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87-483: Coelophysis ( / s ɛ ˈ l ɒ f ɪ s ɪ s / se-lOF-iss-iss traditionally ; / ˌ s ɛ l oʊ ˈ f aɪ s ɪ s / SEL -oh- FY -siss or / ˌ s iː l oʊ ˈ f aɪ s ɪ s / SEE -loh- FY -siss , as heard more commonly in recent decades) is a genus of coelophysid theropod dinosaur that lived approximately 215 to 208.5 million years ago during the Late Triassic period from

174-733: A break of at least three years is prescribed before the member can stand again for election. Since 2014, the work of the Commission is supported by a small secretariat based at the National University of Singapore , in Singapore . Previously, the secretariat was based in London and funded by the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature . The Commission assists the zoological community "through generation and dissemination of information on

261-450: A particular dialect, or analyzed as open HEE -rə or as closed HEER -ə . American dictionaries tend to follow the former transcription, and British dictionaries the latter, so when the consonant 'r' is involved the rules for the English pronunciation of Latin words are more straightforward when using the conventions of American dictionaries. Anglo-Latin includes all of the letters of

348-414: A pit at the base of the nasal process of the premaxilla. Bristowe and Raath (2004) concluded that C. bauri differs from M. rhodesiensis in having a longer maxillary tooth row. Barta et al . (2018) concluded that C. bauri differed from M. rhodesiensis in that it bears its 5th metacarpal. Griffin (2018) concluded that C. bauri differs from M. rhodesiensis in several differences in the musculature of

435-469: A result of "coincidental superposition of different sized individuals. The discovery of over 1,000 specimens of Coelophysis at the Whitaker quarry at Ghost Ranch has suggested gregarious behavior to researchers like Schwartz and Gillette. There is a tendency to see this massive congregation of animals as evidence for huge packs of Coelophysis roaming the land. No direct evidence for flocking exists because

522-493: A result, excellent depth perception. Rinehart et al. (2004) described the complete sclerotic ring found for a juvenile Coelophysis bauri (specimen NMMNH P-4200) and compared it to data on the sclerotic rings of reptiles (including birds), concluding that Coelophysis was a diurnal , visually oriented predator. The study found that the vision of Coelophysis was superior to most lizards' vision and ranked with that of modern birds of prey. The eyes of Coelophysis appear to be

609-438: A sequence of consonants that can stand at the beginning of a syllable. Since instances of obstruents + r or l are already considered open, semiopen syllables are practically restricted to instances of s + obstruent, bl , and in some cases perhaps tl . Vowels in initial semiopen syllables may be treated as open for all purposes except for determining the value of u , which is still closed in semiopen syllables. See further

696-549: A simple vowel, not a diphthong, the use of the single letters æ and œ better represents the reality of Anglo-Latin pronunciation. Despite being written with two letters, the Greek sequences ch, ph, rh, th represent single sounds. The letters x and Greek z , on the other hand, are sequences of two sounds (being equivalent to cs and dz ). Anglo-Latin includes a large amount of Greek vocabulary; in principle, any Greek noun or adjective can be converted into an Anglo-Latin word. There

783-553: A substantial "graveyard" of Coelophysis fossils was found by George Whitaker, the assistant of Edwin H. Colbert, in New Mexico , at Ghost Ranch , close to the original find. American Museum of Natural History paleontologist Edwin H. Colbert conducted a comprehensive study of all the fossils found up to that date and assigned them to Coelophysis . The Ghost Ranch specimens were so numerous, including many well-preserved and fully articulated specimens, that one of them has since become

870-829: A synonym of Coelophysis . Another specimen from the Portland Formation of the Hartford Basin, now at the Boston Museum of Science , has also been referred to Coelophysis . The specimen consists of sandstone casts of a pubis, tibia, three ribs, and a possible vertebra that probably originated in a quarry in Middletown, Connecticut. However, both the type specimen of Podokesaurus and the Middletown specimen are typically considered indeterminate theropods today. Sullivan & Lucas (1999) referred one specimen from Cope's original material of Coelophysis (AMNH 2706) to what they thought

957-576: A vowel with no following consonant is long. However, when a vowel is followed by a single consonant (or by a cluster of p, t, c/k plus l, r) and then another vowel, it gets more complicated. Regardless of position, stressed u stays long before a single consonant (or a cluster of p, t, c/k plus l, r ), as in Jupiter / ˈ dʒ uː p ɪ t ər / JOO -pit-ər . Traditionally, English syllables have been described as 'open' when their vowel (in English)

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1044-518: A word became quite different from their unstressed counterpart. In the other two pronunciations of Latin, vowel sounds were not changed. Among consonants, the treatment of the letter c followed by a front vowel was one clear distinction. Thus the name Cicero is pronounced in English as / ˈ s ɪ s ə r oʊ / SISS -ə-r-oh , in ecclesiastical Latin as [ˈtʃitʃero] , and in restored classical Latin as [ˈkɪkɛroː] . (Similarly with et cetera , etc.) The competition between

1131-582: Is palatalization . Anglo-Latin reflects the results of no less than four palatalization processes. The first of these occurred in Late Latin , the second in Proto-Gallo-Romance, the third and fourth within the history of English. While the first two palatalizations are universally used in variants of Anglo-Latin, the third and especially the fourth are incompletely observed in different varieties of Anglo-Latin, leading to some variant pronunciations. Some of

1218-415: Is a conventional set of equivalents between the letters of the Greek and Roman alphabets, which differs in some respects from the current mode of Romanizing Greek. This is laid out in the tables below: Rh is used for Greek ρ at the beginnings of words, e.g. ῥόμβος (rhombos) > rhombus . Rarely (and mostly in words relatively recently adapted from Greek), k is used to represent Greek κ. In such cases it

1305-442: Is a distinct taxonomic unit (genus), composed of the single species C. bauri. Two additional originally described species, C. longicollis and C. willistoni , are now considered dubious and undiagnostic. M. rhodesiensis was referred to Coelophysis for several years, but it is likely its own genus and is known from the early Jurassic of southern Africa. A third possible species is Coelophysis kayentakatae , previously referred to

1392-524: Is a modern convention. Greek long vowels are ει, η, ου, ω, sometimes ι, υ, and occasionally α. (Long α is uncommon.) For example, Actaeon is pronounced / æ k ˈ t iː ɒ n / ak- TEE -on or / æ k ˈ t iː ə n / ak- TEE -ən . A diaeresis indicates that the vowels do not form a diphthong: Arsinoë / ɑːr ˈ s ɪ n oʊ iː / ar- SIN -oh-ee (not * AR -sin-ee ). The importance of marking long vowels for Greek words can be illustrated with Ixion , from Greek Ἰξίων. As it

1479-508: Is a more gracile form, as in specimen AMNH 7223, and the other is a slightly more robust form, as in specimens AMNH 7224 and NMMNH P-42200. Skeletal proportions were different between these two forms. The gracile form has a longer skull, a longer neck, shorter arms, and has sacral neural spines that are fused. The robust form has a shorter skull, a shorter neck, longer arms, and unfused sacral neural spines. Historically, many arguments have been made that this represents some sort of dimorphism in

1566-548: Is almost identical to that of English, lacking only /ð/ . Environments that condition the appearance of some of these phonemes are listed below: The change of intervocalic /s/ to /z/ is common but not universal. Voicing is more common in Latin than in Greek words, and never occurs in the common Greek ending -sis , where s is always voiceless: ba s is, cri s is, gene s is . The most common type of phonemic change in Anglo-Latin

1653-490: Is always pronounced [k] and never [s] (as it might be if spelled c ) : e.g. σκελετός (skeletos) > skeleton not "sceleton". Greek accent marks and breath marks, other than the "rough breathing" (first in the list of consonants above), are entirely disregarded; the Greek pitch accent is superseded by a Latin stress accent, which is described below. Frequently, but not universally, certain Greek nominative endings are changed to Latin ones that cannot be predicted from

1740-454: Is dependent upon the placement of the primary stress. It appears only in words of four or more syllables. There may be more than one secondary stress in a word; however, stressed syllables may not be adjacent to each other, so there is always at least one unstressed syllable between the secondary and primary stress. Syllables containing semivowel e or i are never stressed. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature The ICZN

1827-449: Is especially apparent in some dialects, such as RP, when the consonant in question is /r/, which affects the quality of the preceding vowel. None of this changes the patterns described in this article: The long-short distinction described above is maintained regardless. For example, the 'e' in Hera is long regardless of whether it is pronounced / ˈ h iː r ə / or / ˈ h ɪər ə / in

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1914-651: Is governed by the "Constitution of the ICZN", which is usually published together with the ICZN Code . Members are elected by the Section of Zoological Nomenclature, established by the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS). The regular term of service of a member of the Commission is six years. Members can be re-elected up to a total of three full six-year terms in a row. After 18 continuous years of elected service,

2001-456: Is known in Coelophysis bauri , but little data could be derived because the skull was crushed. Unlike some other theropods, the cranial ornamentation of Coelophysis was not located at the top of its skull. Low, laterally raised bony ridges were present on the dorsolateral margin of the nasal and lacrimal bones in the skull, directly above the antorbital fenestra . A diagnosis is a statement of

2088-456: Is long and they are followed by a single consonant followed by another vowel, and as 'closed' in the same environment when their vowel is short. However, it is debated how accurate this analysis is, as in English syllables tend to attract a following consonant, especially when they are stressed, so that all stressed syllables followed by a consonant are arguably 'closed'. Such following consonants are sometimes described as ambisyllabic . This effect

2175-416: Is one of the earliest known dinosaur genera. Scattered material representing similar animals has been found worldwide in some Late Triassic and Early Jurassic formations. The type species C. bauri , originally given to the genus Coelurus by Edward Drinker Cope in 1887, was described by the latter in 1889. The names Longosaurus and Rioarribasaurus are synonymous with Coelophysis . Coelophysis

2262-429: Is one of the most specimen-rich dinosaur genera. The type species of Coelophysis was originally named as a species of Coelurus . Edward Drinker Cope first named Coelophysis in 1889 to name a new genus, outside of Coelurus and Tanystropheus , which C. bauri was previously classified in, for C. bauri , C. willistoni , and C. longicollis . David Baldwin, an amateur fossil collector working for Cope, had found

2349-498: Is predictable, with a few exceptions, based on the following criteria: Primary stress can therefore be determined in cases where the penult is either closed or contains a diphthong. When it contains a vowel that may have been either short or long in Classical Latin, stress is ambiguous. Since Anglo-Latin does not distinguish short from long vowels, stress becomes a lexical property of certain words and affixes. The fact that decorum

2436-470: Is stressed on the penult, and exodus on the antepenult, is a fact about each of these words that must be memorized separately (unless one is already familiar with the Classical quantities, and in the former case, additionally with the fact that decus -ŏris n. with short -o- syllable became in late Latin decus/decor -ōris m. with long -o- syllable: Dómine, diléxi decórem domus tuæ ). Secondary stress

2523-601: Is the way the Latin language was traditionally pronounced by speakers of English until the early 20th century. Although this pronunciation is no longer taught in Latin classes , it is still broadly used in the fields of biology , law , and medicine . In the Middle Ages speakers of English, from Middle English onward, pronounced Latin not as the ancient Romans did, but in the way that had developed among speakers of French. This traditional pronunciation then became closely linked to

2610-531: Is unrelated to the length of the original Latin or Greek vowel. Instead it depends on position and stress. A vowel followed by a consonant at the end of a word is short in English, except that final -es is always long, as in Pales / ˈ p eɪ l iː z / PAY -leez . In the middle of a word, a vowel followed by more than one consonant is short, as in Hermippe / h ər ˈ m ɪ p i / hər- MIP -ee , while

2697-403: Is written, the English pronunciation might be expected to be * / ˈ ɪ k s i ɒ n / IK -see-on . However, length marking, Ixīōn, makes it clear that it should be pronounced / ɪ k ˈ s aɪ ɒ n / ik- SY -on . When a consonant ends a word, or when more than a single consonant follows a vowel within a word, the syllable is closed and therefore heavy. (A consonant is not

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2784-505: The Board of Education for use in schools throughout the UK. Adoption of the "new pronunciation" was a long, drawn-out process, but by the mid-20th century, classroom instruction in the traditional English pronunciation had ceased. The traditional pronunciation survives in academic and general English vocabulary: In most cases, the English pronunciation of Classical words and names is predictable from

2871-649: The Italianate pronunciation , which became the norm for the Catholic liturgy. Meanwhile, scholarly proposals were made for a reconstructed Classical pronunciation , close to the pronunciation used in the late Roman Republic and early Empire, and with a more transparent relationship between spelling and pronunciation. One immediate audible difference between the pronunciations is in the treatment of vowels. The English pronunciation of Latin applied vowel sound changes which had occurred within English itself , where stressed vowels in

2958-500: The anterior and posterior edges. Its dentition shows that it was carnivorous, probably preying on the small, lizard-like animals that were discovered with it. It may also have hunted in packs to tackle larger prey. Coelophysis bauri has approximately 26 teeth on the maxillary bone of the upper jaw and 27 teeth on the dentary bone of the lower jaw. Kenneth Carpenter (2002) examined the bio-mechanics of theropod arms and attempted to evaluate their usefulness in predation. He concluded that

3045-455: The genus name Syntarsus was already taken by a colydiine beetle described in 1869. Many paleontologists did not like the naming of Megapnosaurus , partially because taxonomists are generally expected to allow original authors of a name to correct any mistakes in their work. Raath was aware of the homonymy between the dinosaur Syntarsus and beetle Syntarsus , but the group who published Megapnosaurus have claimed that they believed Raath

3132-460: The type species , which was named for Georg Baur , a comparative anatomist whose ideas were similar to Cope's. The name Coelophysis comes from the Greek words κοῖλος/koilos (meaning 'hollow') and φύσις/physis (meaning 'form'), together "hollow form", which is a reference to its hollow vertebrae. However, the first finds were too poorly preserved to give a complete picture of the new dinosaur. In 1947,

3219-461: The Commission. The current (4th) edition of the Code (1999) was edited by seven people, with work on the next (5th) edition underway. The Commission also provides rulings on individual problems brought to its attention, as arbitration may be necessary in contentious cases, where strict adherence to the Code would interfere with stability of usage (e.g., see conserved name ). These rulings are published in

3306-549: The English alphabet except w , viz.: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v x y z . It differs from Classical Latin in distinguishing i from j and u from v . In addition to these letters, the digraphs æ and œ may be used (as in Cæsar and phœnix ). These two digraphs respectively represent mergers of the letters ae and oe (diphthongs, as are Greek αι and οι) and are often written that way (e.g., Caesar, phoenix ). However, since in Anglo-Latin both ae and oe represent

3393-582: The above-mentioned taxonomic confusion. Downs (2000) examined Camposaurus and concluded that it was a junior synonym of Coelophysis because of its similarity to some of the Coelophysis Ghost Ranch specimens. However, a reassessment of the Camposaurus holotype by Martin Ezcurra and Stephen Brusatte, published in 2011, revealed a pair of autapomorphies in the holotype, indicating that C. arizonensis

3480-407: The absence of expected pitting by stomach acids. Finally, Gay demonstrated that the alleged cannibalized juvenile bones were deposited stratigraphically below the larger animal that had supposedly cannibalized them. Taken together, these data suggested that the Coelophysis specimen AMNH 7224 was not a cannibal and that the bones of the juvenile and adult specimens were found in their final position as

3567-429: The anatomical features of an organism (or group) that collectively distinguish it from all other organisms. Some, but not all, of the features in a diagnosis are also autapomorphies. An autapomorphy is a distinctive anatomical feature that is unique to a given organism or group. According to Ezcurra (2007) and Bristowe and Raath (2004), Coelophysis can be distinguished based on the absence of an offset rostral process of

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3654-457: The arm of Coelophysis was flexible and had a good range of motion, but its bone structure suggested that it was comparatively weak. The "weak" arms and small teeth in this genus suggested that Coelophysis preyed upon animals that were substantially smaller than itself. Rinehart et al. agreed that Coelophysis was a "hunter of small, fast-moving prey". Carpenter also identified three distinct models of theropod arm use and noted that Coelophysis

3741-561: The basic theropod bauplan, but the pectoral girdle displays some special characteristics. C. bauri had a furcula (wishbone), the earliest known example in a dinosaur. Coelophysis also preserves the ancestral condition of possessing four digits on the hand (manus). It had only three functional digits, with the fourth being embedded in the flesh of the hand. Coelophysis had narrow hips, arms adapted for grasping prey, and narrow feet. Its neck and tail were long and slender. The pelvis and hindlimbs of C. bauri are also slight variations on

3828-441: The bones of juveniles found within the thoracic cavity of AMNH 7224 and calculated that the total volume of these bones was 17 times greater than the maximum estimated stomach volume of the Coelophysis specimen. Gay observed that the total volume would be even greater when considering that there would have been flesh on these bones. This analysis also noted the absence of tooth marks on the bones as would be expected in defleshing and

3915-429: The closest to those of eagles and hawks, with a high power of accommodation. The data also suggested poor night vision, which would mean this dinosaur had a round pupil rather than a split pupil. Coelophysis had an elongated snout with large fenestrae that helped to reduce skull weight, while narrow struts of bones preserved the structural integrity of the skull. The neck had a pronounced sigmoid curve. The braincase

4002-573: The correct use of the scientific names of animals". The ICZN publishes the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (usually referred to as "the Code" or "the ICZN Code"), a widely accepted convention containing the rules for the formal scientific naming of all organisms that are treated as animals . New editions of the Code are elaborated by the Editorial Committee appointed by

4089-567: The deposits only indicate that large numbers of Coelophysis , along with various other Triassic animals, were buried together. Some of the evidence from the taphonomy of the site indicates that these animals may have been gathered together to feed or drink from a depleted water hole or to feed on a spawning run of fish, being later buried in a catastrophic flash flood or a drought. With 30 specimens of C. rhodesiensis found together in Zimbabwe, some palaeontologists have suggested that Coelophysis

4176-487: The diagnostic, or type specimen , for the entire genus, replacing the original, poorly preserved specimen. In the early 1990s, there was debate over the diagnostic characteristics of the first specimens collected, compared to the material excavated at the Ghost Ranch Coelophysis quarry. Some paleontologists were of the opinion that the original specimens were not diagnostic beyond themselves and, therefore, that

4263-513: The first remains of the dinosaur in 1881 in the Chinle Formation in northwestern New Mexico. Early in 1887, Cope referred the specimens collected to two new species, C. bauri and C. longicollis of the genus Coelurus . Later on in 1887, Cope reassigned the material to a yet another genus, Tanystropheus . Two years later, Cope corrected his classification after realizing differences in the vertebrae and named Coelophysis , with C. bauri as

4350-429: The first year of life. Coelophysis likely reached sexual maturity between the second and third year of life and reached its full size, just above 10 feet in length, by its eighth year. This study identified four distinct growth stages: 1-year, 2-year, 4-year, and 7+ year. It was also thought that, as soon as they were hatched, they would have to fend for themselves. Two "morphs" of Coelophysis have been identified. One

4437-464: The genus Megapnosaurus, from the Kayenta Formation of the southwestern US. In recent phylogenetic analyses, "Syntarsus" kayentakatae has been shown to be distantly related to Coelophysis and Megapnosaurus , suggesting that it belongs to its own genus. The teeth of Coelophysis were typical of predatory dinosaurs, as they were blade-like, recurved, sharp, jagged, and finely serrated on both

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4524-446: The limbs. Tawa hallae Chindesaurus Eodromaeus Liliensternus Dracoraptor "Syntarsus" kayentakatae Panguraptor Powellvenator Procompsognathus Coelophysis Lepidus Camposaurus Lucianovenator Megapnosaurus Segisaurus Zupaysaurus Gojirasaurus Cryolophosaurus Dilophosaurus Sarcosaurus Tachiraptor Averostra Coelophysis

4611-683: The maxilla, the quadrate being strongly caudally, a small external mandibular fenestra (which is 9–10% of the mandibular length), and the anteroposterior length of the ventral lacrimal process is greater than 30% of its height. Several paleontologists consider Coelophysis bauri to be the same dinosaur as Megapnosaurus rhodesiensis (formerly Syntarsus ). However, this has been refuted by many paleontologists. Downs (2000) concluded that C. bauri differs from C. rhodesiensis in cervical length, proximal and distal leg proportions, and proximal caudal vertebral anatomy. Tykoski and Rowe (2004) concluded that C. bauri differs from M. rhodesiensis in that it lacks

4698-400: The middle to late Norian age in what is now the southwestern United States. Megapnosaurus was once considered to be a species within this genus, but this interpretation has been challenged since 2017 and the genus Megapnosaurus is now considered valid. Coelophysis was a small, slenderly-built, ground-dwelling, bipedal carnivore that could grow up to 3 m (9.8 ft) long. It

4785-456: The name C. bauri could not be applied to any additional specimens. They therefore applied a different name, Rioarribasaurus , to the Ghost Ranch quarry specimens. Since the numerous well-preserved Ghost Ranch specimens were used as Coelophysis in most of the scientific literature, the use of Rioarribasaurus would have been very inconvenient for researchers. So, a petition was given to have

4872-562: The name Rioarribasaurus altogether (declaring it a nomen rejectum , or "rejected name"), thus resolving the confusion. The name Coelophysis became a nomen conservandum ("conserved name"). In a situation affecting many dinosaur taxa, some more recently discovered fossils were originally classified as new genera, but may be species of Coelophysis . For example, Prof. Mignon Talbot 's 1911 discovery, which she named Podokesaurus holyokensis , has long been considered to be related to Coelophysis and some modern scientists consider Podokesaurus

4959-464: The occasions on which palatalizations 3 and 4 fail to take effect should be noted: Summary See further the section on the "semivowel" below . Following all of the above sound changes except palatalizations 3 and 4, "geminate" sequences of two identical sounds (often but not always double letters) were degeminated, or simplified to a single sound. That is, bb, dd, ff, ll, mm, nn, pp, rr, ss, tt became pronounced /b d f l m n p r s t/ . However, for

5046-482: The orthography, as long as long and short vowels are distinguishable in the source. For Latin, Latinized Greek or for long versus short α, ι, υ Greek vowels, this means that macrons and breves must be used if the pronunciation is to be unambiguous. However, the conventions of biological nomenclature forbid the use of these diacritics, and in practice they are not found in astronomical names or in literature. Without this information, it may not be possible to ascertain

5133-526: The placement of stress , and therefore the pronunciation of the vowels in English. Note that the following rules are generalizations, and that many names have well established idiosyncratic pronunciations. Latin stress is predictable. It falls on the penultimate syllable when that is " heavy ", and on the antepenultimate syllable when the penult is "light". In Greek, stress is not predictable, but it may be ignored when pronouncing Greek borrowings, as they have been filtered through Latin and have acquired

5220-401: The population of Coelophysis , probably sexual dimorphism . Raath agreed that dimorphism in Coelophysis is evidenced by the size and structure of the arm. Rinehart et al. studied 15 individuals, and agreed that two morphs were present, even in juvenile specimens, and suggested that sexual dimorphism was present early in life, prior to sexual maturity. Rinehart concluded that the gracile form

5307-457: The pronunciation of English, and as the pronunciation of English changed with time , the English pronunciation of Latin changed as well. Until the beginning of the 19th century all English speakers used this pronunciation, including Roman Catholics for liturgical purposes. Following Catholic emancipation in Britain in 1829 and the subsequent Oxford Movement , newly converted Catholics preferred

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5394-423: The purposes of determining whether a syllable is open or closed, these single consonants continue to act as consonant clusters. Other notable instances involving degemination include: The following combinations, derived from Greek, are also pronounced as single consonants: The simple vowels of Anglo-Latin ( a, æ, e, ei, i, o, œ, u, y ) can each have several phonetic values dependent upon their stress, position in

5481-456: The same rules determine which is stressed. For example, in Cassiopeia (also Cassiopēa), syllabified cas-si-o-pei-a, the penult pei/pē contains a long vowel/diphthong and is therefore stressed. The second syllable preceding the stress, si, is light, so the stress must fall one syllable further back, on cas (which coincidentally happens to be a closed syllable and therefore heavy). Therefore,

5568-404: The same thing as a letter. The letters x [ks] and z [dz] each count as two consonants, but th [θ] , ch [k] , and ph [f] count as one, as the pronunciations in brackets indicate.) The English letter j was originally an i, forming a diphthong with the preceding vowel, so it forces the stress just as æ, œ, z, and x do. If more than two syllables precede the stressed syllable,

5655-405: The section on initial unstressed syllables below . Open syllables are those in which the nucleus is followed: Stress is another characteristic of syllables. In Anglo-Latin, it is marked by greater tension, higher pitch, lengthening of vowel, and (in certain cases) changes in vowel quality. Its exact concomitants in Classical Latin are uncertain. In Classical Latin the main, or primary stress

5742-473: The standard English pronunciation is / ˌ k æ s i ə ˈ p iː ə , - s i oʊ -/ KAS -ee-ə- PEE -ə, -⁠see-oh- . (Note however that this word also has an irregular pronunciation in English: / ˌ k æ s i ˈ oʊ p i ə / KAS -ee- OH -pee-ə .) Whether a vowel letter is pronounced "long" in English ( / eɪ , iː , aɪ , oʊ , j uː / ) or "short" ( / æ , ɛ , ɪ , ɒ , ʌ / )

5829-421: The stress patterns of Latin words. A syllable is "light" if it ends in a single short vowel. For example, a, ca, sca, scra are all light syllables for the purposes of Latin stress assignment. Any other syllable is "heavy": Latin diphthongs may be written ⟨æ⟩ or ⟨ae⟩ , ⟨œ⟩ or ⟨oe⟩ . Long vowels are written with a macron : ā ē ī ō ū ȳ, though this

5916-475: The supposed presence of distinct morphs is simply the result of individual variation. This highly variable growth was likely ancestral to dinosaurs but later lost and may have given such early dinosaurs an evolutionary advantage in surviving harsh environmental challenges. Traditional English pronunciation of Latin The traditional English pronunciation of Latin , and Classical Greek words borrowed through Latin,

6003-412: The syllable. Vowels in fully closed syllables appear: Semiclosed syllables are closed, unstressed syllables that had been closed and became open due to the merger of two following consonants of the same sound. For the purpose of determining vowel reduction in initial unstressed syllables they count as open. Semiopen syllables are syllables that had been closed and unstressed, and that are followed by

6090-451: The tables above. Occasionally forms with both endings are found in Anglo-Latin, for instance Latinized hyperbola next to Greek hyperbole . The most usual equations are found below: Examples: The underlying consonantal phonemes of Anglo-Latin are close in most respects to those of Latin, the primary difference being that /w/ and /j/ are replaced in Anglo-Latin by / v / v and / dʒ / j . The sound / θ / th

6177-525: The theropod body plan. It has the open acetabulum and straight ankle hinge that define Dinosauria. The leg ended in a three-toed foot ( pes ) with a raised dewclaw ( hallux ). The tail had an unusual structure within its interlocking prezygapophysis of its vertebrae, which formed a semi-rigid lattice, apparently to stop the tail from moving up and down. Coelophysis had a long and narrow head (approximately 270 mm (0.9 ft)), with large, forward-facing eyes that afforded it stereoscopic vision and, as

6264-478: The three pronunciations grew towards the end of the 19th century. By the beginning of the 20th century, however, a consensus for change had developed. The Classical Association , shortly after its foundation in 1903, put forward a detailed proposal for a reconstructed classical pronunciation. This was supported by other professional and learned bodies. Finally in February 1907 their proposal was officially recommended by

6351-500: The type specimen of Coelophysis transferred from the poorly preserved original specimen to one of the well-preserved Ghost Ranch specimens. This would make Rioarribasaurus a definite synonym of Coelophysis , specifically a junior objective synonym. In the end, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) voted to make one of the Ghost Ranch samples the actual type specimen for Coelophysis and dispose of

6438-435: The word, and syllable structure. Knowing which value to use requires an explanation of two syllabic characteristics, openness and stress . Openness is a quality of syllables, by which they may be either open , semiopen , semiclosed , or fully closed . Fully closed syllables are those in which the vowel in the middle of the syllable (the vocalic nucleus ) is followed by at least one consonant, which ends or "closes"

6525-493: Was a "combination grasper-clutcher", as compared to other dinosaurs that were "clutchers" or "long armed graspers". It has been suggested that C. bauri was a cannibal , based on supposed juvenile specimens found "within" the abdominal cavities of some Ghost Ranch specimens. However, Robert J. Gay showed in 2002 that these specimens were misinterpreted. Several specimens of "juvenile coelophysids" were actually small crurotarsan reptiles , such as Hesperosuchus . Gay's position

6612-404: Was a newly discovered theropod, Eucoelophysis . However, subsequent studies have shown that Eucoelophysis was misidentified and is actually a silesaurid , a type of non-dinosaurian ornithodiran closely related to Silesaurus . "Syntarsus" rhodesiensis was first described by Raath (1969) and assigned to Podokesauridae . The taxon "Podokesauridae", was abandoned because its type specimen

6699-620: Was borrowed from Greek. Several word-initial clusters, almost all derived from Greek, are simplified in Anglo-Latin by omitting the first consonant: In the middle of words both consonants in these clusters are pronounced (e.g. Charybdis, Patmos, Procne, prognosis, amnesia, apnœa, synopsis, cactus, captor ); medial chth and phth are pronounced /kθ/ and /fθ/ respectively, as in autochthon and naphtha . The letters c, d, g, h, n, s, t and x have different sounds (phonemes) depending upon their environment: these are listed summarily below. The full set of consonantal phonemes for Anglo-Latin

6786-405: Was deceased and unable to correct his mistake, so they proceeded accordingly. Mortimer (2012) pointed out that "Paleontologists might have reacted more positively if the replacement name ( Megapnosaurus ) hadn't been facetious, translating to "big dead lizard". Yates (2005) analyzed Coelophysis and Megapnosaurus and concluded that the two genera are almost identical, suggesting that Megapnosaurus

6873-414: Was destroyed in a fire and can no longer be compared to new finds. Over the years, paleontologists assigned the genus to Ceratosauridae (Welles, 1984), Procompsognathidae (Parrish and Carpenter, 1986), and Ceratosauria (Gauthier, 1986). In 2004, "Syntarsus" was found to be synonymous with Coelophysis by Tykoski and Rowe (2004). Ezcurra and Novas (2007) and Ezcurra (2007) also concluded that "Syntarsus"

6960-575: Was female and the robust form was male based on differences in the sacral vertebrae of the gracile form, which allowed for greater flexibility for egg laying. Further support for this position was provided by an analysis showing that each morph comprised 50% of the population, as would be expected in a 50/50 sex ratio. However, more recent research has found that C. bauri and C. rhodesiensis had highly variable growth between individuals, with some specimens being larger in their immature phase than smaller adults were when completely mature. This indicates that

7047-440: Was indeed gregarious. Again, there is no direct evidence of flocking in this case and it has also been suggested that these individuals were also victims of flash flooding as it appears to have been commonplace during this period. Rinehart (2009) assessed the ontogenic growth of this genus using data gathered from the length of its upper leg bone ( femur ) and concluded that Coelophysis juveniles grew rapidly, especially during

7134-424: Was lent support in a 2006 study by Nesbitt et al. In 2009, new evidence of cannibalism came to light when additional preparation of previously excavated matrix revealed regurgitate material in and around the mouth of Coelophysis specimen NMMNH P-44551. This material included tooth and jaw bone fragments that Rinehart et al. considered "morphologically identical" to a juvenile Coelophysis. In 2010, Gay examined

7221-655: Was more than a meter tall at the hips. Gregory S. Paul (1988) estimated the weight of the gracile form at 15 kg (33 lb) and the weight of the robust form at 20 kg (44 lb), but later presented a higher estimate of 25 kg (55 lb). Coelophysis was a bipedal, carnivorous, theropod dinosaur and a fast, agile runner. Despite its basal position within Theropoda , the bauplan of Coelophysis differed from those of other basal theropods, such as Herrerasaurus , showing more derived traits common in theropods that superseded it. The torso of Coelophysis conforms to

7308-488: Was named by Raath in 1969 for the type species Syntarsus rhodesiensis from Africa and later applied to the North American Syntarsus kayentakatae . It was renamed by American entomologist Dr. Michael Ivie ( Montana State University of Bozeman ), Polish Australian Dr. Adam Ślipiński, and Polish Dr. Piotr Węgrzynowicz (Muzeum Ewolucji Instytutu Zoologii PAN of Warsaw ), the three scientists who discovered that

7395-455: Was not a synonym of C. bauri , although it was a close relative of M. rhodesiensis . Barta et al . (2018) concluded that C. bauri differed from M. rhodesiensis in that it bears its 5th metacarpal and several features in the musculature of the limbs according to Griffin (2018). Coelophysis is known from a number of complete fossil skeletons of the species C. bauri . This lightly built dinosaur measured up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) long and

7482-469: Was possibly synonymous with Coelophysis . In 2004, Raath co-authored two papers in which he argued that Megapnosaurus (formerly Syntarsus ) was a junior synonym of Coelophysis . Megapnosaurus was regarded by Paul (1988) and Downs (2000) as being congeneric with Coelophysis . In 1993, Paul then suggested that Coelophysis should be placed in Megapnosaurus (then known as Syntarsus ) to get around

7569-399: Was synonymous with Coelophysis . In a phylogenetic analysis by Ezcurra (2017), Megapnosaurus was recovered in a clade with Segisaurus and Camposaurus , supporting the generic distinction of Megapnosaurus . This was supported by Barta and colleagues in 2018, noting that Coelophysis still bears the vestigial 5th metacarpal, a feature absent in Megapnosaurus . The genus Syntarsus

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