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42-522: The Stoke-on-Trent Green Belt is a green belt environmental and planning policy that regulates the rural space throughout mainly the West Midlands region of England . It is contained within the counties of Cheshire and Staffordshire . Essentially, the function of the designated area is to prevent surrounding towns and villages within the Stoke-on-Trent conurbation from further convergence. It

84-452: A glacis about 500m wide, where buildings and vegetation were prohibited for military defensive reason. But by the late 18th century these fortifications had become obsolete. Under Emperor Joseph II , streets and walkways were built in the glacis, lit by lanterns and lined by trees. Craftsmen built open-air workshops, and stalls were set up. But the Revolution of 1848 was required to trigger

126-452: A 3-mile wide belt around the City of London in an attempt to stop the spread of plague. However, this was not widely enforced and it was possible to buy dispensations which reduced the effectiveness of the proclamation. In modern times, the term emerged from continental Europe where broad boulevards were increasingly used to separate new development from the centers of historic towns; most notably

168-436: A future-guaranteed premium for protection of their views, recreational space and for the preservation/conservation value itself. Most also benefit from higher rates of urban gardening and farming , particularly when done in a community setting, which has positive effects on nutrition , fitness , self-esteem , and happiness, providing a benefit for both physical and mental health, in all cases easily provided or accessed in

210-425: A green belt may have been motivated by or result in considerable premiums. They may also be more economically resilient as popular among the retired and less attractive for short-term renting of modest homes. Where in the city itself demand exceeds supply in housing, green belt homes compete directly with much city housing wherever such green belt homes are well-connected to the city. Further, they in all cases attract

252-512: A green belt. Government planners also seek to protect the green belt as its local farmers are engaged in peri-urban agriculture which augments carbon sequestration , reduces the urban heat island effect, and provides a habitat for organisms . Peri-urban agriculture may also help recycle urban greywater and other products of wastewater , helping to conserve water and reduce waste. The housing market contrasts with more uncertainty and economic liberalism inside and immediately outside of

294-504: A more significant change. In 1850, the suburbs or Vorstädte (today the Districts II to IX) were incorporated into the municipality, which made the city walls an impediment to traffic. In 1857, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria issued the decree "I have resolved to command" ( Es ist Mein Wille at Wikisource) ordering the demolition of the city walls and moats. In his decree, he laid out

336-504: A protracted housing shortage, the reduction of the green belt is one of the possible solutions. All such solutions may be resisted however by private landlords who profit from a scarcity of housing, for example by lobbying to restrain new housing across the city. The stated motivation and benefits of the green belt might be well-intentioned (public health, social gardening and agriculture, environment), but inadequately realized relative to other solutions. Critics include Mark Pennington and

378-409: Is a 5.3 km (3.3 mi) circular grand boulevard that serves as a ring road around the historic Innere Stadt (Inner Town) district of Vienna , Austria . The road is located on sites where medieval city fortifications once stood, including high walls and the broad open field ramparts ( glacis ), criss-crossed by paths that lay before them. It was constructed after the dismantling of the city walls in

420-518: Is managed by local planning authorities on guidance from central government. The following policy was stated for the creation of the green belt area by Staffordshire County Council in 1967: Cheshire County Council set out their policy in 1961: ... prevent the outward spread of development from Greater Manchester, Merseyside and the Potteries." Land area taken up by the green belt is 43,836 hectares (438.36 km; 169.25 sq mi), 0.5% of

462-705: Is managed by the National Capital Commission (NCC). The dynamic Adelaide Park Lands , measuring approximately 7.6 km , surround, unbroken, the city center of Adelaide . On the fringe of the eastern suburbs, an expansive natural green belt in the Adelaide Hills acts as a growth boundary for Adelaide and cools the city in the hottest months. The concept of "green belt" has evolved in recent years to encompass not only "Greenspace" but also "Greenstructure" which comprises all urban and peri-urban green spaces, an important aspect of sustainable development in

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504-487: Is the merit of a green belt subverted, but the green belt may heighten the problem and make the city unsustainable. There are many examples whereby the actual effect of green belts is to act as a land reserve for future freeways and other highways. Examples include sections of Ontario Highway 407 north of Toronto and the Hunt Club Road and Richmond Road south of Ottawa. Whether they are originally planned as such, or

546-684: The CPRE they lobbied for a continuous belt (of up to two miles wide) to prevent urban sprawl, beyond which new development could occur. There are fourteen green belt areas in the UK covering 16,716 km or 12.4% of England, and 164 km of Scotland ; for a detailed discussion of these, see Green belt (UK) . Other notable examples are the Ottawa Greenbelt and Golden Horseshoe Greenbelt in Ontario , Canada. Ottawa's 20,350-hectare (78.6 sq mi) instance

588-830: The Naturhistorisches Museum (Museum of Natural History), which were built for the imperial collections. Originally, there should have been a parallel wing opposite the Neue Hofburg, which would have been located across the Ringstrasse from the Museum of Natural History. Together with the Heldenplatz and the Maria-Theresien-Platz this plan would have constituted the Imperial Forum/Kaiserforum. However, that plan

630-473: The Ottawa suburbs of Kanata and Orleans , both of which are outside the city's green belt and are currently undergoing explosive growth. This leads to other problems, as residents of these areas have a longer commute to workplaces in the city and worse access to public transport . It also means people have to commute through the green belt, an area not designed to cope with high levels of transportation. Not only

672-634: The Ringstraße in Vienna . Green belt policy was then pioneered in the United Kingdom confronted with ongoing rural flight . The term itself was first used in relation to the growth of London by Octavia Hill in 1875. Various proposals were put forward from 1890 onwards but the first to garner widespread support was put forward by the London Society in its "Development Plan of Greater London" 1919. Alongside

714-600: The beer brewer Heinrich Drasche , which was located opposite the Imperial and Royal Court Opera House or opera house until 1945. One of the earliest art historians to study the Ringstraße is Renate Wagner-Rieger , a professor and alumnus at the University of Vienna. Many of the buildings that line the Ringstraße date back to the time before 1870. The following are some of the more notable buildings: The only sacred building on

756-480: The government and the municipality , a "City Extension Fund" was created, which was administered by the government. Only the city hall was planned by the city. During the following years, a large number of opulent public and private buildings were erected. Both the nobility and the plutocracy rushed to build showy mansions and palaces along the boulevard. One of the first buildings was the Heinrichshof , owned by

798-546: The local planning authorities . Green belt The more general term in the United States is green space or greenspace , which may be a very small area such as a park . In those countries which have them, the stated objectives of green belt policy are to: The green belt has many benefits for people: The effectiveness of green belts differs depending on location and country. They can often be eroded by urban rural fringe uses and sometimes, development 'jumps' over

840-702: The 21st century. The European Commission 's COST Action C11 ( COST – European Cooperation in Science and Technology) is undertaking "Case studies in Greenstructure Planning" involving 15 European countries. An act of the Swedish parliament from 1994 has declared a series of parks in Stockholm and the adjacent municipality of Solna to its north a "national city park" called Royal National City Park . When established around an economically prosperous city, homes in

882-578: The Green Belt were particularly in the 1940s–1980s mitigated with planned, government-supported, new towns under the New Towns Act 1946 and New Towns Act 1981 . These saw establishment beyond the green belts of new homes, infrastructure , businesses, and other facilities. Without large-scale sustainable development, infill development sees urban green space lost. A chronic housing shortage with inadequate new settlements and/or extension of those outside of

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924-400: The belt: green belt homes have by definition nearby protected landscapes. Local residents in affluent parts of a green belt, as in parts of the city, can be assured of preserving any localized bourgeois status quo present and so assuming the green belt is not from the outset an area of more social housing proportionately than the city, it naturally tends toward greater economic wealth. In

966-711: The boulevard is the Votivkirche , which was built in dedication after Emperor Franz Joseph had survived an assassination attempt in 1853. The Winter Palace or Hofburg was extended by an annex, the Neue Hofburg (New Hofburg), which houses the Museum of Ethnology and the Austrian National Library today. On the other side of the boulevard, there are the Kunsthistorisches Museum (Museum of Art History) and

1008-456: The economics-heavy think tanks such as the Institute of Economic Affairs who would see a reduction in many green belts. Such studies focus on the widely inherent limitations of green belts. In most examples, only a small fraction of the population uses the green belt for leisure purposes. The IEA study claims that a green belt is not strongly causally linked to clean air and water. Rather, they view

1050-487: The erection of revolutionary barricades difficult and thus an easier target for artillery. Since the Ringstraße had always been meant primarily for show, a parallel Lastenstraße (cargo road) was built on the outside of the former glacis. This street is commonly known as 2-er Linie , named after the number "2" in the identifiers of the various streetcar or tram lines which used it. It is still an important traffic thoroughfare. After some disputes about competence between

1092-518: The exact size of the boulevard, as well as the geographical positions and functions of the new buildings. The Ringstraße and the planned buildings were intended to be a showcase for the grandeur and glory of the Habsburg Empire . On the practical level, Emperor Napoléon III of France 's boulevard construction in Paris had already demonstrated how enlarging and widening the size of streets effectively made

1134-618: The founders of the First Austrian Republic , Athena , Andreas von Liebenberg , Count Radetzky , Georg Coch , and Johann Strauss amongst many. The biggest catastrophe was the fire of the Ringtheater in 1881, in which several hundred people died. It was subsequently demolished and replaced by the emperor's charity building, the Sühnhof, which was built in memory of the more than 300 victims, and inaugurated by Emperor Franz Joseph I. It

1176-475: The green belt and/or no green belt reduction has seen many brownfield sites, often well-suited to industry and commerce, lost in existing conurbations. In New Zealand, the term Town Belt is most commonly used for an urban green belt. [REDACTED] Media related to Green belts (protected areas) at Wikimedia Commons Ringstra%C3%9Fe The Vienna Ring Road ( German : Ringstraße , pronounced [ʁɪŋˌʃtʁaːsə] , lit. ring road )

1218-675: The green belt area include the Cudmore Fisheries, Meaford Energy Centre , Millennium Topograph in Downs Banks , JCB Harewood Estate , Rudyard Lake , Meir Heath , Barlaston Common, Chatterley Whitfield Country Park and enterprise centre, Bucknall Reservoir, the Trent & Mersey and Caldon canals, the River Blythe and Trent , Wedgwood Museum and estate , Strongford Sewage Treatment Works, and Trent Vale Pumping Station. A large portion of

1260-413: The green belt area, resulting in the creation of "satellite towns" which, although separated from the city by the green belt, function more like suburbs than independent communities. In the 7th century, Muhammad established a green belt around Medina . He did this by prohibiting any further removal of trees in a 12-mile-long strip around the city. In 1580 Elizabeth I of England banned new buildings in

1302-604: The green belts defeat their stated objective of saving the countryside and open spaces. Such criticism falls short when considering the other, broader benefits such as peri-urban agriculture which includes gardening and carries many benefits, especially to the retired . It also ignores the strategic aims of the Attlee Ministry in 1946, just as in France, of shifting capital away from the capital city (addressing regional disparity) and avoiding intra-urban gridlock. The restrictions of

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1344-517: The mid-19th century. From the 1860s to 1890s, many large public buildings were erected along the Ringstrasse in an eclectic historicist style, sometimes called Ringstraßenstil ("Ring Road style"), using elements of Classical , Gothic , Renaissance , and Baroque architecture. Because of its architectural beauty and history, the Vienna Ringstrasse has been called the "lord of

1386-440: The others being other planning restrictions (Local Plans and restrictive covenants ) and developers' land banking . Local Plans and land banking are to be relaxed for home building in the 2015–2030 period by law and the green belt will be reduced by some local authorities as each local authority must now consider it among the available shortlisted options in drawing development plans to meet higher housing targets. Critics argue that

1428-469: The result of a newer administration taking advantage of land that was left available by its predecessors is debatable. Green belts were established in England in 1955 to simply prevent the physical growth of large built-up areas; to prevent neighboring cities and towns from merging. In the UK, green belt around the major conurbations has been criticized as one of the main protectionist bars to building housing,

1470-608: The ring roads" and is designated by UNESCO as part of Vienna's World Heritage Site . This grand boulevard was built to replace the city walls , which had been built during the 13th century and funded by the ransom payment derived from the release of Richard the Lion Heart, Richard I of England , and reinforced as a consequence of the First Turkish Siege in 1529 and the Thirty Years' War in 1618. The walls were surrounded by

1512-512: The total land area of England (2010). The main coverage of the area is within northern Staffordshire, extending into southern Cheshire. The North West Green Belt area surrounding Macclesfield lies close to the Stoke-on-Trent green belt, being just over a mile away at its closest extent from the River Dane which forms the northern boundary for the area. Landscape facilities and features within

1554-499: The ultimate result of the decision to green-belt a city as one to prevent housing demand within the zone to be met with supply, thus exacerbating high housing prices and stifling competitive forces in general. Another area of criticism comes from the fact that, since a green belt does not extend indefinitely outside a city, it spurs the growth of areas much further away from the city core than if it had not existed, thereby actually increasing urban sprawl . Examples commonly cited are

1596-532: The western boundary is formed by the West Coast Main Line railway. Towns on the outer extents of the green belt include Alsager , Cheadle , Congleton , Crewe , Leek , and Stone . Towns and villages within the area include Biddulph , Endon , Kidsgrove , Rudyard , Scholar Green and Swynnerton . Due to the green belt lying across county borders, responsibility and co-ordination lies with several district councils and unitary authorities as these are

1638-632: Was also generously planned with green spaces and trees, the most notable parks being the Stadtpark with the Kursalon , Burggarten , Volksgarten , and Rathauspark , as well as a number of squares such as the Schwarzenbergplatz , Schillerplatz , Maria-Theresien-Platz and Heldenplatz. Dotted along the Ringstraße are various monuments. They include statues to Goethe , Schiller , Empress Maria Theresia , Prince Eugene of Savoy , Archduke Charles of Austria ,

1680-728: Was destroyed during the bombing of Vienna in 1945; today the municipal police-headquarters is there. Other buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged during World War II was the Opera House, the opposite building Heinrichshof which was replaced in the 1950s with the Kärtnerhof. The Urania observatory, the Kriegsministerium and the Parliament building were heavily damaged, and the Burgtheater burned down. The famous Hotel Metropole , which

1722-679: Was located at the Franz-Joseph-Kai, was completely destroyed and replaced with a monument to the victims of Nazism. The Ringstraße has several sections. It surrounds the central area of Vienna on all sides, except for the northeast, where its place is taken by the Franz-Josephs-Kai , the street going along the Donaukanal (a branch of the Danube ). Starting from the Ringturm at the northern end of

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1764-535: Was shelved for lack of funds. The construction ended only in 1913 with the completion of the Kriegsministerium (Imperial and Royal Ministry of War). At that time, the Ringstraßenstil was already somewhat outdated, as is shown by the Art Nouveau (Jugendstil) inspired Postsparkassengebäude (Postal Savings Society Building) by Otto Wagner opposite the ministry building, which was built at the same time. The Ringstraße

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