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54-503: Das Stift [plural die Stifte ] (literally, the 'donation'), denotes in its original meaning the donated or else acquired fund of landed estates whose revenues are taken to maintain a college and the pertaining church ( Stiftskirche , i.e. collegiate church ) and its collegiate or capitular canons ( Stiftsherr [en]) or canonesses (Stiftsfrau[en]) . Many Stifte as endowments have been secularised in Protestant countries in

108-522: A basement, for a total of 18 rooms. The former kitchen and dining rooms are located on the ground floor, as was Cornelia Goethe's living space. On the second floor there is a "Gartenzimmer" ("Garden Room"), so named because of the view it formerly offered of a neighbouring garden; the Goethe House possesses no garden, but rather a small courtyard, a fact which Goethe bemoaned in his Dichtung und Wahrheit . The bedroom of Johann Caspar and Catharina Elisabeth

162-468: A canon-law college or the chapter and/or the bishop of a cathedral managed not only to gain estates and their revenues as a Stift but also the feudal overlordship to them as a secular ruler with imperial recognition, then such ecclesiastical estates ( temporalities ) formed a territorial principality within the Holy Roman Empire with the rank of an imperial state . The secular territory comprising

216-410: A college be reduced to two members, it can not preserve its corporate rights. On the contrary, the canon law explicitly affirms that one surviving member can conserve the privileges of the corporate body, not for himself personally, but for the college. When a legally constituted college has been reduced to two members, one can elect the other as prelate. If the college be reduced to one member, it becomes

270-429: A college has been defined as a collection of several rational bodies forming one representative body. Some authors consider " university " and " community " as synonymous terms with college, but others insist that there are points of difference. Thus, there are canonists who define university as a collection of bodies distinct from one another, but employing the same name specially conferred upon them. Pirhing remarks that

324-403: A college, that though it be not necessary that the college actually have a head, yet it must be at least capable of giving itself a presiding officer, or rector of the college. If, then, there be only two members and one be constituted the head, the other can not form the body, for the body requires several members, and the head is distinct from the body. He does not mean to assert, however, that if

378-681: A collegiate church it is sometimes called Kollegiatsstift . If the Stift as a fund served or serves to maintain the specific college of a cathedral (a so-called cathedral chapter ) then the Stift is often called das Domstift (i.e. 'cathedral donation [fund]'). However, since Dom (like the Italian Duomo ) is in German an expression for churches with a college, thus actual cathedrals and collegiate churches alike, Domstifte also existed with collegiate churches not being cathedrals, like with

432-429: A community of priests attached to the same church do not form a college unless they are members of one body whose head is a prelate elected by that body. According to canon law three persons are required to form a college. Some authors maintained that two were sufficient for the purpose, because Pope Innocent, alluding to St. Matthew, xviii, 20, says that no presbyter is to be chosen for a church where two or three form

486-452: A component the term Stift today usually takes the copulative "s" when used as a preceding compound. Composite terms frequently found are such as Stiftsadel ('vassal nobility of a prince-bishopric'), Stiftsamtmann ('official of a Stift '), Stiftsbibliothek ('library [originally] financed with the funds of a collegiate Stift '), Stiftsdame ('conventual in a Lutheran women's endowment'), Stiftsfehde (' feud with

540-520: A corporation. Colleges existed among the Romans and Greeks from the earliest times. The Roman laws required at least three persons for constituting a college. Legal incorporation was made, at least in some cases, by decrees of the Senate , edicts of the emperor , or by special laws. There were, however, general laws under which colleges could be formed by private persons, and if the authorities judged that

594-409: A home in the Goethe House. The first and second floors of the facade are more simple, consisting of seven bays with windows, which have painted wooden sills but little decoration. Above this is the mansard roof, out of which protrude four dormer windows, two on each side. In the centre of the roof protrudes a large dormer structure, supported by vertical wooden pillars, which rises three floors above

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648-577: A library, as well as exhibition space for the Hochstift's collections. The restoration of the Goethe House to its 18th-century condition was completed in 1926. The house and museum were destroyed during the Allied bombing of Frankfurt on 22 March 1944, along with much of the Frankfurt old city. After its destruction, there was a substantial debate as to what should become of the Goethe House. Some suggested that

702-463: A memorial to the famed poet and playwright. The Goethe House also served as a centre for the Hochstift's activities; a room on the ground floor became a reading-room, and a room on the first floor became a lecture hall for public lectures. Other rooms were used to house the collections and exhibitions of the Hochstift. The house was opened to the public for the first time since in its history, and thus became

756-407: A prince-bishopric involved'), Stiftsfrau ('collegiate canoness'), Stiftsfräulein ('conventual in a Lutheran women's endowment'), Stiftsgymnasium ('high school [originally] financed with the funds of a collegiate Stift '), Stiftsherr ('collegiate canon'), Stiftsmann (plural: Stiftsleute 'vassal tenant of an estate of a Stift '), Stiftssasse ('subject/inhabitant of

810-487: A prince-bishopric'), Stiftsstände (' estates of a prince-bishopric as a realm '), or Stiftstag ('diet of the estates of a prince-bishopric'). College (canon law) A college , in the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church , is a collection ( Latin : collegium ) of persons united together for a common object so as to form one body. The members are consequently said to be incorporated, or to form

864-668: A territory is stiftisch ('of, pertaining to a prince-bishopric; prince-episcopal'). Similar developments as to statehood allowed a number of monasteries (the so-called imperial abbeys ) or regular canon colleges (e.g. Berchtesgaden Provostry ) with feudal overlordship to (part of) their estates to gain imperial recognition as a principality ( Fürstentum ) too. Specific prince-bishoprics were often called Hochstift/Erzstift X , as in Hochstift Ermland or in Erzstift Bremen , with stiftbremisch meaning 'of/pertaining to

918-572: A university, two a congregation, more than two a family, and ten a parish. Among conspicuous ecclesiastical colleges may be mentioned the College of Cardinals and collegiate and cathedral chapters . The name college is specially applied also to corporate educational bodies within the Church, as without it. Before the Protestant Reformation , and even in the first years of Elizabeth I of England ,

972-478: A virtual, not an actual, corporation. The single remaining member can exercise the acts belonging to the college, and although he can not elect himself prelate, yet he can choose or nominate some other proper person to the prelacy. He may also commit the election to other persons, or even to one, as the bishop. The ancient canonists, when stating that three constitute a college, give also the numbers requisite for other canonical bodies, thus: five are necessary to form

1026-479: Is a compound with hoch ('high') literally meaning 'a high [ranking ecclesiastical] endowment', whereas Erzstift , a compound with Erz- ('arch[i]-'), is the corresponding expression for a prince-archbishopric. For the three prince-electorates of Cologne (Kurköln), Mainz (Kurmainz) and Trier (Kurtrier), which were simultaneously archbishoprics the corresponding expression is Kurerzstift (electorate-archbishopric). The adjective pertaining to Stift as

1080-768: Is maintained until today as the Tübinger Stift , a foundation of the Lutheran Evangelical State Church in Württemberg for the theological education. The Catholic church has similar institutions, such as the Wilhelmsstift, also in Tübingen. A modern example is the Freies Deutsches Hochstift , which despite the term Hochstift is not ecclesiastical, but a civic charitable establishment maintaining

1134-465: Is of wrought-iron, decorated with flowers and other designs in the Baroque style. After the first floor, the staircase is made of wood, but the iron railing continues. At the second floor, the railing is decorated with the initials of Johann Caspar (JCG) and Catharina Elisabeth (CEG). The staircase becomes far less elaborate between the third and fourth floor, with only simple wooden railings. Unlike most of

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1188-490: The Goethe House in Frankfurt upon Main. Das Stift is also used – totum pro parte – as the expression for the collegial body of persons (originally canons or canonesses) who administered it and for the building (compound) they used to meet or live in. If the Stift served or serves to maintain the specific college of a cathedral (a so-called cathedral chapter) then the building can be also called Domstift . If

1242-639: The Second World War , but, in Denmark and the former West Germany, many continue to exist, such as the Stift Fischbeck . In Lower Saxony the former endowments of many Lutheran women's convents are collectively administered by the Klosterkammer Hannover , a governmental department, while others maintain their endowments independently or their endowments are administered by a collective body consisting of

1296-662: The Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen', as opposed to stadtbremisch ('of/pertaining to the city of Bremen'). The spiritual entities, the dioceses, are called in German Bistum ('diocese') or Erzbistum ('archdiocese'). The difference between a Hochstift/Erzstift and a Bistum/Erzbistum is not always clear to authors so that texts, even scholarly ones, often translate Hochstift or Erzstift incorrectly simply as diocese/bishopric or archdiocese/archbishopric , respectively. In Danish, Norwegian and Swedish

1350-1100: The Supreme Parish and Collegiate Church in Berlin, now often translated as Berlin Cathedral , though it never was the seat of a bishop, but endowed with a Domstift (in German Dom , as the Italian Duomo , is the main church of a town or a city, not always a Cathedral). In some Lutheran states the endowments of women's monasteries were preserved, with the nunneries converted into secular convents in order to maintain unmarried or widowed noble women (the so-called conventuals, German: Konventualinnen ), therefore called ladies' foundations ( Damenstift ) or noble damsels' foundations (Danish: Adelige Jomfrukloster , German: [Adeliges] Fräuleinstift , Swedish: Jungfrustift ). Many of these convents were dissolved in Communist countries after

1404-671: The codes of 1719 and 1749 due to fire risks; Johann Caspar was allowed to extend the overhanging facade as it was seen as a modification of an existing building, rather than a new-build. The resulting property remained structurally unchanged after the 1755–56 renovation. Johann Wolfgang first left the house in October 1765, to study law in Leipzig . He returned in 1768 due to an illness, before leaving again to finish his studies in Strasbourg (1770–71). After returning from Strasbourg, Goethe would live at

1458-520: The colleges of Oxford and Cambridge were always spoken of as ecclesiastical corporations. By English law they are now purely lay corporations. The title "Apostolic College" is applied in Rome to those institutions which are immediately subject to and controlled by the Holy See , and are consequently exempt from any other spiritual or temporal authority; the students are declared to be under the direct protection of

1512-428: The congregation, except by their canonical election . As congregation here evidently means college, these writers contend that two can therefore form a college. As a matter of fact, however, the pontiff is simply affirming that the right of election will remain with an already constituted college even though only two of its members remain after the death of the prelate. Pirhing gives as the reason why two cannot constitute

1566-461: The course of the Reformation , or later in revolutionary France and the areas later annexed to or influenced by Napoleonic France. Some Stifte survived and still form the endowments of modern mostly Catholic monasteries, then often called " Stift X", such as Stift Melk . Stift is often used – pars pro toto – as a synonym for an endowed monastery. If the Stift endowment belongs to

1620-651: The donated landed estates ( das Stift ) was thus called das Hochstift (analogously translated as prince-bishopric ) as opposed to an area of episcopal spiritual jurisdiction, called diocese ( Bistum ). The boundaries of secular prince-bishoprics did usually not correspond to that of the spiritual dioceses. Prince-bishoprics were always much smaller than the dioceses which included (parts of) neighbouring imperial states such as principalities of secular princes and Free Imperial Cities . Prince-bishoprics could also include areas belonging in ecclesiastical respect to other dioceses. Hochstift (plural: Hochstifte )

1674-521: The family house in Frankfurt (bar a four month stay in Wetzlar in 1772) until leaving permanently for Weimar in November 1775. During this time in Frankfurt, Goethe wrote and published Götz von Berlichingen and The Sorrows of Young Werther , which established his fame across Europe. He also wrote the first drafts of Urfaust in this period. Johann Caspar died in 1782, after which Catharina Elisabeth

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1728-582: The first drafts of Urfaust . The house has mostly been operated as a museum since its 1863 purchase by the Freies Deutsches Hochstift (Free German Foundation), displaying period furniture and paintings from Goethe's time in the house. The Goethe House was destroyed by Allied bombing in World War II, but reconstructed afterwards. It is located adjacent to the Deutsches Romantik-Museum , which opened in 2021. The house and museum can be visited with

1782-405: The first floor into two shops; this required significant changes, such as the installation of two new entrances and separating walls. In 1863, the Goethe House was purchased by geologist Otto Volger , the founder and chairman of the Freies Deutsches Hochstift (Free German Foundation). The Hochstift restored the house to its state at the time of Johann Wolfgang Goethe's childhood, to serve as

1836-588: The first public memorial to Goethe; the Goethe House in Weimar would not open until 1885. The house became a museum, decorated with period furniture and paintings, attempting to recreate authentically the environment in which Goethe spent his youth. After receiving a large bequest from Adolf Müller, the land to the west of the house was purchased in 1888. The Goethe Museum was built on this site. Designed by Franz von Hoven  [ de ] , it opened in 1897, and contained

1890-464: The initials of Johann Caspar Goethe (JCG). The coat of arms of Johann Caspar can be found in the archway above the door; he adapted the arms from those of his wife's family, the Textors, which feature an arm swinging an axe and a youth holding a sword. Johann Caspar then added three lyres to the design. The lyre is the attribute of the god Apollo , the god of music and the arts; the fine arts were to have

1944-414: The main house. The top level of this structure is gabled , and contains a small circular skylight. The facade of the Goethe House is constructed of wood and underpinned with bricks, with wooden pillars, window frames and cornices . The house is covered with yellow plaster, and the pillars, frames and cornices covered with grey plaster. The house consists of four levels of rooms, as well as an attic and

1998-418: The members had conformed to the letter and spirit of these laws, they had incontestable rights as collegia legitima ; if the requisites were not adhered to they could be suppressed by administrative act. The colleges could hold property in common and could sue and be sued. In case of failure this common property could be seized, but that of the individual members was not liable to seizure. The Roman collegium

2052-418: The noble families of a former principality (e.g. Neuenwalde Convent or Preetz Priory ). Some of these charitable institutions which previously accepted only female members of noble families now also accept residents from other social classes. Many secular or religious ancient or modern charitable endowments of earning assets in order to maintain hospitals or homes for the elderly, for orphans, for widows, for

2106-506: The overhang of the house, which is a prominent feature of the facade. The facade was typical of affluent Frankfurt houses of the time; Rudolf Jung notes that the house's facade "differed little from its neighbours". The facade was inspired by Parisian architecture of the time of the Régence , and is a mixture of the Baroque and Rococo styles. Another building of a similar style in Frankfurt

2160-546: The people ; others again were trade unions or guilds, as the colleges of bakers or of carpenters. The early Roman Christians are said to have sometimes held church property during times of persecution under the title of collegium. Most of the prescriptions of the ancient civil law were received into the law of the Roman Catholic Church and they are incorporated in the Corpus Juris Canonici . By canonists,

2214-553: The poor, for the blind or for people with other handicaps bear the name Stift , often combined with the name of the main donators or the beneficiaries, such as Altenstift (endowment for the elderly; see e.g. Cusanusstift , a hospital). Similar to the English development, where canon-law colleges with their endowments became sometimes the nuclei for secular educational colleges the former Augustinian collegiate endowment in Tübingen

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2268-739: The pope. Such institutions are, among others, the College of the Propaganda, and the Roman Colleges . Goethe House The Goethe House is a writer's house museum located in the Innenstadt district of Frankfurt , Germany. It is the birthplace and childhood home of German poet and playwright Johann Wolfgang von Goethe . It is also the place where Goethe wrote his famous works Götz von Berlichingen , The Sorrows of Young Werther , and

2322-448: The property in 1741, and lived there with his wife Catharina Elisabeth Goethe from 1748. Johann Wolfgang was born in the house on 28 August 1749. In 1754, Cornelia died, and her son quickly set about renovating the house on Großer Hirschgraben. Johann Caspar was the architect of his own project, but also sought assistance from his friend Johann Friedrich Armand von Uffenbach  [ de ] . The project involved knocking down

2376-414: The reconstruction began in 1947. The reconstruction was led by architect Theo Kellner . The process was aided by the fact that there were many surviving plans and pictures of the house. In 1951, the Goethe House was re-opened to the public by Theodor Heuss , then President of Germany . When the adjacent Deutsches Romantik-Museum was opened in 2021, the Goethe House became accessible through it, using

2430-471: The same ticket. The house's current facade dates back to the reconstruction of the Goethe House after the Second World War. However, it mimics closely that of the original house. The original facade came about as a result of Johann Caspar Goethe's renovations of 1755–56, in which he demolished one of the two adjoining properties and extended the other over the created space. He did this in order to keep

2484-484: The same ticket. The house was first built around 1618 by Flemish goldsmith Matthis van Hinsberg. It went through a series of owners before being purchased in 1733 by Cornelia Goethe, the grandmother of Johann Wolfgang, who had previously owned an inn on the nearby Zeil . Cornelia purchased two adjoining properties and inhabited both of them; they were connected by destroying the partition wall. Johann Caspar Goethe , Cornelia's son and Johann Wolfgang's father, moved into

2538-404: The site should be kept in ruins, fenced in and given a sign to signify the house's former existence. Others saw the rebuilding as unnecessary, at least directly after the war, as many were still living in unsatisfactory conditions. The Freies Deutsches Hochstift, on the other hand, wanted the house to be rebuilt exactly as it stood; this was the plan accepted by the Frankfurt municipality, and thus

2592-459: The smaller of the adjoining properties and extending the remaining property to create one, large property encompassing the full lot. The renovations began in April 1755, and were finished by February 1756. As Goethe writes in his autobiography Dichtung und Wahrheit (Poetry and Truth), his father was careful to preserve the double overhang of the facade, which was not permitted in new buildings under

2646-742: The term stift was adopted as a loan word from German. In an ecclesiastical respect it simply denotes a diocese of a bishop. At times in Nordic countries, a stift formed an administrative jurisdiction under a Stiftamtmand (Danish). In the Netherlands the term Het Sticht is usually denoting the Prince-bishopric of Utrecht , which consisted of two separate parts ( Oversticht and Nedersticht , i.e. upper and lower prince-bishopric) with other territories in between. The German corresponding terms are Oberstift and Niederstift . As

2700-499: Was also on the second floor. In the upper floors there is a landing which branches off into the separate rooms, with a checkered red and white floor. The house was previously heated by ovens, which are located in these landing spaces. The ground floor contains a typical piece of furniture of the time, a "Brandschrank" cabinet to store important documents and valuables that could quickly be carried out, in case of fire. The Goethe House features an extravagant staircase and railing, which

2754-448: Was constructed by the stonemason Joseph Therbu. It was unusually elaborate for its time; the only other example of such an ornate staircase was found in the Römer . Johann Caspar intended the staircase to be one of the main features of the house, hence the heavy decoration. The stairs on the ground floor are made of stone, a feature left over from before Johann Caspar's renovation. The railing

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2808-522: Was never instituted as a corporation sole ; still, when reduced to one member, that individual succeeded to all the rights of the corporation and could employ its name. Colleges were formed among the ancient Romans for various purposes. Some of these had a religious object, as the college of the Arval Brothers , of the Augurs , etc.; others were for administrative purposes, as of quæstors or tribunes of

2862-498: Was the Palais Thurn und Taxis , built between 1731 and 1739. The ground floor is the most elaborately designed part of the facade. Six window frames are fitted with wrought-iron architraves , which are decorated with garlands. The window bays are framed by ashlar pilasters . There are three steps leading up to the doorway in the centre of the facade. Above the door is a transom window decorated with an iron mesh, in which can be seen

2916-448: Was the inhabited the house alone. She rented out some rooms to other inhabitants. In May 1795, Catharina sold the house and moved into a smaller apartment. After leaving the Goethe family, the house was sold to widow Anna Catharina Rössing, whose family owned the Goethe House until 1861. They rented out rooms to other families. In 1861, the house sold again, to Johann Georg Clauer, who split

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