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46-742: Facing isolation, Oldenburg followed suit in 1854, thus ending the Steuerverein. Moves to a north German customs alliance occurred in 1830, when Hanover, the Electorate of Hesse , the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg and Brunswick concluded the Einbeck Treaty as a supplement to the Central German Commercial Union. This provided for tariff free trade between the contracting parties and a common customs administration and external tariff. Excluded from

92-510: A customs union with internal tariff free trade, a common external tariff and a common customs administration. The customs revenue was divided according to their respective populations. The external tariffs on materials imported from overseas and on finished goods were below the rates of the Deutscher Zollverein. Like the previous agreement, salt was excluded from internal tariff free trade. The Steuerverein did not arise from hostility to

138-507: A limited period. Throughout Hanover, where the benefit of low tariffs were greatly valued, the accession to the Zollverein caused much dissatisfaction and a ministerial crisis. However, the treaty was ratified by the legislature in 1852. This treaty was signed only by Prussia and Hanover. Prussia had not consulted any member of the Zollverein and Hanover had not consulted Oldenburg or Schaumburg-Lippe, who were both forced to follow Hanover into

184-509: A practical question, Delbrück was chosen to go on a mission to the South German states, and contributed greatly to the agreements concluded at Versailles in November. In 1871 Delbrück became president of the newly constituted Reichskanzleramt. Delbrück, however, began to feel himself uneasy under Bismarck's leanings towards protection and state control. On the introduction of Bismarck's plan for

230-497: A prisoner to Stettin . By the Peace of Prague , Hesse-Kassel was annexed to Prussia. The elector Frederick William (d. 1875) had been, by the terms of the treaty of cession, guaranteed the entailed property of his house. This was, however, sequestered in 1868 owing to his intrigues against Prussia; part of the income was paid, however, to the eldest agnate, the landgrave Frederick (d. 1884), and part, together with certain castles and palaces,

276-643: The Frankfurt Parliament , Frederick William joined the Prussian Northern Union, and deputies from Hesse-Kassel were sent to the Erfurt Parliament . But as Austria recovered strength, the Elector's policy changed. On 23 February 1850, Hassenpflug was again placed at the head of the administration and threw himself with renewed zeal into the struggle against the constitution and into opposition to

322-513: The Kingdom of Prussia . On 2 September, the Diet was dissolved; the taxes were continued by Electoral ordinance; and the country was placed under martial law. It was at once clear, however, that the Elector could not depend on his officers or troops, who remained faithful to their oath to the constitution. Hassenpflug persuaded the Elector to leave Kassel secretly with him, and on 15 October, appealed for aid to

368-553: The Kingdom of Westphalia under the rule of Jérôme Bonaparte . After the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, the French were driven out of Hesse-Kassel, and on 21 November, the Elector returned in triumph to his capital, Kassel . A treaty concluded by him with the Coalition (2 December) stipulated that he was to receive back all his former territories, or their equivalent, and at the same time restored

414-748: The Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt . The reign of the Landgrave William IX was an important epoch in the history of Hesse-Kassel. Ascending the throne in 1785, he took part in the War of the First Coalition against French First Republic a few years later, but in 1795 the Peace of Basel was signed. In 1801 he lost his possessions on the left bank of the Rhine , but in 1803 he was compensated for these losses with some former French territory around Mainz , and at

460-532: The Steuerverein , to join the Zollverein ; and the southern states, which had agreed to admit Austria to the union, found themselves forced in 1853 to renew the old union, from which Austria was excluded. Delbrück now began, with the support of Otto von Bismarck , to apply the principles of free trade to Prussian fiscal policy. In 1862 Delbrück concluded an important commercial treaty with France . In 1867 he became

506-542: The County of Schaumburg (which bordered independent Schaumburg Lippe) remained outside of the Steuerverein. Negotiations took place between Hanover and Prussia, prior to the defection of Brunswick, but Electoral Hesse vetoed this prospect. The Prussian government district of Minden formed a salient into the territory of the Steuerverein. By agreement with Hanover, Oldenburg and Brunswick, the Prussian government joined various parts of

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552-569: The Duchy of Birkenfeld and the Principality of Lübeck , were not included. Likewise some exclaves of Brunswick and Hanover. Many of these excluded areas were included in the Prussian customs administration. Conversely, some Prussian exclaves and the county Minden in Prussia were connected to the Steuerverein. The Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe joined in 1838. The detached part of Electoral Hesse known as

598-405: The Elector to reassemble the chambers, which he had dismissed at the first sign of opposition; and he avenged himself by refusing to transact any public business. In 1866, the end came. The elector, Frederick William, full of grievances against Prussia, threw in his lot with Austria; the electorate was at once overrun with Prussian troops; Kassel was occupied (20 June); and the Elector was taken as

644-641: The Estates were dissolved. William I died on 27 February 1821 and was succeeded by his son, William II . Under him, the constitutional crisis in Kassel came to a head. He was arbitrary and avaricious, like his father, and moreover shocked public sentiment by his treatment of his wife, a popular Prussian princess , and his relations with his mistress, one Emilie Ortlöpp , whom he created Countess of Reichenbach-Lessonitz and loaded with wealth. The July Revolution in Paris gave

690-424: The Prussian customs unions, but rather from the requirements of a population upon which the higher duties of the Zollverein external tariff would have been injurious because of import duties on articles of consumption, especially colonial produce, of which Hanover was a large importer. In 1837 a Convention between the Zollverein and Steuerverein was signed which greatly reduced Zollverein import duties on imports from

736-537: The Steuerverein States, such as corn, hops, butter, leather, iron, glass, and earthenware; duties on linen and linen-yarn were entirely removed. In return, the Steuerverein took measures to suppress smuggling into the Zollverein, including adjustments of outlying territory to provide a more easily policed customs cordon. Parts of the Steuerverein member states did not belong to the Steuerverein territory. Provinces of Oldenburg situated in other parts of Germany, namely

782-492: The Steuerverein. This treaty and six supplementary agreements facilitated trade across their mutual customs border. In 1846 Hanover reached a trade agreement making important tariff concessions to the United States of America. Oldenburg followed suit in 1847. At this time Steuerverein production was mainly agricultural and largely exported, whilst the consumption of imports per capita was reckoned to be more than double that of

828-471: The Zollverein and the Steuerverein (the first two including territories beyond the German Confederation). However the tariff regimes of the three unions were quite different. The Austrian was hitherto a prohibitive tariff, whilst the Zollverein had a protective tariff and the Steuerverein a financial tariff (i.e. tax raising rather than protecting domestic industry). This scheme if realised would change

874-420: The Zollverein on 1 January 1854. Hanover negotiated most favourable terms. As well as her share of the Zollverein customs and tax revenues in proportion to her population, Hanover received an annual "praecipium", which was a bonus amounting to two-thirds of her entitlement to net receipts of the Zollverein. The initial estimate of the "praecipium" was 767,000 thalers (£115,000 sterling). This was to compensate for

920-429: The Zollverein. Accession to the Zollverein, under the external tariff then in force, would raise the import duties on articles of consumption, especially on Colonial produce, resulting in an increase in the cost of living, and thus also of production. For example, sugar duties in the Zollverein were 9 thalers per quintal (i.e. a hundredweight or 50 kg), but only 3 thalers in the Steuerverein. The Zollverein duty on wine

966-661: The Zollverein. By an agreement between Hanover and Schaumburg-Lippe on 25 September 1851, the latter adhered to the arrangements in the Prussia-Hanover treaty. Oldenburg acceded by means of a treaty with Hanover and Prussia (jointly) dated 1 March 1, 1852. Both the Zollverein and Steuerverein treaties were due to expire in 1853, which provided the opportunity to negotiate new terms. Electorate of Hesse 52°N 9°E  /  52°N 9°E  / 52; 9 The Electorate of Hesse ( German : Kurfürstentum Hessen ), also known as Hesse-Kassel or Kurhessen ,

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1012-541: The Zollverein. Negotiations were held between Rudolf von Delbrück , Ministerial-Director of the Prussian Ministry of Commerce and Dr. Otto Klenze, General-Director for Indirect Taxes in the Hanoverian Interior Ministry. As both states wanted to avoid Austria frustrating their progress, this was kept secret. A treaty was soon agreed between Prussia and Hanover on 7 September 1851, by which Hanover joined

1058-554: The ancient constitution of his country. This treaty, so far as the territories were concerned, was implemented by the Great Powers at the Congress of Vienna . They refused, however, the Elector's request to be recognized as "King of the Chatti " ( König der Katten ). At the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) , he was listed with the grand dukes as a "Royal Highness." William chose to retain

1104-584: The army to revert to the old uniforms and powdered pigtails. The Estates (Parliament), indeed, were summoned in March 1815, but the attempt to devise a constitution broke down; their appeal to the Federal Assembly Bundesversammlung at Frankfurt to call the Elector to order in the matter of the debt and the domains came to nothing, owing to the intervention of Klemens von Metternich ; and in May 1816

1150-554: The consequent friction with the Diet (lower house) was aggravated when, in 1832, Hans Hassenpflug was placed at the head of the administration. All the efforts of William II and his minister were directed to nullifying the constitutional controls vested in the Diet; and the Opposition was fought by manipulating the elections, packing the judicial bench, and a vexatious and petty persecution of political "suspects", and this policy continued after

1196-451: The constitution of 1831, together with the reforms of 1848, and in April issued a new provisional constitution, under which the new diet had very narrow powers; and the elector was free to carry out his policy of amassing money, forbidding the construction of railways and factories, and imposing strict orthodoxy on churches and schools. In 1855, however, Hassenpflug who had returned with the Elector

1242-471: The country, and shots were exchanged between the outposts. But Prussia was in no condition to take up the challenge; and the diplomatic contest that followed resulted in the Austrian triumph at Olmütz (1851). Hesse was surrendered to the federal diet; the taxes were collected by the federal forces, and all officials who refused to recognize the new order were dismissed. In March 1852, the federal diet abolished

1288-458: The district of Minden to the Steuerverein (1841). Due to the geographical location, the inhabitants of the neighbouring parts of the Steuerverein habitually used the town of Minden for the sale of their arable and livestock farming products. Prussia allowed this trade to continue duty free so that Minden could continue to benefit as a market centre for the region. Brunswick defected to the Zollverein in 1841, causing much bad feeling with Hanover. At

1334-555: The division of the Landgraviate of Hesse between the heirs of Philip I of Hesse ("the Magnanimous") after his death. Philip's eldest son, William IV , received Hesse-Kassel, which comprised about half the area of the Landgraviate of Hesse, including the capital, Kassel. William's brothers received Hesse-Marburg and Hesse-Rheinfels , but their lines died out within a generation, and the territories then reverted to Hesse-Kassel and to

1380-679: The electorate. The state was the only electorate within the German Confederation . It consisted of several detached territories to the north of Frankfurt , which survived until the state was annexed by Prussia in 1866 following the Austro-Prussian War . The Elector's formal titles included "Elector of Hesse, Prince of Fulda ( Fürst von Fulda ), Prince of Hersfeld , Hanau , Fritzlar and Isenburg , Count of Katzenelnbogen , Dietz , Ziegenhain , Nidda , and Schaumburg ." The Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel originated in 1567 with

1426-478: The first president of the chancery of the North German Confederation , and represented Bismarck on the federal tariff council (Zollbundesrath), a position of political as well as fiscal importance owing to the presence in the council of representatives of the southern states. In. 1868 he became a Prussian minister without portfolio. In October 1870, when the union of Germany under Prussian headship became

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1472-476: The loss of profits from the transit trade, and as a consideration for the greater consumption of taxed articles, such as foreign wines and colonial produce, compare with the Zollverein. Also, import duties on wine, coffee, molasses, tea, and brandy were reduced (by 50% in the case of brandy). Another concession was that British iron could be imported free of duty, for the completion of the Hanoverian railway lines, for

1518-476: The now empty title of prince-elector, with the predicate of "Royal Highness". William I had marked his restoration by abolishing with a stroke of the pen all the reforms introduced under the French regime, repudiating the Westphalian debt and declaring null and void the sale of the crown domains. Everything was set back to its condition on 1 November 1806; even the officials had to descend to their former rank, and

1564-531: The reconstituted federal diet, which willingly passed a decree of "intervention". On 1 November an Austrian and Bavarian force marched into the Electorate. This was a direct challenge to Prussia, which under conventions with the Elector had the right to use the military roads through Hesse that were her sole means of communication with her exclaves in the Rhine provinces. War seemed imminent; Prussian troops also entered

1610-518: The regulation were the trade in salt (a state monopoly). Since the contracting parties could not reach an agreement on the amount of the external customs duties, the contract did not come into force. In addition, Electoral Hesse joined the Prussian-Hessian Customs Union instead. A new attempt to forge a north German customs union was made and an agreement between Hanover and Brunswick came into force on 1 June 1835. The two states agreed

1656-402: The retirement of Hassenpflug in 1837. The consequences emerged in the revolutionary year 1848 in a general manifestation of public discontent; and Frederick William, who had become Elector on his father's death (20 November 1847), was forced to dismiss his reactionary ministry and to agree to a comprehensive programme of democratic reform. This, however, was short lived. After the breakdown of

1702-470: The same time a treaty for the prolongation of the Steuerverein was contracted by Hanover, Oldenburg, and Schaumburg-Lippe. Brunswick insisted upon its outlying dependencies being included with the Zollverein, resulting in extensive smuggling along interlacing portions of Hanoverian and Brunswick territory. So the two unions agreed by treaty in 1845 that the Hartz and Weser districts of Brunswick were reincorporated in

1748-460: The same time he was raised to the dignity of Prince-elector ( Kurfürst ) William I, a title he retained even after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire . In 1806, William I signed a treaty of neutrality with Napoleon Bonaparte , but after the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt , the latter, suspecting William's designs, occupied his country and expelled him. Hesse-Kassel was then incorporated to

1794-473: The service of the state in 1837; and after holding a series of minor posts was transferred in 1848 to the ministry of commerce, which was to be the sphere of his real life's work. The states of the German Confederation , including Prussia and the Austrian Empire , had realized the influence of commercial upon political union. Delbrück in 1851 induced Hanover , Oldenburg , and Schaumburg-Lippe , who formed

1840-452: The signal for disturbances; William II was forced to summon the Estates, and on 6 January 1831, a constitution on the ordinary Liberal basis was signed. The Elector now retired to Hanau , appointed his son Frederick William as regent, and took no further part in public affairs. Frederick William, without his father's coarseness, had a full share of his arbitrary and avaricious temper. Constitutional restrictions were intolerable to him; and

1886-431: The tariff of the Zollverein towards higher duties, rather than cause it to be assimilated to the lower tariff of the Steuerverein. Thus the proposal was received with little favour in the Steuerverein, especially the government and press of Hanover. However, Prussia decided to draw in the Steuerverein states into the Zollverein, even at the cost of large concessions, which might risk the defection of south German states from

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1932-510: Was 48 thalers per hogshead (this Hanoverian measure being equal to 234 litres), while in the Steuerverein it was only 18 thalers. The same disparity existed between the duties on raw and manufactured iron. The Hanoverian and Prussian thaler (or dollar) was equivalent to 2s 10¾d sterling. In 1850, Austria proposed an amalgamation of the three customs unions in Germany, that of the Austrian Empire,

1978-489: Was a Prussian statesman at the time of Otto von Bismarck . Delbrück was born at Berlin , Province of Brandenburg . He came of a distinguished family, his father, Johann Friedrich Gottlieb Delbrück (d. 1830), having been preceptor of the two Prussian princes afterwards known as King Frederick William IV and Emperor William I . Rudolf von Delbrück studied in Halle, Bonn, and Berlin. On completing his legal studies, he entered

2024-559: Was a state whose prince was given the right to elect the Emperor by the Imperial diet in 1803 . When the Holy Roman Empire was abolished in 1806, its prince, William I , chose to retain the title of Elector , even though there was no longer an Emperor to elect. In 1807, with the Treaties of Tilsit , the area was annexed to the Kingdom of Westphalia , but in 1814, the Congress of Vienna restored

2070-515: Was assigned to the also dispossessed cadet lines of Hesse-Philippsthal and Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld . Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). "Hesse"  . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 410–411. Rudolf von Delbr%C3%BCck Martin Friedrich Rudolf von Delbrück ( German pronunciation: [ˈʁuːdɔlf fɔn ˈdɛl.bʁʏk] ; 16 April 1817 – 1 February 1903)

2116-476: Was dismissed; and five years later, after a period of growing agitation, a new constitution was granted with the consent of the federal diet (30 May 1860). The new chambers demanded the constitution of 1831; and, after several dissolutions which always resulted in the return of the same members, the federal diet decided to restore the constitution of 1831 (14 May 1862). This had been due to a threat of Prussian occupation; and it needed another such threat to persuade

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