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64-445: The town was first mentioned in 1226 under the name of Aheim am Würmsee . Würmsee (Lake Würm , after the river of the same name) was the official name of Lake Starnberg until 1962. The founding of Starnberg Castle is attributed to the Counts of Andechs and dates back to the 11th century. As a defensive structure, the castle is probably older due to its strategic location. Starnberg Castle

128-501: A country trip, but also wanted to spend their vacation in Starnberg. Entertainment was provided by sailing regattas, promenade concerts and, above all, a luxuriously equipped bathing establishment. By the turn of the century, in addition to guesthouses, large, elegant hotels had been built, which gave the place the flair of a seaside resort due to their appearance and the high-ranking public who stayed there. In 1890, sewerage began and in 1897

192-558: A denial of their Romanitas or universal rule. The term regnum Germaniae begins to appear even in German sources at the beginning of the fourteenth century. During the celebrations on the canonisation of Charlemagne in December 1165 and January 1166, Barbarossa also called Aachen the "head and seat of the German Kingdom". When Pope Gregory VII started using the term Regnum Teutonicorum ,

256-588: A growing sense of national identity; by the twelfth century, German historian Otto of Freising had to explain that East Francia was "now called the Kingdom of the Germans". In 1028, after his coronation as Emperor in 1027, Conrad II had his son, Henry III , elected King by the prince electors. When, in 1035, Conrad attempted to depose Adalbero , Duke of Carinthia , Henry, acting on the advice of his tutor, Egilbert, Bishop of Freising , refused to allow it, as Adalbero

320-399: A large part of the now baroque palace was destroyed by fire, and the remaining buildings slowly fell into disrepair. From 1803 the castle was used as an office building for the regional court, the rent office and the forestry office. From 1969 to 1972 the castle was completely gutted and rebuilt, ever since used as a tax office. At the beginning of the 19th century, wealthy families discovered

384-581: A population of just over 11,000. Districts ( Ortsteile ) are listed with their year of incorporation and area. The municipality has two railway stations, Starnberg and Starnberg Nord . Both are served by the Munich S-Bahn line S6 , which provides frequent trains to and from Munich. In addition, Starnberg is a principal stop for the vessels of the Bayerische Seenschifffahrt or lake fleet . Counts of Andechs The House of Andechs

448-450: A separate kingdom but claimed the whole, before being forced by Henry to submit to royal authority. Henry may even have promulgated a law stipulating that the kingdom would thereafter be united. Arnulf continued to rule it like a king even after his submission, but after his death in 937 it was quickly brought under royal control by Henry's son Otto the Great . The Ottonians worked to preserve

512-596: A single unit of political loyalty. In the 13th century the term Regnum Teutonicorum started being replaced in Germany by the similar Regnum Alemanniae , possibly due to French or Papal influence, or alternatively due to the Staufer emperors' base of power in the Duchy of Swabia , also known as Alamannia . Emperor Frederick II even proclaimed his son Henry VII as Rex Alemannie (King of Germany), to rule Germany under him while he ruled

576-480: Is credited as the progenitor of the comital dynasty. Berthold II had inherited the family's Bavarian territories but also acquired possessions in the adjacent Franconian region, where about 1135 he had the Plassenburg built near Bayreuth and established the town of Kulmbach . He served as vogt of Benediktbeuern Abbey and by marriage with Sophie, daughter of Margrave Poppo II , came into property of lands in

640-576: The High Middle Ages . The term rex teutonicorum (' king of the Germans ') first came into use in Italy around the year 1000. It was popularized by the chancery of Pope Gregory VII during the Investiture Controversy (late 11th century), perhaps as a polemical tool against Emperor Henry IV . In the 12th century, in order to stress the imperial and transnational character of their office,

704-931: The March of Istria and Carniola . In the year 1180, the County of Andechs acquired the town of Innsbruck. Otto II of Andechs was bishop of Bamberg from 1177 to 1196. In 1208, when Philip of Swabia , King of the Germans, was assassinated at Bamberg by Otto VIII of Wittelsbach , members of the House of Andechs were implicated. Saint Hedwig of Andechs (c. 1174 – October 1243) was one of eight children born to Berthold IV, Duke of Merania , Count of Dießen-Andechs and Margrave of Istria . Of her four brothers, two became bishops: Ekbert of Bamberg (1203–1231), and Berthold , Patriarch of Aquileia . Otto succeeded his father as Duke of Dalmatia, and Henry became Margrave of Istria. Of her three sisters, Gertrude of Andechs-Merania (1185 – 28 September 1213)

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768-574: The Sachsenspiegel and Schwabenspiegel of the Medieval German law, the vassal princes were only required to provide service to the Empire and attend court within the German lands; Frederick II or his successors were unable to call upon the German lords to Bohemia, Italy or their other domains. Royal and Imperial legislation were sometimes specifically binding only within the borders of Germany, excluding

832-628: The heir-apparent elected as king of the Romans in the emperor's lifetime resumed. For this reason, the title "king of the Romans" ( rex Romanorum ) came to mean heir-apparent, the successor elected while the emperor was still alive. After the Imperial Reform and Reformation settlement , the German part of the Holy Roman Empire was divided into Reichskreise (Imperial Circles), which in effect defined Germany against imperial territories outside

896-456: The jüngere Stammesherzogtümer , or "younger stem duchies", The conventional five "younger stem duchies" of the Holy Roman Empire are Saxony , Bavaria , Franconia , Swabia and Lotharingia . Thuringia , while one of the "old stem duchies", is not counted among the young stem duchies because it had been absorbed into Saxony in 908, before the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire. The conventional term "younger" serves to distinguish them from

960-587: The " imperium ", but sometimes they were used interchangeably, and sometimes they were combined in phrases like " Regnum Romanorum ". In the German language it was most common to simply use the term "German lands" rather than "kingdom". In 1349 Charles IV (King of the Romans) appointed the Duke of Brabant's son to govern on his behalf "in our kingdom of the Romans throughout Germania or Theutonia ". There were persistent proposals, including one that Ptolemy of Lucca claimed

1024-604: The (poorly documented) duchies under the Merovingian monarchs. Herwig Wolfram (1971) denied any real distinction between older and younger stem duchies, or between the stem duchies of Germany and similar territorial principalities in other parts of the Carolingian empire: I am attempting to refute the whole hallowed doctrine of the difference between the beginnings of the West-Frankish, "French", principautés territoriales , and

1088-655: The Bavarian duke Arnulf the Bad , the Andechser may be affiliated with the Luitpolding dynasty. Berthold appears a fierce enemy of King Otto I of Germany and was blamed as a traitor at the 955 Battle of Lechfeld against the Hungarians. He probably married a daughter of Duke Frederick I of Upper Lorraine ; his descendant Count Berthold II (d. 1151), from about 1100 residing at Andechs ,

1152-561: The Bavarians , was elected to reign in the Kingdom of the Germans". Historians disagree on whether this text is what was written in the lost original; also on the wider issue whether the idea of the Kingdom as German, rather than Frankish, dates from the tenth or the eleventh century; but the idea of the kingdom as "German" is firmly established by the end of the eleventh century. In the tenth century, German writers already tended toward using modified terms such as "Francia and Saxony" or "land of

1216-534: The East-Frankish, "German," stem-duchies ... Certainly, their names had already appeared during the Migrations . Yet, their political institutional, and biological structures had more often than not thoroughly changed. I have, moreover, refuted the basic difference between the so-called älteres Stammesfürstentum [older tribal principality] and jüngeres Stammesfürstentum [younger tribal principality], since I consider

1280-462: The Fat in 882. Regional differences existed between the peoples of the different regions of the kingdom and each region could be readily described by contemporaries as a regnum , though each was certainly not a kingdom of its own. The common Germanic language and the tradition of common rule dating to 843 preserved political ties between the different regna and prevented the kingdom from coming apart after

1344-518: The German character of the empire at large. In 1474 the term "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" appeared, becoming more common after 1512. However, even after 1560, only 1 in 9 official documents mention "Germany", and most omitted the rest as well and simply called it "the Empire". In 1544 the Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster) was published, which used "Germany" ( Teütschland ) as synonymous with

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1408-404: The German kingdom). Foreign kings and ecclesiastics continued to refer to the regnum Alemanniae and règne or royaume d'Allemagne . The terms imperium / imperator or empire/emperor were often employed for the German kingdom and its rulers, which indicates a recognition of their imperial stature. However foreign sources combined the imperial titles with "Teutonic" and "Alemannic" which reference

1472-571: The King/Emperor's influence outside of Germany waned and the German kingdom came to be identified with the Holy Roman Empire. Reigns were either dated from the day a ruler was elected king ( Philip of Swabia , Rudolf of Habsburg ) or crowned king ( Otto IV , Henry VII, Louis IV, Charles IV). The election day became the starting date permanently with Sigismund. Throughout the Middle Ages, the King of Germany

1536-628: The Kingdom of the Franks. So then in the eastern part, which is called the Kingdom of the Germans, Henry was the first of the race of Saxons to succeed to the throne when the line of Charles failed ... [western Franks discussed] ... Henry's son Otto, because he restored to the German East Franks the empire which had been usurped by the Lombards, is called the first king of the Germans—not, perhaps, because he

1600-632: The Ottonians, who were neither Carolingian nor Frankish, could legitimately rule. The Ottonians, by calling themselves "German" kings, instead presented themselves as rulers of all peoples north of the Alps and east of the Rhine. This "German kingdom" was later regarded as a subdivision of the Empire alongside Italy, Burgundy and Bohemia. In the late eleventh century the term "Kingdom of the Germans" ( Regnum Teutonicorum ) had become utilised more favourably in Germany due to

1664-517: The Teutons". Any firm distinction between the kingdoms of Eastern Francia and Germany is to some extent the product of later retrospection. It is impossible to base this distinction on primary sources, as Eastern Francia remains in use long after Kingdom of Germany comes into use. The 12th century imperial historian Otto von Freising reported that the election of Henry the Fowler was regarded as marking

1728-500: The authority of the Emperor regarding Church offices in this "German kingdom" was legally distinguished from his authority in "other parts of the Empire". The Imperial chancery did adopt the "German" titles, albeit inconsistently. Pope Gregory began using the term Regnum Teutonicorum even before his conflict with Henry IV. He was highly successful at encouraging his German supporters such as Berthold of Reichenau or Bernold of St Blasien to use

1792-566: The beauty of the landscape around Lake Starnberg and had the first villas built on the lakeshore as summer residences. Steam shipping was the real impetus for the village's rapid development in the second half of the 19th century. A railway line has connected Starnberg with Munich since 1854. The opportunity to work in the city and live by the lake led to a real construction boom in the coming years. The city villas and country houses that professors, lawyers, artists and merchants now had built were no longer just intended to serve as summer homes, they were

1856-406: The beginning of the kingdom, though Otto himself disagreed with this. Thus: From this point some reckon a kingdom of the Germans as supplanting that of the Franks. Hence, they say that Pope Leo in the decrees of the popes, called Henry's son Otto the first king of the Germans. For that Henry of whom we are speaking refused, it is said, the honor offered by the supreme pontiff. But it seems to me that

1920-511: The castle of Ambras near Innsbruck , controlling the road to the March of Verona across the Brenner Pass , at Dießen am Ammersee and Wolfratshausen . One Count Rasso ( Rath ) is documented in Dießen, who allegedly fought against the invading Magyars in the early 10th century and established the monastery of Grafrath . By their ancestor Count Palatine Berthold of Reisensburg , a grandson of

1984-405: The community's first power station went into operation - attracting more people willing to build, whose villas and parks on the surrounding hills completely changed the landscape. In 1900, the once 65 properties had become 384 in which 4,531 people lived. Since an actual city center was never able to develop due to the short and intensive history of development from a small village to a city (1912),

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2048-560: The concept of a "distinct territorial kingdom" separate from Kingdom of Italy was already widely recognised on both sides of the Alps, and this entity was at least externally perceived as "German" in nature. Contemporary writers representing various German vassal rulers also adopted this terminology under papal influence. In the Papal-Imperial Concordat of Worms of 1122, which put an end to the Investiture Controversy,

2112-534: The death of Charles the Fat. The work of Louis the German to maintain his kingdom and give it a strong royal government also went a long way to creating an East Frankish (i.e. German) state. Within East Francia were large duchies, sometimes called kingdoms ( regna ) after their former status, which had a certain level of internal solidarity. Early among these were Saxony and Bavaria , which had been conquered by Charlemagne . In German historiography they are called

2176-514: The death of the last Carolingian, Louis the Child , in 911, the stem duchies acknowledged the unity of the kingdom. The dukes gathered and elected Conrad I to be their king. According to Tellenbach's thesis, the dukes created the duchies during Conrad's reign. No duke attempted to set up an independent kingdom. Even after the death of Conrad in 918, when the election of Henry the Fowler was disputed, his rival, Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria , did not establish

2240-403: The demolition of many old buildings that became necessary and the construction of modern buildings changed the face of Starnberg particularly lastingly. The district town of Starnberg has developed from a tourist resort into a diversified business location and the cultural center of the surrounding Five Lakes Region . The core city (excluding the incorporated parts of the community) has now reached

2304-525: The duchies as offices of the crown, but by the reign of Henry IV the dukes had made them functionally hereditary. The eastern division of the Treaty of Verdun was called the regnum Francorum Orientalium or Francia Orientalis : the Kingdom of the Eastern Franks or simply East Francia. It was the eastern half of the old Merovingian regnum Austrasiorum . The "east Franks" (or Austrasians) themselves were

2368-450: The duchies before and after Charlemagne to have been basically the same Frankish institution ... There has been debate in modern German historiography over the sense in which these duchies were "tribal", as in a people sharing a common descent ("stem"), being governed as units over long periods of time, sharing a tribal sense of solidarity, shared customs, etc. In the context of modern German nationalism , Gerd Tellenbach (1939) emphasised

2432-618: The emperors began to employ the title rex Romanorum ( king of the Romans ) on their election. The Archbishop of Mainz was ex officio arch-chancellor of Germany, as his colleagues the Archbishop of Cologne and Archbishop of Trier were, respectively, arch-chancellors of Italy and Burgundy. These titles continued in use until the end of the empire, but only the German chancery actually existed. Distinct titulature for Germany, Italy and Burgundy, which traditionally had their own courts, laws, and chanceries, gradually dropped from use as

2496-416: The empire as a whole. Johann Jacob Moser also used "German" as a synonym for "Imperial". This conflated definition of "German" even included non-German speakers. In 1508, Maximilian I , with papal approval, adopted the title "emperor elect" ( Dei gratia Romanorum imperator electus semper augustus ). Subsequent rulers adopted that title after their coronation as kings. At the same time, the custom of having

2560-450: The empire. For instance, in 1349, Charles IV met the nobles and burghers of " regnum Alamannie ", in 1355 he summoned the electors and burghers " in regno Alemannie ". However, this tendency to refer to a "German" polity after the collapse of the Staufen empire did not develop further in the following period. The term " regnum " was sometimes used to refer a distinct political entity within

2624-517: The fourteenth century. The Lotharingian nobility tried to preserve their independence of East or West Frankish rule by switching allegiance at will with the death of king Louis the Child in 911, but in 925 Lotharingia was finally ceded to East Francia by Rudolph of West Francia and it thereafter formed the Duchy of Lorraine within the East Frankish kingdom. Louis the German was known at the time as "Rex Germaniae" (King of Germany) as his brother

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2688-483: The kingdom of the Germans—which today, as we see, has possession of Rome—is a part of the kingdom of the Franks. For, as is perfectly clear in what precedes, at the time of Charles the boundaries of the kingdom of the Franks included the whole of Gaul and all Germany, from the Rhine to Illyricum. When the realm was divided between his son's sons, one part was called eastern, the other western, yet both together were called

2752-407: The main residence of the families. After 1871, the steamer “Maximilian” carried a million passengers in three years. In 1872 the steamship “Ludwig” was put into operation. He was followed by the steamers “Bavaria” (1878), “Wittelsbach” (1886) and Luitpold (1890). The inns that had been built to cater for the excursionists were soon no longer sufficient, as more and more guests not only wanted to go on

2816-417: The other kings of Europe, while he himself began to use the title rex Romanorum or King of the Romans to emphasise his divine right to the imperium Romanum . This title was employed most frequently by the German kings themselves, though they did deign to employ "Teutonic" titles when it was diplomatic, such as Frederick Barbarossa's letter referring to his receiving the coronam Theutonici regni (crown of

2880-614: The people of Franconia , which had been settled by Franks. The other peoples of East Francia were Saxons, Frisians, Thuringii, and the like, referred to as Teutonici (or Germans) and sometimes as Franks as ethnic identities changed over the course of the ninth century. An entry in the Annales Iuvavenses (or Salzburg Annals ) for the year 919, roughly contemporary but surviving only in a twelfth-century copy, records that Baiuarii sponte se reddiderunt Arnolfo duci et regnare ei fecerunt in regno teutonicorum , i.e. that " Arnulf, Duke of

2944-408: The rest of the Empire. German writers after the Staufen period used variants of the term " Regnum Alemanniae " to indicate the weakened reach of the emperors who now confined themselves mainly to German matters. Anti-king Henry Raspe also described himself as "king of Germany and prince of the Romans". There were also scattered references to a political community of "Germans" excluding the rest of

3008-432: The rest of the empire. The Kaiserchronik explicitly describes Henry as having rule of a separate German kingdom ( siniu Tiuschen riche ) under the empire. Henry's successor Konrad IV was also called king-designate of Germany (rex Theutonie designatus) by a contemporary writer. The Count Palatine of the Rhine was legally authorised to judge on the princes' affairs should the king leave Germany ("von teutchem lande"). In

3072-506: The role of feudalism , both of the kings in the formation of the German kingdom and of the dukes in the formation of the stem duchies, against Martin Lintzel and Walter Schlesinger , who emphasised the role of the individual "stems" or "tribes" ( Stämme ). The existence of a "tribal" self-designation among Saxons and Bavarians can be asserted for the 10th and 12th centuries, respectively, although they may have existed much earlier. After

3136-438: The statesman and historian Joseph Hormayr, Baron zu Hortenburg , and published in 1796. Kingdom of Germany The Kingdom of Germany or German Kingdom ( Latin : regnum Teutonicorum 'kingdom of the Germans', regnum Teutonicum 'German kingdom', regnum Alamanie "kingdom of Germany" ) was the mostly Germanic language-speaking East Frankish kingdom , which was formed by the Treaty of Verdun in 843. The king

3200-410: The terms "Regnum Teutonicorum" or "Teutonicae partes". Prior to the civil wars of Henry IV and the letters of Pope Gregory VII which address the German people as a whole, the loyalties of Germans were primarily focused on local regions such as Bavaria, Swabia, Franconia, Upper or Lower Lotharingia, East or West Saxony. Only from the mid-1070s was there a common political awareness of a "German Kingdom" as

3264-500: The title "King of the Romans" before the Imperial coronation. His grandson Henry IV used both "king of the Franks and Lombards" and King of the Romans before Imperial coronation. Beginning in the late eleventh century, during the Investiture Controversy , the Papal curia began to use the term regnum teutonicorum to refer to the realm of Henry IV in an effort to reduce him to the level of

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3328-480: Was a feudal line of German princes in the 12th and 13th centuries. The counts of Dießen-Andechs (1100 to 1180) obtained territories in northern Dalmatia on the Adriatic seacoast, where they became Margraves of Istria and ultimately dukes of a short-lived imperial state named Merania from 1180 to 1248. They were also self-styled lords of Carniola . The noble family originally resided in southwestern Bavaria at

3392-508: Was a strong reluctance by the Emperors to use "German" titles due to strong attachment to Roman symbolism, and it seemed to be actively avoided. References to "German" titles were less rare but still uncommon among vassals and chroniclers. From 1250 onward, the association between "Germans" and the whole Empire became stronger. As post-Staufer German monarchs were too weak to secure coronation as emperor, German writers became concerned that Germany

3456-444: Was a vassal of the King, not the Emperor. The German magnates, having legally elected Henry, would not recognise the deposition unless their king did also. After many angry protests, Conrad finally knelt before his son and pleaded for his desired consent, which was finally given. However, Conrad II used the simple title "king" or on occasion "king of the Franks and Lombards" before Imperial coronation, while his son Henry III introduced

3520-463: Was called King of Gaul. This was meant to distinguish the different parts of a theoretically single Frankish kingdom, although it is not known if this was meant to signify anything further. East Francia was itself divided into three parts at the death of Louis the German (875). Traditionally referred to as "Saxony", "Bavaria", and "Swabia" (or "Alemannia"), these kingdoms were ruled by the three sons of Louis in cooperation and were reunited by Charles

3584-466: Was discussed between Pope Nicholas III and Rudolf I , to create a hereditary German kingdom independent from the Holy Empire. This idea was met with horror in Germany. When Rudolf I was elected, the emotional attachment the German people had with the superior dignity of the universalistic Roman title had become so firmly established that it was unacceptable to separate the German kingship from it. There

3648-466: Was disputed between the kings of East and West Francia . The war over Lotharingia lasted until 925. Lothair II of Lotharingia died in 869 and the 870 Treaty of Meerssen divided his kingdom between East and West Francia, but the West Frankish sovereigns relinquished their rightful portion to East Francia by the Treaty of Ribemont in 880. Ribemont determined the border between France and Germany until

3712-539: Was elected , initially by the rulers of the stem duchies , who generally chose one of their own. After 962, when Otto I was crowned emperor, East Francia formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire , which also included the Kingdom of Italy and, after 1032, the Kingdom of Burgundy . Like medieval England and medieval France , medieval Germany consolidated from a conglomerate of smaller tribes, nations or polities by

3776-461: Was first mentioned in documents in 1244. After the death of the last Andechser (1248), the Wittelsbach family, dukes of Bavaria, took over the castle. The dukes then integrated the Starnberg area into their administrative and judicial system. From around 1346 it was the seat of its own court. In 1541, under Duke Wilhelm IV , the medieval castle was demolished and a residential and defensive building

3840-672: Was known as "King of the Romans" from his election as king until the Pope crowned him Emperor in Rome . The tripartite division of the Carolingian Empire effected by the Treaty of Verdun was challenged very early on with the death of the Emperor Lothair I in 855. He had divided his kingdom of Middle Francia between his three sons and immediately the northernmost of the three divisions, Lotharingia ,

3904-422: Was losing the prestige of Imperial status. The lack of concentration of power in one ruler or region also made the monarchy more attractive to all Germans. These led to more interest in connecting German identity to being heirs of Imperial Rome ( Translatio Imperii ), by right of their military strength as defenders of Christendom. At the same time, the replacement of Latin with German in official documents entrenched

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3968-703: Was redesigned in the Renaissance style. Under Duke Albert V , the conversion into a pleasure palace and summer residence began. In 1643 the Swedes stormed the castle during the Thirty Years War and partially destroyed it. Under Elector Ferdinand Maria , the castle was an important summer residence, and from 1663 the magnificent ship Bucentaur , based on the Venetian model of the Doges of Venice, floated on Lake Starnberg. In 1734,

4032-415: Was the first king to reign among the Germans. It is here and elsewhere that Otto distinguishes the first German king (Henry I) and the first German king to hold imperial power ( Otto I ). Henry II (r. 1002–1024) was the first to be called "King of the Germans" ( rex Teutonicorum ). The Ottonians seem to have adopted the use of the "Teutonic" label as it helped them to counter critics who questioned how

4096-413: Was the first wife of Andrew II of Hungary and the mother of St Elizabeth of Hungary ; Mechtilde became Abbess of Kitzingen; while Agnes, a famous beauty, was made the illegitimate third wife of Philip II of France in 1196, on the repudiation of his lawful wife, Ingeborg, but was dismissed in 1200, after Pope Innocent III laid France under an interdict. A history of the House of Andechs was written by

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