35-566: The Stanegate (meaning "stone road" in Northumbrian dialect ) was an important Roman road and early frontier built in what is now northern England . It linked many forts including two that guarded important river crossings: Corstopitum ( Corbridge ) on the River Tyne in the east (situated on Dere Street ) and Luguvalium ( Carlisle ) (on the River Eden ) in the west. The Stanegate ran through
70-605: A decidedly Northumbrian base, but have been shaped by a standard English superstrate , resulting in hybrid dialects that incorporate elements of both traditional dialects and more standardised forms of English. On the other hand, the southern urban dialects have been subject to more significant dialect restructuring, resulting in a dialect which, while still North Eastern in character, lacks more marked Northumbrian forms such as 'gan' (to go) and 'divvent' or 'dinnet' (don't) that survive in Tyneside, Wearside and Durham. Berwick-upon-Tweed
105-506: A modern minor road between Fourstones and Vindolanda in Northumberland . The Stanegate is believed to have been built under the governorship of Agricola , from 77 to 85 AD, during the reigns of the emperors Vespasian , Titus , and Domitian . It is also thought that it was built as a strategic road when the northern frontier was on the line of the Forth and Clyde . An indication of this
140-544: A result of the region's rapid urbanization during the 19th and 20th centuries, which brought about significant social and demographic changes. In comparison to traditional dialects, urban North East English dialects have undergone a greater degree of dialect levelling. A tripartite division is recognised among modern urban dialects in the North East of England, which distinguishes between the northern, central, and southern urban dialects: Central and northern urban dialects retain
175-470: A series of such fortlets. Where it left the base of Corstopitum, the Stanegate was 22 feet (6.7 m) wide with covered stone gutters and a foundation of 6-inch (150 mm; 15 cm) cobbles with 10 inches (250 mm; 25 cm) of gravel on top. The Stanegate began in the east at Corstopitum , where the important road, Dere Street headed towards Scotland. West of Corstopitum, the Stanegate crossed
210-502: A variety of the Scots language. The southern part of County Durham was considered part of the 'West Northern' dialect group, which was deemed to be more closely related to Richmondshire and Cumbrian dialects, especially that of the Vale of Eden . Like Cumbrian, the dialect of south Durham was subject to greater Scandinavian influence than the rest of Durham and Northumberland. Scandinavian influence
245-553: Is a moribund older form of the dialect spoken in the area. It is closely related to Scots and Cumbrian and shares with them a common origin in Old Northumbrian . The traditional dialect has spawned multiple modern varieties, and Northumbrian dialect can also be used to broadly include all of them: Alexander John Ellis , a 19th century linguist and philologist, divided Northumberland and Durham into three main dialect groups based on their linguistic features. Ellis considered
280-529: Is a haven for wildlife and a popular walk for residents and tourists but from Roman times until the 1930s the combination of valuable minerals and water power attracted a succession of industries which provided goods and employment to the town. The rocks underlying this part of Northumberland were laid down during the Carboniferous Period when variations in sea level resulted in successive deposits of limestone , shale , sandstone , and coal , known in
315-679: Is a river which lies to the east of the Northumbrian town of Haltwhistle . Rising in the peaty uplands below the ridge of the Whin Sill , the burn passes through the Roman Military Zone south of Hadrian's Wall and through a dramatic sandstone gorge before descending between wooded banks to the South Tyne Valley . The Haltwhistle Burn drains an area of approximately 42 km . Today the Burn
350-512: Is a small fort occupying less than 1 acre (0.40 ha) and is in the graveyard of Newbrough church, which stands alone to the west of the village. From Newbrough, the Stanegate proceeds west, parallel to the South Tyne until it meets the next major fort, at Vindolanda (Chesterholm). From Vindolanda the Stanegate crosses the route of the present-day Military Road and passes just south of the minor fort of Haltwhistle Burn . From Haltwhistle Burn,
385-403: Is any one of several traditional English dialects spoken in the historic counties of Northumberland and County Durham . The term Northumbrian can refer to the region of Northumbria but can also refer specifically to the county of Northumberland. This article focuses on the former definition and thus includes varieties from throughout the wider region. The traditional Northumbrian dialect
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#1732845328729420-554: Is evident in the naming of streams in south Durham, which are typically named ‘becks’ (from the Old Norse ‘bekkr’). In contrast, 'burns' (from the Old English ‘burna’) are found in north Durham and Northumberland. Urban North East English dialects are a group of English dialects spoken in urban areas of the North East of England, including major cities such as Newcastle upon Tyne, Sunderland, and Middlesbrough. These dialects have emerged as
455-457: Is now the site of Carlisle Airport , just to the north of the main runway. The curving corner of an associated marching camp can be made out from the air on the south edge of the runway near its western end, and can be seen on Google Earth . The Stanegate then continued through a large cutting in the village of Crosby-on-Eden , where a small fort has been postulated, based on marching distances, but has not yet been found. The Stanegate then crossed
490-452: Is that it was provided with forts at one-day marching intervals (14 Roman miles or modern 13 miles (21 km)), sufficient for a strategic non-frontier road. The forts at Vindolanda (Chesterholm) and Nether Denton have been shown to date from about the same time as Corstopitum and Luguvalium, in the 70s and 80s AD. When the Romans decided to withdraw from Scotland starting from around 87 AD,
525-951: Is unique within Northumberland. The local speech has characteristics of the North Northumbrian dialect and due to its geographical location, has characteristics of the East Central Scots dialect as well. A sociological study of the Anglo-Scottish border region conducted in the year 2000 found that locals of Alnwick, 30 miles (48 km) south of Berwick, associated the Berwick accent with Scottish influence. Conversely, those from Eyemouth, Scotland, 9 miles (14 km) north of Berwick, firmly classed Berwick speech as English, identifying it as Northumbrian. The Northumbrian Language Society (NLS), founded in 1983 to research, preserve and promote
560-563: The B6318 , the so-called Military Road here dating from the eighteenth century ( grid reference NY71456614 ). In-between the fort and the Military Road is the Stanegate Roman road dating from AD 71, the earlier northern frontier preceding Hadrian's Wall , as did Haltwhistle Burn Roman fort which it served. A large curving embankment survives which was built to carry the Stanegate from near
595-497: The River Eden near the cricket ground in modern Carlisle and eventually reached the fort of Luguvalium (Carlisle) on the site of Carlisle Castle , 7 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles (12.1 km) from Brampton Old Church and 38 miles (61 km) from Corstopitum. LIDAR images show that the road carried on westwards for a further 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles (7.2 km) to the Roman fort at Kirkbride overlooking Moricambe Bay , an inlet of
630-519: The Solway Firth , where a large camp of 5 acres (2.0 ha) was found. The Stanegate might have run eastwards from Corstopitum towards the fort and bridge at Pons Aelius , present-day Newcastle upon Tyne , possibly linking to Washing Wells Roman Fort in Whickham , but no evidence of a road here has yet been found to support this. From east to west: Much of the Stanegate provided the foundation for
665-407: The carding and spinning of wool was also carried out in watermills . The advent of steam-driven mills led to the abandonment of woollen processing along the burn. Two mills were demolished in the 1930s and the remaining fulling mill is now a dwelling. The remains of Haltwhistle Burn Roman Fort are situated on the eastern bank of Haltwhistle Burn, just north of the point where it is crossed by
700-715: The Carelgate (or Carlisle Road), a medieval road running from Corbridge market place and joining the Stanegate west of Corstopitum. The Carelgate eventually deteriorated to such an extent that it was unusable by coaches and wagons. In 1751–1752, a new Military Road was built by General George Wade in the wake of the Jacobite rising of 1745 . [REDACTED] Media related to Stanegate at Wikimedia Commons 55°00′19″N 2°16′58″W / 55.00519°N 2.28266°W / 55.00519; -2.28266 Northumbrian dialect Northumbrian dialect or Northumbrian English
735-553: The Cor Burn, and then followed the north bank of the Tyne until it reached the North Tyne near the village of Wall . A Roman bridge must have taken the road across the North Tyne, from where it headed west past the present village of Fourstones to Newbrough , where the first fort is situated, 7 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles (12.1 km) from Corbridge, and 6 miles (9.7 km) from Vindolanda. It
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#1732845328729770-531: The Northumbrian language variety, considers it divergent enough to be not a dialect of Modern Standard English but, rather, a related but separate Anglic language of its own, since it is largely not comprehensible by standard English speakers. Northumbrian has perhaps an even closer relationship with Modern Scots , and both the NLS regard as distinct languages derived from Old English but close relatives; however, mainstream scholarly sources regard them as essentially
805-459: The Stanegate continues west away from the course of the South Tyne and passes the major fort of Magnis (Carvoran), 6 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles (10.5 km) from Vindolanda and 20 miles (32 km) from Corstopitum. At this point, the road is joined by the Maiden Way coming from the fort of Epiacum (also known as Whitley Castle ) near Alston to the south. From Magnis, the road turns towards
840-553: The UK as Yoredale Series and in the US as cyclothems . The water of the Haltwhistle Burn has cut through these deposits giving access to building stone, clay and coal, leading to the development of the associated industries of quarrying, lime burning , brick, tile and pipe manufacture, coal mining and coke (fuel) and coal-gas production. Ironstone , found in association with the coal seams
875-548: The bulk of Northumberland and northern County Durham as belonging to the 'North Northern' dialect group. This group was deemed to be a transitional variety between other Northern dialects (those north of the Humber-Lune Line ) and Scots , but overall still considered a form of Northern English. However, a small portion of northwestern Northumberland around the Cheviot hills was deemed to be Scots-speaking and therefore categorised as
910-420: The line of the Stanegate gradually became the new frontier and it became necessary to provide forts at half-day marching intervals. These additional forts were Newbrough , Magnis (Carvoran), and Brampton Old Church . It has been suggested that a series of smaller forts were built in between the 'half-day-march' forts. Haltwhistle Burn and Throp might be such forts, but there is insufficient evidence to confirm
945-488: The local community to monitor the weather and water environment using simple and low-cost methods, including rainfall, river levels and flood events. This has provided locals and scientists, who are concerned about preserving the health of the Haltwhsitle Burn, with increased knowledge in order to manage flood risk, water quality and river morphology issues. These citizen science observations are being used to fill
980-400: The meaning is the same as for the northern version, indicating a stone or paved road. The Stanegate differed from most other Roman roads in that it often followed the easiest gradients, and so tended to weave around, whereas typical Roman roads follow a straight path, even if this sometimes involves having punishing gradients to climb. A large section of the Stanegate is still in use today as
1015-540: The minor fort of Castle Hill Boothby and then, 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Brampton, reaches the next major fort, that of Brampton Old Church , 6 miles (9.7 km) from Nether Denton and 30 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles (49.1 km) from Corstopitum. The fort is so called because half of it is buried under Old St Martin's church and its graveyard. From Brampton Old Church, the road crosses the River Irthing and continues southwest through Irthington and passes through what
1050-697: The natural gap formed by the valleys of the River Tyne in Northumberland and the River Irthing in Cumbria. It predated the Hadrian's Wall frontier by several decades; the Wall would later follow a similar route, albeit slightly to the north. The Stanegate should not be confused with the two Roman roads called Stane Street in the south of England, namely Stane Street (Chichester) and Stane Street (Colchester) . In both these cases
1085-671: The results of field work, which consisted of the direct interrogation of native speakers. In 1862 he published a compilation of 24 dialectal translations of the Old Testament passage, The Song of Solomon, which he commissioned from local dialectologists from throughout England and southern Scotland. According to a register of his known works, six Biblical translations were commissioned in the Northumbrian dialects, four of which appear in The Song of Solomon. Some Northumbrian words include: Haltwhistle Burn#Roman fort The Haltwhistle Burn
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1120-430: The same language, albeit with minor differences. The similarities are not commonly or formally recognised possibly due to sensitivities on both sides of the border. The status of Scots and Northumbrian as either languages or dialects therefore remains open to debate. In 1883 Prince Louis-Lucien Bonaparte was granted a civil list pension for his work on English dialects. His dialect studies draw upon both written texts and
1155-401: The south gate of the fort down to the river, and another stretch of embankment carries the Stanegate up through a Roman cutting on the west side of the river. Just to the north of the fort are three separate Roman marching camps. The Haltwhistle Burn has been used as an important pilot site for an innovative citizen science research project led by Newcastle University. The project enabled
1190-441: The southwest to follow the course of the River Irthing , passing the minor fort of Throp, and arriving at the major fort of Nether Denton , 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles (7.2 km) from Magnis and 24 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles (39.4 km) from Corstopitum. The fort occupies an area of about 3 acres (1.2 ha). From Nether Denton, the road continues to follow the River Irthing and heads towards present-day Brampton . It passes
1225-406: Was also smelted on the banks of the burn. The bed of the burn descends into the valley at a gentle angle of approximately 1 degree but the fall is sufficient to have run a corn mill and three woollen manufactories during the 18th and 19th centuries. The earliest of these processes to be mechanised was fulling , with the first records on the site dating to 1612. Later, with advances in technology,
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