Vertebrate Faunachrons system. Simplified stratigraphy based on Litwin. Note that age inferences devised by Lucas do not necessarily align with other chronological methods used in the Chinle Formation. Other works on Chinle biostratigraphy, such as Martz & Parker (2017), are better integrated with magnetostratigraphy and radiometric dating, and are considered more accurate. Machaeroprosopus ( Smilosuchus , Leptosuchus , etc.) ( Paleorhinus / Parasuchus ) Since 2011, widespread radiometric dating has helped to refine precise age data for part of

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564-621: Is followed by the youngest and sandiest subunit of the Chinle, the Rock Point Member . The Rock Point is distinct enough that it was previously considered a unit of the Wingate Sandstone , a latest Triassic - early Jurassic aeolian formation which overlies the Chinle in many areas. Unambiguous exposures of the Chinle Formation extend into central New Mexico, beyond the eastern edge of the Colorado Plateau. Most of these are found in

611-519: Is generally known as the Blue Mesa Member . In Petrified Forest National Park (PEFO) and its vicinities, the Sonsela Sandstone is thick enough that it can be resolved into several distinct sandstone-rich layers. It is renamed as the Sonsela Member in this situation. The Sonsela Sandstone is a collection of braided-stream channel facies. The Upper "Petrified Forest Member" is sometimes called

658-579: Is often synonymized with the Shinarump Conglomerate, though it may be derived from a different erosional source. It is often preceded by a very thin layer of silty mottled strata. This mottled strata is sometimes termed the Zuni Mountains Formation, though the application of this term beyond the Zuni Mountains is questionable. In the Chama Basin at least, the mottled strata is derived from

705-611: Is practically identical to the Blue Mesa Member, and likely represents the same depositional environment along the ancient river system responsible for the Chinle Formation. It is also distinct from the Monitor Butte Member, which has more evaporite deposits and fewer red sandy layers. The drab mudstone of the Monitor Butte and Cameron members are succeeded in a few areas by a thin section of massive conglomeratic sandstone,

752-555: Is the informally-named “ siltstone member ”. This unit is best exposed at Ghost Ranch, where it has produced the famous Whitaker Quarry, also known as the Coelophysis quarry due to a high concentration of fossils belonging to the theropod dinosaur Coelophysis bauri . The "siltstone member" may be equivalent to the Rock Point Member, and some authors refer to it as such. The Chinle continues northwards into southern Utah and

799-626: The Moss Back Member . This member represents sandy river channel deposits and is likely equivalent to part of the Sonsela Member. Elsewhere, the Monitor Butte grades into the Petrified Forest Member, which in Utah includes the thin but geographically extensive Correo Sandstone Bed. The Petrified Forest Member is followed by the Owl Rock Member. A unit of drab interbedded coarse and fine sediments,

846-631: The Chama Basin of north-central New Mexico, particularly several famed paleontological sites at Ghost Ranch near Abiquiu . Minor exposures also occur in the Lucero Uplift west of Albuquerque , as well as other areas along the Rio Grande Rift . As in the Colorado Plateau, the lowest major unit in north-central New Mexico is a sandstone-rich member. This layer, the Agua Zarca Sandstone ,

893-904: The Chinle Formation of the Colorado Plateau in Utah , United States, the Santa Maria , Caturrita and Candelária Formations of the in the Triassic and Early Jurassic connected Paraná Basin in southeastern Brazil and the Triassic sequences of the Argentine Northwest ; the Chañares , Los Rastros , Ischigualasto and Los Colorados Formations of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin ,

940-526: The Colorado Plateau have been investigated since the 19th century, the Chinle Formation was only formally named and described by Herbert E. Gregory in 1917. It was named for Chinle Valley in Apache County, Arizona , land which is largely within the Navajo Nation . Gregory did not designate a type locality . He split the Chinle into four subunits, labelled A (youngest) to D (oldest). This did not include

987-569: The Dockum Group of eastern Colorado and New Mexico, western Texas , the Oklahoma panhandle, and southwestern Kansas . The Chinle Formation is part of the Colorado Plateau , Basin and Range , and the southern section of the Interior Plains . A probable separate depositional basin within the Chinle is found in northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah. The southern portion of the Chinle reaches

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1034-726: The Kane Springs beds , develops in the Paradox Basin. The Kane Springs beds are river deposits which are likely equivalent to the Owl Rock Member and the upper part of the Petrified Forest Member. Finally, either the Rock Point Member or Church Rock Member overlie the Owl Rock. Some researchers feel that the Church Rock and Rock Point members may be synonymous. They are complex heterolithic units, representing variously braided-river facies, lacustrine, and overbank deposits. The Chinle Formation

1081-566: The Mesa Redondo Member at PEFO have been dated to ~225 Ma (2011) or ~228 Ma (2013), though these may be influenced by recycled grains. Later estimates from a major core drilling project support a more recent depositional age of 223-222 Ma (2020). This firmly suggests that practically all of the Chinle Formation was deposited in the Norian stage; According to the consensus "long Norian" hypothesis and radiometric assessments of marine strata,

1128-452: The Nile Basin over the next 30–40 years could change the region from semi-arid to arid, significantly reducing the land usable for agriculture . In addition, changes in land use can increase demands on soil water and thereby increase aridity. This climatology -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Chinle Formation The Chinle Formation

1175-794: The Painted Desert area. In western New Mexico (particularly the Zuni Mountains area), the Mesa Redondo Member may be replaced by another sandy unit known as the Zuni Mountains Formation . Sediments from this time interval are followed by a geological unit called the Bluewater Creek Formation . Most Chinle outcrops in the Painted Desert have traditionally been placed within the following Petrified Forest Member ,

1222-637: The Quebrada del Barro Formation of the Marayes-El Carrizal Basin and the Quebrada de los Fósiles and Río Seco de la Quebrada Formations of the San Rafael Block . In southernmost Gondwana , the group correlates with the Fremouw Formation of Antarctica . Arid Aridity is the condition of a region that severely lacks available water, to the extent of hindering or preventing

1269-564: The Sonsela Member , though a high concentration of reworked zircons must be accounted for when inferring an accurate age of deposition. The true duration of the Sonsela Member is likely from around 218 Ma to 213 Ma (2020), though older estimates place its base at 220-219 Ma (2011, 2013). A prominent biological turnover is found at the Adamanian-Revueltian boundary in the middle of the Sonsela Member, around 214 Ma. It may correspond to

1316-723: The foreland basin system. This resulted in the deposition zones shifting to the eastern and northeastern regions of the Karoo Basin from the Early Triassic until the Early Jurassic , when the Drakensberg Group volcanics commenced. Outcrops and exposures of the Stormberg Group are found in several localities in Lesotho , and in the Free State , KwaZulu-Natal , and Eastern Cape provinces in South Africa . The Stormberg Group

1363-512: The Blue Mesa Member and Bluewater Creek Formation found further south. The facies of this interval have been interpreted as overbank (distal floodplain ) and lacustrine deposits. At Zion National Park, the Monitor Butte Member is replaced by a thick time-equivalent unit, the Cameron Member , which is also found in the Navajo Nation near its namesake of Cameron, Arizona . The Cameron Member

1410-613: The Carnian-Norian boundary is tentatively set to ~227 Ma. At PEFO, U-Pb estimates from the Blue Mesa Member include 223 Ma (2011), 222 Ma (2020), and 221-218 Ma (2020). Dated outcrops of drab mudstone near St. Johns, Arizona fit this general time period as well. The fossiliferous Placerias quarry, previously regarded as belonging to an older subunit, is likely part of the Blue Mesa Member based on an age date of 219.4 Ma (2014). At Six Mile Canyon near Fort Wingate, New Mexico ,

1457-567: The Chinle Formation, particularly in areas with a more complete stratigraphic record such as Petrified Forest National Park (PEFO). Volcanism further southwest along the Cordilleran magmatic arc supplies zircon crystals to the Chinle system, allowing for U-Pb dating of layers which host zircon grains. Eroded sediments from the Ancestral Rocky Mountains , Ouachita Mountains and Mogollon Highlands also supply older reworked zircon to

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1504-482: The Chinle. "red siltstone member" "sandstone and conglomerate member" (UT) "ocher siltstone member" (UT) Kane Springs beds (in part) Kane Springs beds (in part) Bluewater Creek Formation (NM) Cameron Member Gartra Member ? Shinarump Conglomerate Zuni Mountains Formation (NM) "mottled strata" Temple Mountain Member Some of the most extensive deposits of the Chinle Formation are found in

1551-748: The Four Corners Region was established by the late 1950s. In 1956, Economic geologist Raymond C. Robeck identified and named the Temple Mountain member as the basal-most unit in the area of the San Rafael Swell of Utah. In 1957, John H. Stewart revised the Shinarump Conglomerate and renamed it the Shinarump member of the Chinle formation. Study of the formation expanded northwards into northern Utah and Colorado, facilitated through papers by Forrest G. Poole and Stewart (1964) and Steve W. Sikich (1965), who named informal local members equivalent to those of Arizona and New Mexico. The complete areal extent of

1598-512: The Four Corners area, though it thins greatly to the northwest. A narrow band of undifferentiated purplish sediments from the lower part of the formation extend into vicinity of St. George . The formation thickens eastward into Zion National Park and Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument . The Chinle is a prominent component of badlands and outcrops in the various national parks, monuments, and recreation areas of southeast Utah, extending in

1645-543: The Painted Desert Member, or simply referred to as the Petrified Forest Member in a more restricted definition of the term. The Petrified Forest is predominately overbank deposits with thin lenses of channel-deposit facies and lacustrine deposits. The Petrified Forest Member grades into the Owl Rock Member , a marginal lacustrine to lacustrine facies possibly representing a large lake system. The Owl Rock Member

1692-400: The base of the Blue Mesa Member (or its local equivalent) is defined by a distinct sandstone bed, which has been dated to 221-219 Ma (2009) or 218 Ma (2011). The underlying Bluewater Creek Formation has also been dated to 221-219 Ma (2014), suggesting that it overlaps in time with the Arizonan Blue Mesa Member and possibly part of the Sonsela Member. Radiometric dates are well-recorded for

1739-851: The basin. Chinle radiometric dating is complicated by lithological quirks of zircon deposition. Taken at face value, U-Pb dates from coarse-grained layers are often several million years older than expected based on magnetostratigraphy, while mud-dominated layers are generally more accurate despite a lower sample size. This is likely because sandy rivers receive a higher proportion of recycled zircon grains from distant eroded rocks, while muddy plains are supplied with fresh zircon-rich ash from contemporary volcanic eruptions. While zircons from sandstone-rich layers are less useful for inferring direct depositional ages, they can be very useful for inferring sediment sources: each igneous or metamorphic sediment source has its own set of old (usually Precambrian) zircon ages, which can be traced in Triassic sediments. Outcrops of

1786-460: The centre of the Stormberg as mudstones become more common, pointing to a change to fluvial - lacustrine deposits where sediments were deposited in low-energy fluvial settings. The upper Stormberg rocks changes back to being sandstone -rich. These sandstones represent preserved dune fields deposited by aeolian processes in a desert environment. As the Stormberg Group is part of the Karoo Supergroup its associated rocks were deposited in

1833-400: The eroded and pedogenically modified surface of the Moenkopi Formation. The coarse lower unit grades into the fine-grained Salitral Formation , which is equivalent to the Blue Mesa Member and Bluewater Creek Formation. In south-central New Mexico, it may instead grade into the San Pedro Arroyo Formation , a similar heterolithic unit. Coarse sandstone returns along a sharp contact with

1880-515: The following Poleo Formation , an equivalent of the Sonsela Member. The Poleo Formation grades into the thick colorful sediments of the Petrified Forest Member. Authors which raise this member to a formation subdivide it into the lower Mesa Montosa Member and the upper Painted Desert Member. The Petrified Forest Member is fossiliferous in the Chama Basin, with major sites including the Hayden, Canjilon, and Snyder quarries of Ghost Ranch. The stratigraphically highest unit in north-central New Mexico

1927-540: The growth and development of plant and animal life. Regions with arid climates tend to lack vegetation and are called xeric or desertic . Most arid climates are located in the subtropics ; these regions include parts of Africa , Asia , South America , North America , and Australia . The distribution of aridity at any time is largely the result of the general circulation of the atmosphere . The latter does change significantly over time through climate change . For example, temperature increase by 1.5–2.1 percent across

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1974-416: The lower sections diverse fossil plants are also found as well as preserved dinosaur trackways . The Stormberg Group is correlated with several geological groups and formations in other parts of southern Africa . Some examples include the Tuli Basin in the northern parts of South Africa , Botswana , and Zimbabwe , and the Etjo Sandstone of Namibia . Abroad, rocks of the Stormberg Group correlate with

2021-455: The name Dolores Formation as a parochial synonym for the Chinle Group. Overviews of the Chinle were created by Dubiel and others (1992) and Hintze and Axen (1995). The Chinle Formation is fossiliferous, with a diverse array of extinct reptile, fish, and plant fossils, including early dinosaurs and the famous petrified wood of Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona . The formation members and their thicknesses are highly variable across

2068-412: The southern Colorado Plateau, including Arizona and the western portion of New Mexico. In this region, the oldest and stratigraphically lowest portion of the Chinle is the Shinarump Conglomerate . The Shinarump includes braided-river system channel-deposit facies . The Shinarump interfingers with a finer-grained subunit, the Mesa Redondo Member , one of the oldest widespread units in the badlands of

2115-446: The underlying Shinarump Conglomerate (named by G. K. Gilbert and Edwin E. Howell in 1875), which he considered a separate formation. United States Geological Survey geologists and paleontologists continued to map out the Chinle Formation through the 20th century, revising the unnamed subunits of Gregory. A basic stratigraphy of the formation was developed for north-central New Mexico by Wood and Northrop (1946), and stratigraphy in

2162-412: The unit was mapped by R.F. Wilson and Stewart in 1967. Stewart and his colleagues created an expansive overview and revision of the formation in 1972, summarizing previous knowledge on Chinle stratigraphy. V.C. Kelley assigned more members and revised the unit in 1972. Spencer G. Lucas and S.N. Hayden did the same thing in 1989. The Rock Point Member was assigned by R.F. Dubiel in 1989. The Chinle

2209-434: Was raised to group rank by Lucas in 1993, thus also raising many of the members to formation status. He also included the formations of the Dockum Group of eastern New Mexico and west Texas within the "Chinle Group". This modified nomenclature is controversial; many still retain the Chinle as a formation and separate out the Dockum Group . The Dockum was named in 1890, before the Chinle. Lucas also advocated abandoning

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