154-562: State and official visits to the United States are formal visits by the head of state (state visit) or chief of government (official visit) from one country to the United States, during which the president of the United States acts as official host of the visitor. State visits are considered to be the highest expression of friendly bilateral relations between the United States and a foreign state and are, in general, characterized by an emphasis on official public ceremonies. The first visit of
308-461: A consequence, Libya was more ready to ration output in order to conserve its natural wealth and less responsive to moderating its price-rise demands than the other countries. Petroleum was seen both as a means of financing the economic and social development of a woefully underdeveloped country and as a political weapon to brandish in the Arab struggle against Israel. The increase in production that followed
462-524: A figure that subsequently rose to 70 percent. Total nationalization was out of the question, given the need for foreign expertise and funds in oil exploration, production, and distribution. Insisting on the continued use of petroleum as leverage against Israel and its supporters in the West, Libya strongly urged the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) to take action in 1973 , and Libyan militancy
616-511: A foreign leader. All military honours are organized by Section D of the Ministry of Defence . State banquets are also held for foreign dignitaries at the Rashtrapati Bhavan which are hosted by the president of India . Over 100 guests are invited to attend state banquets, including the vice-president of India , the prime minister of India , as well as government officials and leaders of
770-603: A foreign state to the United States was the state visit of the then-independent Kingdom of Hawaii in 1874; this was followed by the state visit of Brazil in 1876. Since then, numerous heads of state and government have been formally received by the president of the United States in Washington . In addition to, and more frequently than, state and official visits, the United States also receives foreign dignitaries on official working visits, which are primarily functional trips that occur with less or no ceremony. State visits are visits to
924-424: A formal invitation to the head of state (or representative) of the nation being visited who at another time in the future, would pay a reciprocal state visit. While the costs of a state visit are usually borne by state funds of the host country, most nations host fewer than ten state visits per year, with some as few as two. Most foreign heads of state (or their representative) will stay in the official residence of
1078-462: A head of state (their representative) or a head of government , can be classified (in descending order of magnitude) as either an official visit , an official working visit , a working visit , a guest-of-government visit , or a private visit . In parliamentary democracies , while heads of state (or their representative) may formally issue and accept invitations, they do so on the advice of their heads of government , who usually decide on when
1232-594: A joint session to memorialize the centennial of the death of the Marquis de Lafayette .) Beginning the day before the arrival of the visitor, and continuing through their stay, lamp posts on Pennsylvania Avenue will be outfitted with the visiting state's flag, as well as that of the United States and the District of Columbia. The flag of the visiting state will also be displayed over the East Executive Avenue entrance to
1386-408: A large number of round tables, instead of one or a few long banquet tables, was initiated by Jacqueline Kennedy . Traditionally, tables have been segregated by gender, however, during the administrations of Jimmy Carter and Barack Obama, married couples were permitted to be seated together. The evening following the state or official dinner, it is customary for the visitor to host a return dinner at
1540-448: A large percentage of those charged were acquitted, sentences of up to fifteen years in prison and heavy fines were imposed on others. Five death sentences, all but one of them in absentia , were pronounced; among them, one against Idris. Former Queen Fatima and former Crown Prince Hasan were sentenced to five and three years in prison, respectively. Meanwhile, Gaddafi and the RCC had disbanded
1694-509: A largely functional nature and done to conduct business, such as negotiations, consultations, or treaty signings. Private visits are visits of a head of state or chief of government to the United States for personal reasons, such as a holiday or for medical treatment. Due, perhaps, to the geographic isolation of the United States, the first visit by a foreign head of state did not occur until nearly one hundred years after independence, when President Ulysses S. Grant received King Kalākaua of
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#17328556167901848-446: A law was introduced affirming equality of the sexes and insisting on wage parity. In 1971, Gaddafi sponsored the creation of a Libyan General Women's Federation . In 1972, a law was passed criminalizing the marriage of any females under the age of sixteen and ensuring that a woman's consent was a necessary prerequisite for a marriage. Remaking of the economy was parallel with the attempt to remold political and social institutions. Until
2002-636: A platoon of National Guards presenting arms at the arrival of the state guest at the entrance of the National Palace. After the state guest arrives with the president of Mexico (and his or her first partner, if present) in the palace' south courtyard the NG's Presidential Guards honor guard company presents arms while the Representative Music Band of the Mexican Armed Forces plays the anthems of
2156-695: A private invitation to Jiang Zemin for a less formal meeting at the White House, but the Chinese government (represented by Foreign Minister Qian Qichen ) declined, "based not on any substantive disagreement, but on China's insistence that Mr. Jiang deserved a formal state." Jiang did meet with Clinton at the United Nations General Assembly in New York in October 1995, but there was no Chinese state visit to
2310-411: A proportion of informants on par with Ba'athist Iraq and Juche Korea . Filled with politically astute zealots, the ubiquitous revolutionary committees in 1979 assumed control of BPC elections. Although they were not official government organs, the revolutionary committees became another mainstay of the domestic political scene. As with the people's committees and other administrative innovations since
2464-588: A result of a foreign policy dispute. British Petroleum rejected as inadequate a Libyan offer of compensation, and the British treasury banned Libya from participation in the Sterling Area . In 1973, the Libyan government announced the nationalization of a controlling interest in all other petroleum companies operating in the country. This step gave Libya control of about 60 percent of its domestic oil production by early 1974,
2618-478: A serious intent to bring the "defunct regime" to account. In 1971 and 1972, more than 200 former government officials (including seven prime ministers and numerous cabinet ministers), as well as former King Idris and members of the royal family, were brought to the Libyan People's Court to be tried on charges of treason and corruption. Many, who lived in exile (including Idris), were tried in absentia . Although
2772-784: A state or official visit; the name, in this case, refers to the rank of the host of the dinner (the president of the United States), not the visitor. The dress code for state dinners is determined in advance by the White House Social Secretary in consultation with the Office of the First Lady of the United States . Black tie or mess dress is usually prescribed for state dinners during official visits, while state dinners during state visits may be either black tie or mess dress, or white tie with decorations or mess dress. The president of
2926-476: A tour. State visits to the United States are always reciprocated, at a later time, with a state visit by the United States. In addition, U.S. diplomatic policy is to host no more than one state visit from any single nation in a four-year period. Because of these rules, some visits of foreign states with executive presidents may be classified as official visits, instead of state visits. There are, in addition, working visits and official working visits, which are of
3080-675: A trip to the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor , famed as the site of the Terracotta Army . In 1992, Boris Yeltsin described his cruise on the Ceremonial Barge Chesapeake with George H. W. Bush : ... there was a wonderful pleasure trip on a boat on the river which lasted an hour and 15 minutes. And even during that trip we worked, and we discussed a lot of issues that we will continue to talk about and will raise again at
3234-572: A visit to the National War Memorial . State and official visits by Canada are performed by the Canadian monarch or a representative—the governor general, a lieutenant governor , or another member of the royal family . The first state visit by Canada was to the United States in 1937, when the US accorded the governor general the equivalent status given to a visiting head of state. Tours of Canada by
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#17328556167903388-411: A visiting dignitary on a state or official visit may sometimes undertake a tour that lasts as long as ten days. State visit A state visit is a formal visit by the head of a sovereign country (or representative of the head of a sovereign country) to another sovereign country, at the invitation of the head of state (or representative) of that foreign country, with the latter also acting as
3542-455: A wealthy state. Although oil drastically improved the Libyan government's finances, resentment began to build over the increased concentration of the nation's wealth in the hands of King Idris . This discontent mounted with the rise of Nasserism and Arab nationalism / socialism throughout North Africa and the Middle East. On 1 September 1969, a group of about 70 young army officers known as
3696-529: Is also held at Victory Square . A bilateral meeting, press conference, and state dinner are all held at the Ala Archa State Residence . The Kyrgyz official welcoming group includes the chairman of the Supreme Council, the prime minister, and the minister of foreign affairs. The official morning breakfast reception takes place from 11:00 am to 3:00 pm. Arrival ceremonies are also held at
3850-603: Is held by the premier. If a president, governor-general or king visits, the welcoming ceremony is held by the president. The People's Liberation Army (PLA) Honor Guard then marches off the square to the tune of the March of the Chinese People's Liberation Army . The ceremony ends with the marching band of the PLA performing an exhibition of military drill . During state visits, national awards are presented to visiting dignitaries, including
4004-440: Is usually accompanied by a senior government minister, usually by a foreign minister . Behind the diplomatic protocol , delegations made up from trade organizations also accompany the visiting head of state, offer an opportunity to network and develop economic, cultural, and social links with industry leaders in the nation being visited. At the end of a state visit, the foreign head of state (or representative) traditionally issues
4158-411: The 1986 United States bombing of Libya . Gaddafi defended his government's actions by citing the need to support anti-imperialist and anti-colonial movements around the world. Notably, Gaddafi supported anti-Zionist , pan-Arab , pan-Africanist , Arab and black civil rights movements. Gaddafi's behavior, often erratic, led some outsiders ( from the West, perhaps as propoganda) to conclude that he
4312-653: The Armenian genocide at the Tsitsernakaberd complex. During a visit to the complex, most leaders receive a tour of the museum, plant trees near the memorial, and lay wreaths at the eternal flame. A state visit in Belgium starts with an inspection of the troops in front of the Royal Palace of Brussels , whereafter the king and queen have a private audience with the visiting head of state and his or her spouse. The first day of
4466-668: The Berlin Victory Column , the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe , and the Soviet War Memorial (Tiergarten) . During state visits, foreign dignitaries typically visit German federal states outside the capital. It this regard, a full honors ceremony is also held with the minister-president being the presiding officer. In break with the traditional Berlin military protocol, chairs have since July 2019 been set up outside
4620-707: The Corazzieri and a selected ceremonial unit such as the Honour Company "Goito" from the 1° Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna") and a supporting military band that performs 3 Ruffles and flourishes known as "Onori" ("Honors") prior to playing the national anthem of the dignitary's home country and Il Canto degli Italiani . In recent years, the Bersaglieri , the Carabinieri , and the Italian Navy have provided honor guards for
4774-833: The Japan Self-Defense Forces . State visits are planned in accordance with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs one month in advance. Arrival ceremonies for state visits to Kyrgyzstan typically take place at Manas International Airport with the participation of the Honour Guard Battalion of the 701st Military Unit of the National Guard and the Band of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Kyrgyzstan . A wreath-laying ceremony
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4928-628: The Kingdom of Hawaii in December 1874. This was followed, two years later, with a visit by Emperor Dom Pedro II of the Empire of Brazil , again received by Grant. State and official visits have sometimes been controversial. A discussed 1995 state visit by China, for example, never materialized after the administration of Bill Clinton decided it was unwilling to face the criticism from Congress and others that such an invitation would prompt. President Clinton extended
5082-523: The Netherlands revolve around and are centered on the capital of Amsterdam . A characteristic of a state visit is that it is usually carried out by a foreign head of state , rather than a head of government . Upon arrival to the country, the dignitary will be given a tour through the capital, which includes a wreath-laying ceremony at the National Monument . Foreign dignitaries are usually received by
5236-734: The Order of Friendship . Since 1954, the State Protection Unit has provided motorcades for visiting dignitaries traveling from the airport to their meeting place. A 30-minute ceremony at the Plaza of the National Performing Arts Center in Taipei takes place to honor visiting dignitaries to the Republic of China (Taiwan) . After the anthems are played, the president escorts the visitor past
5390-533: The Polisario Front . Gaddafi's government was either known to be or suspected of participating in or aiding attacks by these and other liberation alliance forces. Additionally, Gaddafi undertook several invasions of neighboring states in Africa, notably Chad in the 1970s and 1980s . All of his actions led to a deterioration of Libya's foreign relations with several countries, mostly Western states , and culminated in
5544-578: The President of Finland , inspects the guard of honor to the rhythm of the Björneborgarnas marsch . After the inspection of the honor guard and the performance of the national anthems, the heads of state greet the public from the balcony of the Presidential Palace, from where they move to the yellow salon to drink welcome toasts, take official photos and exchange gifts and badges of honor. Usually,
5698-519: The President's Bodyguard (PBG) , and the Tri-Services Guard of Honour . Heads of state are also given a 21-gun salute, with a 19-gun salute being to heads of government . The massed bands and the commander of the guard of honour is chosen by a rotation between the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force. In 2015, Wing Commander Pooja Thakur became the first female officer to lead the guard of honour for
5852-477: The President's Guest House (also known as Blair House), a 119-room guesthouse complex across the street from the White House. During the residence of a foreign dignitary, the dignitary's official standard is displayed on the building's flagpole. In cases of dignitaries who do not have official standards, the respective nation's flag is displayed instead. On occasions where two or more foreign visitors of equal rank are visiting Washington, neither are invited to stay at
6006-687: The Presidential Palace , involving the Honor Guard Company and the Presidential Band . During the inspection, the foreign guest will greet the personnel of the company in the Romanian language (the dignitary will say buna ziua or "good morning" to which the soldiers will respond by saying salutari or "greetings"). Foreign guests may also visit the Gagauz capital of Comrat . State visits in
6160-857: The Senate of France , and will hold meetings with members of parliament. Sometime during the state visit, the visiting dignitary will lay a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the Arc de Triomphe . State visits in Georgia are held outside the Presidential Palace of Georgia in Tbilisi . Ceremonial honours are provided by the Honour Guard and the Band of the National Guard of Georgia . The band plays Georgian Army songs during
6314-508: The Senussi order and officially downgraded its historical role in achieving Libya's independence. He also declared regional and tribal issues to be "obstructions" in the path of social advancement and Arab unity, dismissing traditional leaders and drawing administrative boundaries across tribal groupings . The Free Officers Movement was renamed " Arab Socialist Union " (ASU) in 1971 (modeled after Egypt's Arab Socialist Union ), while also becoming
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6468-643: The Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries, all the while maintaining Libya's stance as a nonaligned country and opposing the spread of communism in the Arab world. Libya's army—sharply increased from the 6,000-man pre-revolutionary force that had been trained and equipped by the British—was armed with Soviet-built armor and missiles. The economic base for Libya's revolution has been its oil revenues. However, Libya's petroleum reserves were small compared with those of other major Arab petroleum-producing states. As
6622-550: The State Dining Room . Those for which guests exceeding the capacity of the room have been invited may overflow into the adjoining Red Room . On some occasions, weather permitting, the dinner is held outdoors, such as during the official visit of Chancellor Ludwig Erhard in 1964 or the state visit of the United Kingdom in 1976. Guests at White House state dinners are seated at ten-person round tables. The practice of using
6776-513: The United States Chief of Protocol , the United States ambassador to the visiting state, the visiting state's ambassador to the United States, the commanding general of Joint Base Andrews, and two or three prominent personages designated by the Chief of Protocol. As the visitor walks down the air stairs, the U.S. Air Force Band performs "Arrival Fanfare Number One". At the bottom of the stairs,
6930-722: The Vice President of the United States and the United States Secretary of State ; the president of the United States does not attend. Luncheons typically follow the White House or Pentagon arrival ceremony and are held in the Benjamin Franklin State Dining Room . They are served in three courses. A dinner at the White House is held in the evening after the White House arrival ceremony in the case of state and official visits. Dinners are appropriately referred to as state dinners whether or not they occur during
7084-439: The official host for the duration of the state visit. Speaking for the host, it is generally called a state reception . State visits are considered to be the highest expression of friendly bilateral relations between two sovereign states , and are in general characterised by an emphasis on official public ceremonies. Less formal visits than a state visit to another country with a lesser emphasis on ceremonial events, by either
7238-438: The sole legal party in Gaddafi's Libya. It acted as a "vehicle of national expression", purporting to "raise the political consciousness of Libyans" and to "aid the RCC in formulating public policy through debate in open forums". Trade unions were incorporated into the ASU and strikes outlawed. The press, already subject to censorship, was officially conscripted in 1972 as an agent of the revolution. Italians (and what remained of
7392-461: The "encircling, demonic forces of reaction, imperialism, and Zionism"), increasingly devoted attention to international rather than internal affairs. As a result, routine administrative tasks fell to Major Jallud, who became prime minister in place of Gaddafi, in 1972. Two years later, Jallud assumed Gaddafi's remaining administrative and protocol duties to allow Gaddafi to devote his time to revolutionary theorizing. Gaddafi remained commander-in-chief of
7546-490: The "revolutionary committees", which were nominally grass-roots organizations that helped keep the people engaged. As a result, although Gaddafi held no formal government office after 1979, he retained control of the government and the country. Gaddafi also remained supreme commander of the armed forces. All legislative and executive authority was vested in the GPC. This body, however, delegated most of its important authority to its general secretary and General Secretariat and to
7700-410: The "separation of the state from the revolution" were complete. The government was divided into two parts, the "Jamahiriya sector" and the "revolutionary sector". The "Jamahiriya sector" was composed of the General People's Congress, the General People's Committee, and the local Basic People's Congresses . Gaddafi relinquished his position as general secretary of the General People's Congress, as which he
7854-521: The 1969 revolution was accompanied by Libyan demands for higher petroleum prices, a greater share of revenues, and more control over the development of the country's petroleum industry. Foreign petroleum companies agreed to a price hike of more than three times the going rate (from US$ 0.90 to US$ 3.45 per barrel) early in 1971. In December, the Libyan government suddenly nationalized the holdings of British Petroleum in Libya and withdrew funds amounting to approximately US$ 550 million invested in British banks as
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#17328556167908008-405: The 21-gun salute is the State Honors Artillery Battery, coming under the 1st Artillery Battalion (Separate) of the 1st Army Corps. The State Diplomatic Protocol (SDP) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Moldova organizes activities concerning state visits to the Moldovan capital of Chișinău . All state arrival ceremonies take place at the Presidential Administration or
8162-403: The 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment, the U.S. Navy Ceremonial Guard, the U.S. Air Force Honor Guard, the U.S. Coast Guard Ceremonial Honor Guard , the White House sentries , Alpha Company of the garrison of Marine Barracks Washington , and selected other personnel. For official working visits, a different arrival ceremony will be held at the parade ground of the Pentagon, instead of the South Lawn of
8316-401: The British and American military withdrawal from the new republic. The last of the American contingent turned the facility over to the Libyans on 11 June 1970, a date thereafter celebrated in Libya as a national holiday. On 27 March 1970, the British air base in El Adem and the naval base in Tobruk were abandoned. As relations with the U.S. steadily deteriorated, Gaddafi forged close links with
8470-429: The Ceremonial Office of the Ministry of Defense handles protocol related to the Italian Armed Forces , and the Diplomatic Ceremonial Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs handles protocol related to the diplomatic corps. Japan extends invitations for state visitors and official visitors aims to promote the friendship and relation between Japan and the country of the invitee. In addition to state and official visits,
8624-404: The Chancellery due to Chancellor Angela Merkel 's unusual episodes of shaking and uneasiness during the honours ceremony. Currently, only Moldovan Premier Maia Sandu and Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen have had to be received under this arrangement. Foreign leaders are received at the Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi during state visits. The dignitary first receives the salute from
8778-403: The East Court of the Great Hall of the People on Tiananmen Square in Beijing . The guard of honour for the ceremony is provided by the Beijing Garrison Honor Guard , with musical accompaniment provided by the Central Military Band of the People's Liberation Army of China . As the military band plays the national anthems of the two countries, an artillery battery fires a 21-gun salute. After
8932-403: The Egyptian experience and the charismatic figure of Nasser had formed the model for the Free Officers Movement. As the RCC in the last months of 1969 moved vigorously to institute domestic reforms, it proclaimed neutrality in the confrontation between the superpowers and opposition to all forms of colonialism and imperialism. It also made clear Libya's dedication to Arab unity and to the support of
9086-400: The Eisenhower Executive Building. On some state visits, foreign leaders have visited Mount Vernon , the Virginia home of George Washington . In 1944, General Charles de Gaulle , then the leader of the Free French Forces , traveled to the United States. The trip was treated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as "something less than a state visit" but still featured "a schedule that had all
9240-419: The Free Officers Movement and enlisted men mostly assigned to the Signal Corps , seized control of the government and in a stroke abolished the Libyan monarchy. The coup was launched at Benghazi , and within two hours the takeover was completed. Army units quickly rallied in support of the coup, and within a few days firmly established military control in Tripoli and throughout the country. Popular reception of
9394-452: The General People's Committee, which replaced the Council of Ministers, its members now called secretaries rather than ministers. The Libyan government claimed that the Jamahiriya was a direct democracy without any political parties , governed by its populace through local popular councils and communes (named Basic People's Congresses ). Official rhetoric disdained the idea of a nation state , tribal bonds remaining primary, even within
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#17328556167909548-403: The General People's Committee. Gaddafi, as general secretary of the GPC, remained the primary decision maker, just as he had been when chairman of the RCC. In turn, all adults had the right and duty to participate in the deliberation of their local Basic People's Congress (BPC), whose decisions were passed up to the GPC for consideration and implementation as national policy. The BPCs were in theory
9702-483: The German Wachbataillon (Guard battalion) and the Staff Band of the Bundeswehr . An exception to this was on 3 May 2007 during the visit of French President Jacques Chirac to Berlin, during which the Franco-German Brigade provided the honors. Depending on the status of the guest, state ceremonies are either held at the Bellevue Palace or the Federal Chancellery Complex . In recent years, state visits have been marked with dignitaries paying homage at memorials such as
9856-504: The Japanese government also extends several other forms of invitations to visit the country. The invitation of official practical visitors, practical visitors, and visitors to Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs aim to promote negotiations, to strengthen security and to be used for policy coordination, etc. The invitation of ministers is an invitation extended to ministers from other countries, and aims to have them deepen their understanding of Japan and send information about Japan based on
10010-460: The Jewish community) were expelled from the country, their property confiscated in October 1970. In 1972, Libya joined the Federation of Arab Republics with Egypt and Syria ; the previously-intended union of pan-Arabic states, never coming to fruition, went effectively dormant after 1973. As months passed, Gaddafi, caught up in his apocalyptic visions of revolutionary Pan-Arabism and Islam (both locked in mortal struggle with what he termed
10164-500: The Libyan government after the coup. In its initial proclamation on 1 September, the RCC declared the country to be a free and sovereign state called the Libyan Arab Republic , which would proceed "in the path of freedom, unity, and social justice, guaranteeing the right of equality to its citizens, and opening before them the doors of honorable work." The rule of the Turks and Italians and the "reactionary" government just overthrown were characterized as belonging to "dark ages", from which
10318-448: The Libyan people were called to move forward as "free brothers" to a new age of prosperity, equality, and honor. The RCC advised diplomatic representatives in Libya that the revolutionary changes had not been directed from outside the country, that existing treaties and agreements would remain in effect, and that foreign lives and property would be protected. Diplomatic recognition of the new government came quickly from countries throughout
10472-597: The Palestinian cause against Israel. The RCC reaffirmed the country's identity as part of the "Arab nation" and its state religion as Islam . It abolished parliamentary institutions, all legislative functions being assumed by the RCC, and continued the prohibition against political parties, in effect since 1952. The new government categorically rejected communism – in large part because it was atheist – and officially espoused an Arab interpretation of socialism that integrated Islamic principles with social, economic, and political reform. Libya had shifted, virtually overnight, from
10626-474: The President's Guest House. The policy is in place to avoid the perception of favoritism. Some visiting dignitaries with whom the sitting president has a personal relationship have been invited to stay in the guest quarters at the White House, a suite of rooms in the southeast corner of the second floor of that building that includes the Lincoln Bedroom and Queens' Bedroom , plus their adjoining sitting rooms, dressing rooms and bathrooms. These are separated from
10780-488: The RCC decided to promote Captain Gaddafi to colonel and to appoint him commander in chief of the Libyan Armed Forces. Although RCC spokesmen declined until January 1970 to reveal any other names of RCC members, it was apparent from that date onward that the head of the RCC and new de facto head of state was Gaddafi. Analysts were quick to point out the striking similarities between the Libyan military coup of 1969 and that in Egypt under Nasser in 1952, and it became clear that
10934-405: The U.S. until 1997. Declining or canceling an invitation to a state or official visit can be interpreted as a rebuke of the United States on the international stage. In 1986, for instance, Hassan II of Morocco canceled a visit to Washington, D.C. Though the Moroccan government cited the king's personal fatigue as the reason, the cancellation was widely perceived as an expression of irritation with
11088-460: The U.S.' criticism over Moroccan relations with Gaddafi's Libya . In 2013, Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff canceled a planned state visit to the United States after revelations that the U.S. National Security Agency had spied on her communications and the communications of other Brazilian government officials. A wide variety of ceremonial activities occur during visits to the United States. The specific order of occurrence will vary based on
11242-399: The United States has not customarily worn decorations, with some exceptions as in cases where he has been invested into an order of the visiting state. Where applicable, visitors may wear national costume instead of evening dress . Visitors from socialist states, including Nikita Khrushchev and Hu Jintao , have, in the past, refused to wear evening dress. Dinners are typically held in
11396-436: The United States led by a foreign head of state acting in his or her sovereign capacity. They are, therefore, described as a "visit of [name of state]". State visits can only occur on the invitation of the president of the United States, acting in his capacity as head of the United States. Official visits, in contrast, are usually visits by the chief of government of a foreign state. Like state visits, they can only occur on
11550-635: The United States, the first such visit by a PRC head of state. U.S. President Ronald Reagan bid a welcome to President Li at a ceremony on the South Lawn of the White House. In 1997, Chinese Communist Party general secretary Jiang Zemin began his state visit to the United States (the second by a paramount leader of China, after Deng Xiaoping ) by visiting colonial Williamsburg and then Independence Hall in Philadelphia ; in 1998, President Bill Clinton reciprocated when he began his state visit to China with
11704-456: The White House. Many foreign heads of state over the years have also visited Monticello (the home of Thomas Jefferson ) over the years, sometimes accompanied by the U.S. president and sometimes not. The first trip to Monticello by a visiting foreign head of state was made by Indonesian Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir in September 1947. In July 1985, Chinese President Li Xiannian traveled to
11858-417: The White House. The presiding official of this form of arrival ceremony is the United States Secretary of Defense instead of the president. During the White House arrival ceremony Presidential Salute Battery fires cannon volleys from a firing position in President's Park during the performance of the visiting state's national anthem . During state and official visits, the visitor will be invited to use
12012-475: The armed forces and effective head of state. The foreign press speculated about an eclipse of his authority and personality within the RCC, but Gaddafi soon dispelled such theories by his measures to restructure Libyan society. After the September coup, U.S. forces proceeded deliberately with the planned withdrawal from Wheelus Air Base under the agreement made with the previous government. The foreign minister, Salah Busir , played an important role in negotiating
12166-410: The band finishes its performance, the two leaders then inspect the guard of honour at the invitation of the guard commander. Following the inspection, both leaders embrace schoolchildren who wave flowers and the flags of both countries. At this time, the band performs a military march or folk song from the guest country. If a prime minister or chancellor or crown prince visits China, the welcoming ceremony
12320-524: The body politic. Beginning in 1977, "revolutionary committees" were organized and assigned the task of "absolute revolutionary supervision of people's power"; that is, they were to guide the people's committees, "raise the general level of political consciousness and devotion to revolutionary ideals". In reality, the revolutionary committees were used to survey the population and repress any political opposition to Gaddafi's autocratic rule. Reportedly 10% to 20% of Libyans worked in surveillance for these committees,
12474-481: The camp of conservative Arab traditionalist states to that of the radical nationalist states. Following the formation of the Libyan Arab Republic , Gaddafi and his associates insisted that their government would not rest on individual leadership, but rather on collegial decision making. The first major cabinet change occurred soon after the first challenge to the government. In December 1969, Adam Said Hawwaz,
12628-512: The capital of Yerevan , with a welcoming ceremony usually being held at Zvartnots International Airport . Foreign heads of state are welcomed at the President's Residence while heads of government are welcomed at the Residence of the Prime Minister . These visits consist of the following components: Since 1991, foreign leaders who embark on visits to Armenia have paid tribute to the victims of
12782-618: The ceremony. The rest of the day includes bilateral meetings, one on one conversations, a joint press conference, and a state dinner, where the exchange of gifts and the awarding of honors takes place. The next day sees the laying of wreaths at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in the Altar of the Homeland . All protocol events in the capital are organized by the State Ceremonial Office. In particular,
12936-520: The chancery of his or her embassy in Washington. In general, during state visits the president and first lady will attend the return dinner. During official visits, only the Vice-President of the United States and their spouse will attend, though this custom is not one strictly observed and the president has attended return dinners during official visits, in addition to state visits. The day following
13090-502: The component jumhūr —"public"—to its plural form, jamāhīr —"the masses". Thus, it is similar to the term People's Republic . It is often left untranslated in English, with the long-form name thus rendered as Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya . However, in Hebrew , for instance, jamāhīrīyah is translated as "קהילייה" ( qehiliyáh ), a word also used to translate
13244-614: The concept of direct democracy that Gaddafi propounded in the first volume of The Green Book , which appeared in 1976. The same concept lay behind proposals to create a new political structure composed of "people's congresses". The centerpiece of the new system was the General People's Congress (GPC), a national representative body intended to replace the RCC. During this transition, on 7 April 1976, students of universities in Tripoli and Benghazi protested against human rights violations and
13398-446: The country became free and primary education compulsory for both sexes. Medical care became available to the public at no cost, but providing housing for all was a task the RCC government was unable to complete. Under Gaddafi, per capita income in the country rose to more than US$ 11,000 in nominal terms, and to over US$ 30,000 in PPP terms, the 5th highest in Africa. The increase in prosperity
13552-649: The country relaxed, in exchange for nuclear disarmament . In early 2011, a civil war broke out in the context of the wider Arab Spring . The rebel anti-Gaddafi forces formed a committee named the National Transitional Council in February 2011, to act as an interim authority in the rebel-controlled areas. After killings by government forces in addition to those by the rebel forces, a multinational coalition led by NATO forces intervened in March in support of
13706-599: The country's monarch (and other members of the royal family) are not state or official visits, as the monarch conducts royal tours in his capacity as the Canadian head of state, not as a foreign head of state. Additionally, because the Canadian sovereign is shared with 14 other Commonwealth realms , state visits are not conducted between realms, with official visits performed by the realms' respective governor-general , or prime minister . State arrival ceremonies in China take place at
13860-538: The coup, especially by younger people in the urban areas, was enthusiastic. Fears of resistance in Cyrenaica and Fezzan proved unfounded. No deaths or violent incidents related to the coup were reported. The Free Officers Movement, which claimed credit for carrying out the coup, was headed by a twelve-member directorate that designated itself the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC). This body constituted
14014-839: The delegation to the ROC president. The military welcome accorded to foreign leaders at Prague Castle are provided by troops of the Prague Castle Guard , Honor Guard of the Czech Armed Forces , the Czech Army Central Band , the Band of the Castle Guards and Police and units of the Prague Garrison Command . The Protocol Services of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is responsible for arranging high-level international visits and Finland's own state events. The task of
14168-415: The development of a broad range of economic activities that would continue to provide income after Libya's petroleum reserves had been exhausted. Agriculture was slated to receive the largest share of aid in an effort to make Libya self-sufficient in food and to help keep the rural population on the land. Industry, of which there was little before the revolution, also received a significant amount of funding in
14322-411: The economy. Thereafter, output stabilized at about two million barrels per day. Production and hence income declined yet again in the early 1980s because of the high price of Libyan crude and because recession in the industrialized world reduced demand for oil from all sources. Libya's Five-Year Economic and Social Transformation Plan (1976–80), announced in 1975, was programmed to pump US$ 20 billion into
14476-714: The first development plan as well as in the second, launched in 1981. The "remaking of Libyan society" contained in Gaddafi's ideological visions began to be put into practice formally in 1973, with a cultural revolution. This revolution was designed to create bureaucratic efficiency, public interest and participation in the subnational governmental system, and national political coordination. In an attempt to instill revolutionary fervor into his compatriots and to involve large numbers of them in political affairs, Gaddafi urged them to challenge traditional authority and to take over and run government organs themselves. The instrument for doing this
14630-442: The governorate, municipal, and zone (lowest) levels. Seats on the people's committees at the zone level were filled by direct popular election; members so elected could then be selected for service at higher levels. By mid-1973 estimates of the number of people's committees ranged above 2,000. In the scope of their administrative and regulatory tasks and the method of their members' selection, the people's committees purportedly embodied
14784-461: The guard, paying homage to the Mexican flag and the flag of the guest country along the way. The ceremony then ends and the two go into the palace to begin their bilateral meeting. The Campo Marte ceremony is similar in style to the palace ceremony with the main differences being a 21-gun salute , opening remarks , and the military parade being added to the program. The unit responsible currently for
14938-576: The guest in the boardroom to allow the handling of airport formalities. Arrival honors for foreign dignitaries visiting Rome are held either at the Quirinal Palace (official residence of the president of the Italian Republic) or the Palazzo Chigi (official residence of the prime minister of the Italian Republic). During the ceremony, the guard of honor is provided by a military unit (most likely
15092-517: The head of state (or representative) who is hosting the state visit, in a guest house reserved for foreign visitors, or in their own nation's embassy located in the foreign nation being visited. State visits by well-known global leaders or figures, such as the British Monarch , the president of the United States or the pope , often draw much publicity and large crowds. Occasionally, these include protesters. State visits to Armenia are held in
15246-690: The inspection of the honour guard. During the presidency of Mikheil Saakashvili , the band played the March of the Preobrazhensky Regiment during state visits. During state visits, dignitaries usually meet with the prime minister , chairperson of the Parliament , and the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia separately from the president. State dinners are also held inside the presidential palace with officials from both countries present. During state visits to Germany, honours are provided by
15400-469: The invitation is to be issued or accepted in advance. Queen Elizabeth II was the most travelled head of state in world history, having made 261 official overseas visits and 96 state visits to 116 countries by the time of her Diamond Jubilee in 2012. Although she was sovereign of each of the Commonwealth realms , in practice, she usually performed full state visits as Queen of the United Kingdom , while
15554-419: The invitation of the president of the United States, though are offered in the president's capacity as chief of the federal government of the United States . The visit of a crown prince may also be classified as an official visit. Both state and official visits generally consist of a four-day stay in Washington by the visitor, during which a range of welcoming ceremonies are performed. They are often followed by
15708-688: The itinerary has included a visit to the Yad Vashem memorial. There the leader, accompanied by the prime minister, will rekindle the Eternal Flame, and will also lay a wreath in memorial of the 6 million Jews murdered in the holocaust. When dignitaries arrive in the Italian capital of Rome , they are received in a short reception ceremony at the airport by the head of the Diplomatic Ceremonial Office among other officials, who then briefly entertain
15862-524: The knowledge obtained through invitations through conference, inspection, etc. with Japanese VIPs and experts. The invitation of strategic practitioners is an invitation extended to certain members in certain positions or those who are expected to hold a certain leadership position in the future, in political, economic, governmental, academic, etc., in foreign countries or international organizations. It aims to promote understanding of Japan's various policies and fields such as culture and society, to facilitate
16016-488: The late 1970s, Libya's economy was mixed , with a large role for private enterprise except in the fields of oil production and distribution, banking, and insurance. But according to volume two of Gaddafi's Green Book, which appeared in 1978, private retail trade, rent, and wages were forms of exploitation that should be abolished. Instead, workers' self-management committees and profit participation partnerships were to function in public and private enterprises. A property law
16170-418: The masses") occurs only in the third part, published in 1981, in the phrase إن الحركات التاريخية هي الحركات الجماهيرية ( Inna al-ḥarakāt at-tārīkhīyah hiya al-ḥarakāt al-jamāhīrīyah ), translated in the English edition as "Historic movements are mass movements". The word jamāhīrīyah was derived from jumhūrīyah , which is the usual Arabic translation of "republic". It was coined by changing
16324-544: The military's control over "all aspects of life in Libya"; the students called for free and fair elections to take place and for power to be transferred to a civilian government. Violent counter-demonstrations took place, with many students imprisoned. On 7 April 1977, the anniversary of the event, students (including Omar Dabob and Muhammed Ben Saoud) were publicly executed in Benghazi, with anti-Gaddafi military officers executed later in
16478-488: The minister of defense, and Musa Ahmad, the minister of interior, were arrested and accused of planning a coup. In the new cabinet formed after the crisis, Gaddafi, retaining his post as chairman of the RCC, also became prime minister and defense minister. Major Abdel Salam Jallud , generally regarded as second only to Gaddafi in the RCC, became deputy prime minister and minister of interior. This cabinet totaled thirteen members, of whom five were RCC officers. The government
16632-622: The monarch at the Royal Palace of Amsterdam , where they receive a guard of honour formed by the Grenadiers' and Rifles Guard Regiment upon arrival. It is here where all matters of state and bilateral meetings take place over the course of the visit. During a state visit, the Dutch monarch always hosts a state dinner in honor of the guest, sometimes at the Royal Palace in Amsterdam and at other times at
16786-655: The monarch's residence at the Noordeinde Palace in The Hague. It is customary to be awarded the Knight Grand Cross Order of the Netherlands Lion during state visits. History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi Muammar Gaddafi became the de facto leader of Libya on 1 September 1969 after leading a group of young Libyan Army officers against King Idris I in a bloodless coup d'état . When Idris
16940-532: The new capital of Libya in September. The fall of the last remaining sites in Sirte under pro-Gaddafi control on 20 October 2011, followed by the subsequent killing of Gaddafi , marked the end of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The discovery of significant oil reserves in 1959 and the subsequent income from petroleum sales enabled the Kingdom of Libya to transition from one of the world's poorest nations to
17094-419: The newly dispossessed. The latter joined those already alienated, some of whom had begun to leave the country. By 1982, perhaps 50,000 to 100,000 Libyans had gone abroad; because many of the emigrants were among the enterprising and better educated Libyans, they represented a significant loss of managerial and technical expertise. The government also built a trans-Sahara water pipeline from major aquifers to both
17248-465: The next day. While the other Arab nations lifted their oil embargoes on 18 March 1974, the Gaddafi regime refused to do so. As a consequence of such policies, Libya's oil production declined by half between 1970 and 1974, while revenues from oil exports more than quadrupled. Production continued to fall, bottoming out at an eleven-year low in 1975 at a time when the government was preparing to invest large amounts of petroleum revenues in other sectors of
17402-560: The next meeting. But I find that a lot of the benefit of a meeting of this nature is the kind of discussion that we had, not just on that boat where we talked for an hour about worldwide problems but the discussions that we had upstairs when I had some private time with the President, private time in the Oval Office with him, the Secretary, and Brent Scowcroft. After four days in Washington, D.C.,
17556-619: The official political philosophy of Gaddafi's state, the "Jamahiriya" system was unique to the country, although it was presented as the materialization of the Third International Theory , proposed by Gaddafi to be applied to the entire Third World . The GPC also created the General Secretariat of the GPC, comprising the remaining members of the defunct Revolutionary Command Council, with Gaddafi as general secretary, and also appointed
17710-636: The official program includes at least the laying a wreath on Marshal Mannerheim 's grave at the Hietaniemi Cemetery , and a visit to the Parliament House or the Helsinki City Hall . The visit usually ends with state dinners held at the Presidential Palace, where the heads of state give their speeches. State arrival ceremonies are held at either the Elysee Palace or Les Invalides , with
17864-685: The participation of the Infantry and Fanfare Band of the French Republican Guard Band and the 1st Infantry Regiment of the Republican Guard . The Vestibule d'Honneur (Hall of Honour) in the Elysee is where the president of France meets visiting dignitaries and holds bilateral meetings. Towards the end of the visit, the head of state or governments will give a speech at the Palais Bourbon to
18018-541: The president on the South Lawn of the White House the morning after the dignitary arrives in the United States. The arrival ceremony was only added to the program of the state visit in the 1940s. The Chief Usher of the White House is principally responsible for arrangements of the arrival ceremony. The arrival ceremony is conducted by a civilian welcoming committee, as well as a large number of military personnel drawn from
18172-422: The president's apartments by a staircase landing. During the presidency of Bill Clinton, Queen Sonja of Norway and British Prime Minister John Major both stayed in the White House guest quarters, instead of the President's Guest House. Official and official working visits, as well as some state visits led by an executive president , generally include a luncheon at Foggy Bottom , which will be jointly hosted by
18326-520: The prime mover behind Libyan governance, while minimizing his visibility at a time when internal opposition to political repression was rising. The RCC was formally dissolved and the government was again reorganized into people's committees. A new General People's Committee (cabinet) was selected, each of its "secretaries" becoming head of a specialized people's committee; the exceptions were the "secretariats" of petroleum, foreign affairs, and heavy industry, where there were no people's committees. A proposal
18480-556: The promotion of Japan's foreign policy through personal connections with Japanese experts, and to promote pro-Japan in the medium- and long-term through briefings with private experts, Japanese cultural experiences, and local visits. During the state visits by people belonging to the upper two categories, guards of honour are mounted by the Imperial Guard of the National Police Agency and the 302nd Military Police Company of
18634-422: The protocol services is to take care of receiving, escorting, accommodation, transportation and meal arrangements for guests. In Finland, state visits usually follow a certain pattern that has already become a tradition. The official reception ceremonies take place in front of the Presidential Palace or alternatively at Helsinki Airport . At the reception ceremony, the head of the visiting country, together with
18788-505: The ranks of the national army . Jamahiriya ( Arabic : جماهيرية jamāhīrīyah ) is an Arabic term generally translated as "state of the masses"; Lisa Anderson has suggested "peopledom" or "state of the masses" as a reasonable approximations of the meaning of the term as intended by Gaddafi. The term does not occur in this sense in Muammar Gaddafi 's Green Book of 1975. The nisba -adjective jamāhīrīyah ("mass-, "of
18942-499: The rebels. The International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant against Gaddafi and his entourage in June 2011. Gaddafi's government was overthrown in the wake of the fall of Tripoli to the rebel forces in August, although pockets of resistance held by forces in support of Gaddafi's government held out for another two months, especially in Gaddafi's hometown of Sirte , which he declared
19096-462: The red carpet. For visiting heads of state the cordon will consist of twenty-one personnel; for chiefs of government, nineteen. In front of the cordon, closer to the aircraft stairs, a welcoming committee will form in a line. Two officers from the Joint Colour Guard will hold sticks attached to the flag of the United States and the flag of the visiting country. The welcoming committee consists of
19250-451: The relevant governor-general undertook state visits for his or her respective country on the sovereign's behalf. However, the Queen occasionally made some state and official visits representing one of her other Commonwealth realms. State visits typically involve some or all the following components (each host country has its own traditions): The visiting head of state (or their representative)
19404-484: The repository of ultimate political authority and decision making, embodying what Gaddafi termed direct "people's power". The 1977 declaration and its accompanying resolutions amounted to a fundamental revision of the 1969 constitutional proclamation, especially with respect to the structure and organization of the government at both national and subnational levels. Continuing to revamp Libya's political and administrative structure, Gaddafi introduced yet another element into
19558-485: The revolution, the revolutionary committees fit the pattern of imposing a new element on the existing subnational system of government rather than eliminating or consolidating already existing structures. By the late 1970s, the result was an unnecessarily complex system of overlapping jurisdictions in which cooperation and coordination among different elements were compromised by ill-defined authority and responsibility. The ambiguity may have helped serve Gaddafi's aim to remain
19712-432: The royal government. Within days of the coup, however, Hasan publicly renounced all rights to the throne, stated his support for the new government, and called on the people to accept it without violence. Idris, in an exchange of messages with the RCC through Egypt's President Nasser , dissociated himself from reported attempts to secure British intervention and disclaimed any intention of coming back to Libya. In return, he
19866-520: The ruling party. The president of the State of Israel , in his or her position as head of state, leads the welcoming events and is the official host of foreign leaders who visit Israel . A guard of honor made up of personnel of all the service branches of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) are usually lined up at the main V.I.P terminal of Ben Gurion International Airport . During some state visits,
20020-545: The state dinner, the visiting head of state or chief of government will often be invited to address a joint meeting of the Senate of the United States and the House of Representatives of the United States . As the parliamentary procedure for initiating a joint session is complex, a joint meeting is usually held instead. (No foreign head of state or chief of government has ever addressed a joint session of Congress, although in 1934 French ambassador André Lefebvre de La Boulaye addressed
20174-536: The state residences all over the country. State visits to Mexico City are held on a regular basis. Arrival ceremonies are usually held at the National Palace , the president's workplace or at Mexico City International Airport . On certain occasions, a full honors ceremony with the participation of the National Guard 's Presidential Guards Corps are held at Campo Marte , where the corps' two military police brigades are stationed. The arrival ceremony begins with
20328-560: The state visit traditionally comes to a close with a state banquet at the Castle of Laeken , which is the official residence of the king of the Belgians. It is customary to be awarded the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold during state visits. The Office of Protocol coordinates the operational aspects of state and official visits to Canada and manages all events that are related to
20482-511: The term "Commonwealth" when referring to the designation of a country. After weathering the 1986 U.S. bombing by the Reagan administration, Gaddafi added the specifier "Great" ( العظمى al-'Uẓmá ) to the official name of the country. The changes in Libyan leadership since 1976 culminated in March 1979, when the General People's Congress declared that the "vesting of power in the masses" and
20636-481: The trappings of a visiting head of state"—including visits by de Gaulle to Mount Vernon and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington National Cemetery . A trip to Mount Vernon was also undertaken by Pakistan leader Ayub Khan in July 1961, when President John F. Kennedy hosted Khan at a state dinner at Mount Vernon. This was the first and apparently the only time in U.S. history that a state dinner has taken place outside
20790-478: The tri-service honor guard of the Republic of China Armed Forces , led by a colonel. After inspecting the troops, the president of Taiwan delivers welcome remarks, after which the foreign leader speaks, before receiving a key to the city from the mayor of Taipei , and the director of the Department of Protocol of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs then introducing members of the cabinet to the dignitary and members of
20944-489: The two countries (the Himno Nacional Mexicano is always played first). Then the president of Mexico introduces members of his or her cabinet before the visiting dignitary introduces members of their delegation accompanying them on this visit. After this is done, the commander of the National Guard's honour guard company then delivers the following report to the dignitary: The president and the dignitary then inspect
21098-476: The visit. It also defines the protocol standards for state visits of heads of state and government. The Governor General's Foot Guards , one of two household foot guards , take part in state and official visits to Ottawa . Arrival ceremonies take place at either Parliament Hill or Rideau Hall , where the visitor will be received by the governor general of Canada (for state visits) or prime minister of Canada (for official visits). State visits also include
21252-429: The visitor will be greeted by an American schoolchild with a bouquet of flowers before being introduced to the welcoming committee by the chief of protocol. The national anthems of the visiting state and the United States will be performed prior to the visitor's departure, by car, to the President's Guest House (or other accommodations). For state and official visits, a formal arrival ceremony will typically be hosted by
21406-419: The visitor's aircraft has completed taxiing, a ground crew will move air stairs into position at the aircraft's door and unroll a red carpet. A military cordon, consisting of an approximately equal number of personnel from the 3rd United States Infantry Regiment , the U.S. Navy Ceremonial Guard , the U.S. Coast Guard Ceremonial Honor Guard , and the U.S. Air Force Honor Guard will form, flanking either side of
21560-434: The visitor's itinerary and is determined in advance during pre-visit negotiations between protocol officials of the United States and the visiting state. However, the activities allowed and the form they take proceed generally according to a schedule that accounts for the visitor's rank and the nature of the visit. A visiting head of state or chief of government will typically arrive, via aircraft, at Joint Base Andrews . When
21714-704: The week. Friends of the executees were forced to participate in or observe the executions. Annual public executions would go on to continue each year, on 7 April, until the late 1980s. On 2 March 1977, the General People's Congress (GPC), at Gaddafi's behest, adopted the "Declaration of the Establishment of the People's Authority" and proclaimed the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ( Arabic : الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الإشتراكية al-Jamāhīrīyya al-'Arabīyya al-Lībīyya al-Sha'bīyya al-Ishtirākīyya ). In
21868-407: The world. United States recognition was officially extended on 6 September. In view of the lack of internal resistance, it appeared that the chief danger to the new government lay in the possibility of a reaction inspired by the absent King Idris or his designated heir, Crown Prince Hasan , who had been taken into custody at the time of the coup along with other senior civil and military officials of
22022-532: Was accompanied by a pro-liberation anti-west foreign policy, and increased domestic political repression. During the 1980s and 1990s, Gaddafi, in alliance with the Eastern Bloc and Fidel Castro's Cuba , openly supported liberation movements like Nelson Mandela's African National Congress , Yasser Arafat's Palestine Liberation Organization , the Provisional Irish Republican Army and
22176-492: Was also made to establish a "people's army" by substituting a national militia, being formed in the late 1970s, for the national army. Although the idea surfaced again in early 1982, it did not appear to be close to implementation. Gaddafi also wanted to combat the strict social restrictions that had been imposed on women by the previous regime, establishing the Revolutionary Women's Formation to encourage reform. In 1970,
22330-540: Was assured by the RCC of the safety of his family still in the country. At his own request and with Nasser's approval, Idris took up residence once again in Egypt, where he had spent his first exile and where he remained until his death in 1983. On 7 September 1969, the RCC announced that it had appointed a cabinet to conduct the government of the new republic. An American-educated technician, Mahmud Suleiman Maghribi , who had been imprisoned since 1967 for his political activities,
22484-465: Was challenged a second time in July 1970 when Abdullah Abid Sanusi and Ahmed al-Senussi , distant cousins of former King Idris, and members of the Sayf an Nasr clan of Fezzan were accused of plotting to seize power for themselves. After the plot was foiled, a substantial cabinet change occurred, RCC officers for the first time forming a majority among new ministers. From the start, RCC spokesmen had indicated
22638-454: Was changed to Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya . Jamahiriya was a term coined by Gaddafi, usually translated as "state of the masses". The country was renamed again in 1986 as the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya , after the United States bombing that year. After coming to power, the RCC government initiated a process of directing funds toward providing education, health care and housing for all. Public education in
22792-421: Was designated prime minister. He presided over the eight-member Council of Ministers, of whom six, like Maghribi, were civilians and two – Adam Said Hawwaz and Musa Ahmad – were military officers. Neither of the officers was a member of the RCC. The Council of Ministers was instructed to "implement the state's general policy as drawn up by the RCC", leaving no doubt where ultimate authority rested. The next day
22946-401: Was in Turkey for medical treatment, the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) headed by Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and the old constitution and established the Libyan Arab Republic , with the motto " freedom , socialism and unity". The name of Libya was changed several times during Gaddafi's tenure as leader. From 1969 to 1977, the name was the Libyan Arab Republic . In 1977, the name
23100-509: Was not mentally sound, a claim disputed by the Libyan authorities and other observers close to Gaddafi. Despite receiving extensive aid and technical assistance from the Soviet Union and its allies, Gaddafi retained close ties to pro-American governments in Western Europe , largely by courting Western oil companies with promises of access to the lucrative Libyan energy sector. After the 9/11 attacks , strained relations between Libya and NATO countries were mostly normalised, and sanctions against
23254-436: Was partially responsible for OPEC measures to raise oil prices, impose embargoes, and gain control of production. On 19 October 1973, Libya was the first Arab nation to issue an oil embargo against the United States after US President Richard Nixon announced the US would provide Israel with a $ 2.2 billion military aid program during the Yom Kippur War . Saudi Arabia and other Arab oil producing nations in OPEC would follow suit
23408-527: Was passed that forbade ownership of more than one private dwelling, and Libyan workers took control of a large number of companies, turning them into state-run enterprises. Retail and wholesale trading operations were replaced by state-owned "people's supermarkets", where Libyans in theory could purchase whatever they needed at low prices. By 1981 the state had also restricted access to individual bank accounts to draw upon privately held funds for government projects. The measures created resentment and opposition among
23562-412: Was succeeded by Abdul Ati al-Obeidi , who had been prime minister since 1977. The "Jamahiriya sector" was overseen by the "revolutionary sector", headed by Gaddafi as "Leader of the Revolution" ( Qā'id ) and the surviving members of the Revolutionary Command Council. The leaders of the revolutionary sector were not subject to election, as they owed office to their role in the 1969 coup. They oversaw
23716-432: Was the people's committee. Within a few months, such committees were found all across Libya. They were functionally and geographically based, and eventually became responsible for local and regional administration. People's committees were established in such widely divergent organizations as universities, private business firms, government bureaucracies, and the broadcast media. Geographically based committees were formed at
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