The Stone Drums of Qin or Qin Shi Gu ( Chinese : 秦石鼓 ; pinyin : Qín Shígǔ ; Wade–Giles : Ch'in Shih Ku ) are ten granite boulders bearing the oldest known "stone" inscriptions in ancient Chinese (much older inscriptions on pottery, bronzes and the oracle bones exist). Because these inscribed stones are shaped roughly like drums, they have been known as the Stone Drums of Qin since at least the 7th century.
33-625: Their fame is because they are the oldest known stone inscriptions in China, making them a priceless treasure for epigraphers. The stone drums are now kept in the Palace Museum , Beijing . They vary in height from 73 cm to 87.5 cm (with one which was at one point used as a mortar reduced by the grinding to 58 cm), and from 56 to 80.1 cm in diameter. The Stone Drums weigh about 400 kg. each. The ancient inscriptions on them are arranged in accordance with each stone's size and proportions,
66-507: A comprehensive record of Chinese ceramic production over the past 8,000 years, as well as one of the largest such collections in the world. The Palace Museum holds close to 50,000 paintings. Of these, more than 400 date from before the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). This is the largest such collection in China and includes some of the rarest and most valuable paintings in Chinese history . The collection
99-444: A large proportion of the museum's collection consists of the artifacts of the imperial court. This includes items used by the imperial family and the palace in daily life, as well as various ceremonial and bureaucratic items important to government administration. This comprehensive collection preserves the daily life and ceremonial protocols of the imperial era. The permanent exhibitions of the museum can be divided into two types, one
132-512: A mortar, destroying a third of it. A mere 272 characters are visible on the stones today. In the best rubbing, only 470 of the 501 characters are legible, or about 68% (Mattos p. 122); after omitting repeated graphs, this leaves us with a treasury of 265 different graphs, 49 of which are known from no other source (excluding recognizable variants). Even among recognizable graphs, scores of them are used in ways unattested elsewhere, leading to great difficulty and disagreement in their interpretation,
165-643: A new audit as well as a thorough search of the Forbidden City, uncovering a number of important items. In addition, the government moved items from other museums around the country to replenish the Palace Museum's collection. It also purchased and received donations from the public. Today, there are over a million rare and valuable works of art in the permanent collection of the Palace Museum, including paintings, ceramics, seals, steles, sculptures, inscribed wares, bronze wares, enamel objects, etc. The collections of
198-423: A performance venue. However, its use for this purpose is strictly limited, due to the heavy impact of equipment and performance on the ancient structures. Almost all performances said to be "in the Forbidden City" are held outside the palace walls. Beijing Evening News Beijing Evening News or Beijing Wanbao ( Chinese : 北京晚报 ; pinyin : Běijīng Wǎnbào ), also known as Beijing Evening Post ,
231-418: A situation common to Zhou dynasty inscriptions (Mattos p. 122). The Stone Drums are mentioned in the 7th century, and may have been found within the preceding century. There exists no record of their actual discovery, so the date and location thereof are unsettled, and are a matter of extensive scholarly controversy. Wagner (1990) speculates that the original location of the drums’ discovery may have been
264-629: Is a Chinese language tabloid newspaper in the People's Republic of China from Beijing . It was founded on March 15, 1958. Mao Zedong wrote the title for it in 1964. Beijing Evening Post featured the best-selling novel Beijinger in New York by Glen Cao as a television series in 1991. In 2002, the newspaper was found to have lifted a fake article about the U.S. Congress ' Supposed Move From Washington D.C. in protest of better facilities from The Onion . This article related to newspapers in
297-523: Is based on the palace collection of the Ming and Qing dynasties. The personal interest of emperors such as Qianlong meant that one of the most important collections of paintings in Chinese history was held at the palace. However, a significant portion of this collection was lost. After his abdication, Puyi transferred paintings out of the palace, and many of these were subsequently lost or destroyed. In 1948, some of
330-588: Is home to over 1.8 million pieces of art, mostly from the imperial collection of the Ming and Qing dynasties. The 20th century saw its expansion through new acquisitions, transfers from other museums, and new archaeological discoveries. According to the Beijing Evening Post , the museum has seen more than 17 million visitors in 2018, making it the world's most visited museum. It has an average of 15 million visitors annually since 2012. Due to this increased pressure,
363-602: Is the as-was exhibition ( Chinese : 原状陈列 ), one is the themed exhibitions ( Chinese : 专馆 ). The as-was exhibitions present the rooms in similar manners as the imperial time. There are eleven dedicated themed exhibitions halls: The Palace Museum operates several academic organizations. The major two are the Palace Academy and the Palace Research Institute. It also hosts the Forbidden City Society,
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#1732847955067396-540: The Beijing Palace Museum , is a large national museum complex housed in the Forbidden City at the core of Beijing , China. With 720,000 square metres (180 acres), the museum inherited the imperial royal palaces from the Ming and Qing dynasties of China and opened to the public in 1925 after the last Emperor of China was evicted. Constructed from 1406 to 1420, the museum consists of 980 buildings. It
429-481: The Neolithic period. Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty pieces, on the other hand, include both items for palace use, as well as tribute items from around the empire and beyond. Bronze holds an important place in Chinese culture, and was always an important part of state ceremony. The Palace Museum's bronze collection dates from the early Shang dynasty . Of the almost 10,000 pieces held, about 1600 are inscribed items from
462-628: The Tang and Song dynasties, as well as pieces commissioned by the palace, and, sometimes, by the emperor personally. This collection is notable because it derives from the imperial collection, and thus represents the best of porcelain production in China; other large collections are in the National Palace Museum in Taipei and the Nanjing Museum . The ceramic collection of the Palace Museum represents
495-572: The 13,491 boxes of evacuated artifacts, 2,972 boxes are now housed in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. This relatively small but high-quality collection today forms the core of that museum. More than 8,000 boxes were returned to Beijing , but 2,221 boxes remain today in storage under the charge of the Nanjing Museum . Under the government of the People's Republic of China, the museum conducted
528-602: The Chinese Civil War, the Nationalist government decided to ship the pick of this collection to Taiwan. Of the 13,491 boxes of evacuated artifacts, 2,972 boxes are now housed in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. More than 8,000 boxes were returned to Beijing, but 2,221 boxes remain today in storage under the charge of the Nanjing Museum. According to an inventory of the museum's collection conducted between 2004 and 2010,
561-566: The Ming and Qing dynasties. From 1933, the threat of Japanese invasion forced the evacuation of the most important parts of the museum's collection. After the end of World War II , this collection was returned to Nanjing. However, with the Chinese Communist Party 's victory imminent in the Chinese Civil War , the Nationalist government under Chiang Kai-shek ordered the evacuation of the pick of this collection to Taiwan . Of
594-659: The Outer Court. In 1924, Puyi was evicted from the Inner Court after a coup . The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City on Double Ten Day (October 10), 1925. The collections of the Palace Museum are based on the Qing imperial collection. According to the results of a 1925 audit, some 1.17 million pieces of art were stored in the Forbidden City. In addition, the imperial libraries housed countless rare books and historical documents, including government documents of
627-547: The Palace Museum are based on the Qing imperial collection. According to the results of a 1925 audit, some 1.17 million pieces of art were stored in the Forbidden City. From 1933, the threat of Japanese invasion forced the evacuation of the most important parts of the museum's collection. After the end of World War II , this collection was returned to Nanjing. However, with the Chinese Communist Party's victory imminent in
660-563: The Palace Museum holds a total of 1,807,558 artifacts and includes 1,684,490 items designated as nationally protected "valuable cultural relics." At the end of 2016, the Palace Museum held a press conference, announcing that 55,132 previously unlisted items had been discovered in an inventory check carried out from 2014 to 2016. The total number of items in the Palace Museum collection is presently at 1,862,690 objects. The Palace Museum holds 340,000 pieces of ceramics and porcelain . As well as other pieces, these include imperial collections from
693-618: The Qin royal tombs or an associated ritual complex in Fengxiang County , Shaanxi Province, but also mentions another potentially relevant location: a mountain named Mount Shigu (石鼓山), or Stone Drum Mountain, in Chenzang (陳倉), about 25 km. southwest of Yong (Tianxing), the Qin capital from 677 to 383 BCE. Yong’s city walls have been found in Fengxiang, and the Qin royal tombs lie about 11 km. to
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#1732847955067726-640: The Society of the Qing Palatial History, and the National Laboratory of Ancient Ceramics for Research and Preservation. The Palace Research Institute is headed by Zheng Xinmiao . It is the publisher of the Palace Museum Journal (故宫博物院院刊), Journal of Gugong Studies (故宫学刊). It has numerous research labs. The Hospital for Conservation is the conservation branch of the museum responsible for
759-505: The Stone Drums were already damaged by the time they are mentioned in the Tang dynasty (618-907 CE) poetry of Du Fu . The drums had only 501 graphs by the Song dynasty (960-1279 CE), when the best rubbings now surviving were made (Mattos, p. 57. Cf. Guo Zhongshu ). They have been further damaged through rough handling and repeated rubbings in the years since, and one was even converted into
792-515: The best parts of the collection were moved to Taiwan . The collection has since been gradually replenished, through donations, purchases, and transfers from other museums. Jade has a unique place in Chinese culture . The museum's collection, mostly derived from the imperial collection, includes some 30,000 pieces. The pre- Yuan dynasty part of the collection includes several pieces famed throughout history, as well as artifacts from more recent archaeological discoveries. The earliest pieces date from
825-455: The ceremonial and political centre of Chinese government. Built from 1406 to 1420, the complex consists of 980 surviving buildings with 8,707 bays of rooms and covers 720,000 square metres (7,800,000 sq ft). The palace complex exemplifies traditional Chinese palatial architecture, and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in East Asia and elsewhere. The Forbidden City
858-562: The inscriptions on both the Qin Gong Gui (秦公簋, Gui of the Duke of Qin, a bronze tureen) and a stone qing (chime), both belonging to Duke Jing of Qin , who ruled from 576 to 537 BCE. She states that it is very likely that these artifacts date to the same period, and thus dates the Stone Drums to the late Spring and Autumn period . Palace Museum The Palace Museum ( Chinese : 故宫博物院 ; pinyin : Gùgōng Bówùyùan ), also known as
891-487: The largest stone bearing fifteen lines of five characters each, and a smaller one with nine lines of eight graphs each, neatly arranged as if in a grid. The contents are generally four-character rhymed verse in the style of the poems of the Classic of Poetry , a few lines of which they even paraphrase. The contents generally commemorate royal hunting and fishing activities. Originally thought to bear about 700 characters in all,
924-437: The maintenance and conservation of the artifacts. It has several laboratories and studios responsible for the research and restoration of artifacts of different types. The laboratories are: The studios are: The curator of the museum is Wang Xudong , formerly director of Dunhuang Research Academy . His predecessor Shan Jixiang is well reputed for his many reforms of the institution. The Forbidden City has also served as
957-399: The management has set a daily limit for visitors of 80,000 since 2015 to protect the structure and the experience. The Palace Museum is housed in the Forbidden City , the Chinese imperial palace from the Ming dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty . It is located in the middle of Beijing , China . For almost five centuries, it served as the home of the emperor and his household, and
990-534: The palace's own workshops, Guangzhou (Canton) and Suzhou (Suchow). Foreign pieces came from countries including Britain , France , Switzerland , the United States and Japan . Of these, the largest portion come from Britain. Notable pieces in the collection include a clock with an attached automaton which is able to write, with a miniature writing brush on inserted paper, an auspicious couplet in perfect Chinese calligraphy . In addition to works of art,
1023-443: The pre- Qin period (to 221 BC). A significant part of the collection is ceremonial bronzeware from the imperial court, including complete sets of musical instruments used by the imperial orchestras. The Palace Museum has one of the largest collections of mechanical timepieces of the 18th and 19th centuries in the world, with more than 1,000 pieces. The collection contains both Chinese- and foreign-made pieces. Chinese pieces came from
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1056-416: The south. Like their discovery, the details of their origin have also long been subject to debate. While most now agree that they were made at the behest of a Duke of the state of Qin , the century of their creation is still uncertain; Mattos (1988) tentatively places them in the 5th century BCE. Chen Zhaorong (2003, p. 9) points out that the style of the Stone Drums script is extremely close to that of
1089-424: Was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987, and is listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world. In 1912, Puyi , the last emperor of China, abdicated . Under an agreement with the new Republic of China government, Puyi remained in the Inner Court, while the Outer Court was given over to public use, where a small museum was set up to display artifacts housed in
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