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42-544: St Kilda Junction is a major intersection in Melbourne , Australia. It is in the suburb of St Kilda , bordering Windsor and St Kilda East , and is the meeting point of the major roads Punt Road , St Kilda Road , Dandenong Road/Queens Way/Princes Highway and Fitzroy Street . Up until 1966, St Kilda Junction, along with the Haymarket roundabout on Royal Parade , was one of two giant roundabouts with trams running through

84-569: A circular green indication to show that turns in the direction of the arrow are prohibited, but other movements are allowed. In some jurisdictions, a red arrow prohibits a turn on red . In Europe, if different lanes have differing phases, red, yellow and green traffic lights corresponding to each lane have blacked-out areas in the middle in the shape of arrows indicating the direction(s) drivers in that lane may travel in. This makes it easier for drivers to be aware which traffic light they need to pay attention to. A green arrow may also be provided; when it

126-603: A turn lane does not normally indicate a prohibition of turns in that direction. Instead, traffic control signs are used to prohibit specific turns. Turn lanes can increase the capacity of an intersection or improve safety. Turn lanes can have a dramatic effect on the safety of a junction. In rural areas, crash frequency can be reduced by up to 48% if left turn lanes are provided on both main-road approaches at stop-controlled intersections. At signalized intersections, crashes can be reduced by 33%. Results are slightly lower in urban areas. Turn lanes are marked with an arrow bending into

168-660: A two-kilometre section of dual gauge track uses a gauntlet configuration because the 1,524 mm ( 5 ft ) gauge used in Finland and 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) standard gauge used in Sweden are too close for a common rail to be shared. The link, which opened in 1919 with the completion of the Torne River Railway Bridge , is complemented by a marshalling yard at each end, an arrangement that allows trains from either country to stop in

210-444: Is an arrangement in which railway tracks run parallel on a single track bed and are interlaced (i.e., overlapped) in such a way that only one pair of rails can be used at any time. Since this requires only slightly more width than a single track , all rails can be carried on the same crossties/sleepers . Trains run on the pair of rails appropriate to their direction, track gauge or loading gauge . The term gauntlet refers to

252-420: Is common in funicular railways, with gauntlet track along the entire route except for a short doubled section halfway up. Frogs eliminate the need for moving points (which require regular maintenance and can break down) and because both trains are connected by a fixed length of cable there is no risk of a collision occurring as long as a passing loop is provided at the halfway point. In a point gauntlet track,

294-481: Is known from the crossing at Shibuya Station , Tokyo. In 2020, NHTSA reported that more than 50% of pedestrian deaths in the United States (3,262 total) were attributed to failure to yield the right of way-- which typically occurs at intersections. Poor visibility at junctions can lead to drivers colliding with cyclists and motorcyclists. Some junctions use advanced stop lines which allow cyclists to filter to

336-587: Is no limitation of capacity through the tunnel for standard-sized trains. Close to where the borders of Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands come together, the interlaced tunnel section provides an important connection between Germany and the Belgian harbour at Antwerp. After completing the installation in 1991, trains with an oversize loading gauge were rerouted over this line, and the lightly used (but tunnel-free) secondary line between Stolberg and Welkenraedt (crossing

378-446: Is on, drivers heading in the direction of the arrow may proceed, but must yield to all other vehicles. This is similar to the right turn on red in the US. Disadvantages to turn lanes include increased pavement area, with associated increases in construction and maintenance costs, as well as increased amounts of stormwater runoff. They also increase the distance over which pedestrians crossing

420-580: Is shared as the inner rail of the outer track for two sections of tracks: on Washington Street between Mason Street and Powell Street, on Powell Street (north of Washington Street) onto Jackson Street to the point of divergence of the Powell Street lines at Jackson Street and Mason Street, and on Hyde Street between Jackson Street and Washington Street. Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit uses gauntlet tracks at several stations. The pair of rails closer to

462-462: The Dreiländerpunkt ( Three country point ) has a special track layout to enable the passage of wide military loads. The double-track tunnel has a third set of rails interlaced with one of the normal tracks. Active points ( switches ) at each end of the tunnel allow a train to divert along the central track, whilst other trains are blocked by signalling. The third track is rarely in use, so there

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504-1178: The Michigan left / Superstreet (RCUT/MUT) and continuous flow intersection (CFI/DLT), to improve traffic flow, and also interchange types like Diverging diamond interchange (DDI/DCD) design as part of the Federal Highway Administration 's Every Day Counts initiative which started in 2012. Vulnerable road users include pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, and individuals using motorized scooters and similar devices. Compared to people who are in motor vehicles (like cars and trucks), they are much more likely to suffer catastrophic or fatal injuries at an intersection. Intersections generally must manage pedestrian as well as vehicle traffic. Pedestrian aids include crosswalks , pedestrian-directed traffic signals ("walk light") and over / underpasses . Traffic signals can be time consuming to navigate, especially if programmed to prioritise vehicle flow over pedestrians, while over and underpasses which rely on stairs are inaccessible to those who can not climb them. Walk lights may be accompanied by audio signals to aid

546-661: The Western standard gauge line from Melbourne towards Adelaide , dual gauge track can be found between the Geelong Harbour and Gheringhap , as well as along the Newport-Sunshine freight line in Melbourne. In Brisbane , standard and narrow (1067 mm) dual gauge gauntlet track is located on platform 2 of Roma Street station . The Gemmenich Tunnel (German: Gemmenicher Tunnel , French: Tunnel de Botzelaer ) passing under

588-652: The structure gauge is not sufficiently wide for double track . This bridge is used by freight trains of Canadian Pacific Kansas City , the Quebec Gatineau Railway and by the Saint-Jérôme line suburban trains of the Réseau de transport métropolitain . The Toronto Streetcar System includes a very short section of gauntlet track on Queen Street East , at Coxwell Avenue . A loop allowing southbound cars to return northbound on Coxwell Avenue briefly interlaces with

630-573: The track gauges is large enough. In Melbourne , broad (1600 mm) and standard dual gauge gauntlet track is located within the passenger yard of Southern Cross station , and in platforms 1 and 2. Those tracks also run on the Regional Rail Link flyover towards South Dynon yards . The northern section of the Upfield line , between the Ford sidings and Somerton, is also dual gauge gauntlet track. On

672-720: The Junction Oval. Some of the parkland surrounding the Junction Oval was lost to the Queens Road realignment, but the original oval and the historic Aboriginal Corroboree tree remained intact. In 2014, a move was made to return the St Kilda Football Club operations and training to Junction Oval with Cricket Victoria and Government assistance. In October 2014, the St Kilda Junction Area Action Group (JaagStKilda.com) successfully lobbied VicRoads and

714-566: The State Government to improve the unsafe and unfriendly pedestrian underpass, by installing improved lighting and giving the area a major clean-up. However, due to its car-centric design, significant problems remain at the junction for pedestrians, cyclists, and those using the tram and bus stops. During July 2019 the tramline through the junction was shut down for rebuilding, during which the turnouts between St Kilda Rd and Fitzroy St were shifted north about 90 metres with gauntlet track for

756-605: The border at Raeren) was closed to freight traffic. Electric-hauled trains requiring use of the central track will get their power from the right track's (in travelling direction Germany to Belgium) overhead rail , which to that purpose is slightly further off-centre than normal. Gauntlet track exists on the Perry Island Canadian Pacific Railway Bridge across the Rivière des Prairies between Montreal and Laval (Parc subdivision, mile 10.0) because

798-486: The case of railways or rail tracks the term at grade applies to a rail line that is not on an embankment nor in an open cut . As such, it crosses streets and roads without going under or over them. This requires level crossings . At-grade railways may run along the median of a highway . The opposite is grade-separated . There may be overpasses or underpasses . Gauntlet track Gauntlet track or interlaced track , also gantlet track ( AE )

840-512: The direction of the turn which is to be made from that lane. Multi-headed arrows indicate that vehicle drivers may travel in any one of the directions pointed to by an arrow. Traffic signals facing vehicles in turn lanes often have arrow-shaped indications. North America uses various indication patterns. Green arrows indicate protected turn phases, when vehicles may turn unhindered by oncoming traffic. Red arrows may be displayed to prohibit turns in that direction. Red arrows may be displayed along with

882-408: The expression running the gauntlet , which means running between two confining rows of adversaries. Gauntlet tracks can be used to provide horizontal clearance to a fixed obstruction adjacent to a track such as a cutting , bridge , or tunnel . Frog gauntlets are also commonly used when a rail line's capacity is increased by the provision of an additional track, but cost or other factors prevent

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924-474: The front of a traffic queue which makes them more visible to drivers. A European study found that in Germany and Denmark, the most important crash scenario involving vulnerable road users was: These findings are supported by data elsewhere. According to the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration , roughly half of all U.S. car crashes occurred at intersections or were intersection related in 2019. In

966-445: The gauntlet runs over the frog onto the parallel rails, passes through the gauntlet area, and passes over another frog to return to the original line. Since there are no points or other moving parts on a frog gauntlet track, a train operating on one of the tracks cannot be routed onto the other. Because two trains cannot use the gauntlet at the same time, scheduling and signalling must allow for this restriction. A type of frog gauntlet

1008-576: The intermediate distance. While space could not be made for a third track, as has been provided at many other junctions, the new design allows trams to travel (slightly) faster through the intersection. The following tram routes pass through St Kilda Junction: Heading North: Heading West: Heading South: Heading East: [REDACTED] Australian roads portal [REDACTED] Media related to St Kilda Junction at Wikimedia Commons Intersection (road) This article primarily reflects practice in jurisdictions where vehicles are driven on

1050-405: The intersection shown in the diagram, left turn lanes are present in the right-left street. Turn lanes allow vehicles, to cross oncoming traffic (i.e., a left turn in right-side driving countries, or a right turn in left-side driving countries), or to exit a road without crossing traffic (i.e., a right turn in right-side driving countries, or a left turn in left-side driving countries). Absence of

1092-464: The intersection, to join a new street, Queens Way, which led into Dandenong Road (as Wellington Street had done before it.) Wellington Street's tram service was also re-directed along Queens Way. National Route 1 (or Alternate National Route 1, as it became when the Monash Freeway was built) was rerouted down Queens Road-Queens Way-Dandenong Road because it was much easier for traffic to pass

1134-601: The junction that way than from St Kilda Road. High Street was widened and became the southern part of St Kilda Road. Road traffic could then pass through the junction on the major thoroughfares more easily, in most cases, but was unable to do so in others. For example, vehicles heading west could no longer go from Queens Way to Punt Road. Instead, they had to proceed to the first right turn on Queens Road (Union Street) to get access to St Kilda Road or Punt Road. Over one hundred and fifty houses, forty-two shops and fifty-two business, along with other premises, were demolished as part of

1176-428: The middle. Before 1966, St Kilda Junction was the intersection of eight streets. They were, listed clockwise and starting from the north (with the route numbers of the time shown): The intersection took the form of a large oval roundabout with another road link in the middle between the close edges. The trams from St Kilda Road traversed most of the intersection before splitting into three paths. Things were made all

1218-486: The more difficult by the fact that Queens Road joined the intersection at the point where the left service road of St Kilda Road left it. In the late 1960s, the Bolte Government proposed plans for a major overhaul of the intersection, which ultimately led to its existing form. Queens Road was rerouted slightly so it would enter the roundabout in the middle of its long side. It was then lowered, so that it passed under

1260-470: The old Junction Hotel, which remained standing on its own for some time before it was eventually demolished, and the land became part of the median strip. The bridge designs for that work were undertaken by Melbourne engineer Bruce Day . St Kilda Junction is also the location of one of Melbourne's well-loved suburban football/cricket ovals, the St Kilda Cricket Ground , which is generally known as

1302-416: The other for freight to be transferred to trains of the local gauge. The Moscow tramway network has only one stretch of gauntlet track remaining in place. The five-track railway line just south of Kursky Terminal is crossed through a narrow tunnel built at the beginning of the 20th century and unsuitable for a two-track tram line. Other similar stretches were removed or re-organised, since according to

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1344-408: The platform provides level boarding with the high-floor passenger trains, while the pair of rails farther away gives freight trains sufficient clearance to pass the platform. Although a monorail cannot strictly speaking have gauntlet track, the nearest equivalent would be when two parallel monorail tracks are too close together to allow two trains to pass. This happens at the southern terminus of

1386-469: The project. The trams were also realigned. The tramline was lowered to halfway between the first and second levels in the centre of the junction, with trams then able to reascend and continue down St Kilda Road or turn into Fitzroy Street, or descend further and turn into Queens Way. Overall, the area of junction expanded, taking in the points of intersection of all original streets, the junction now encompasses twelve streets. The tram line once diverted around

1428-605: The rails for the two tracks do not need to cross, so no frog is required. The train taking the gauntlet runs over a set of switch points onto the parallel rails, passes through the gauntlet area, and passes over another set of switch points to return to the original line. This arrangement is used at the Roselle Park station referenced below. At a small number of locations on single track lines in Britain, interlaced loops had been provided where sprung catch points were required because of

1470-775: The right . If not otherwise specified, "right" and "left" can be reversed to reflect jurisdictions where vehicles are driven on the left . One way to classify intersections is by the number of road segments (arms) that are involved. Another way of classifying intersections is by traffic control technology: At intersections, turns are usually allowed, but are often regulated to avoid interference with other traffic. Certain turns may be not allowed or may be limited by regulatory signs or signals, particularly those that cross oncoming traffic. Alternative designs often attempt to reduce or eliminate such potential conflicts. At intersections with large proportions of turning traffic, turn lanes (also known as turn bays ) may be provided. For example, in

1512-461: The standards, gauntlet tracks on tram lines are only permitted as a temporary measure. Similar arrangements exist on the approach to Kaliningrad , where 1435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) track extends from the Polish border with some sections of dual gauge. The San Francisco cable car system features three areas with gauntlet tracks where the outer rail of the inner track

1554-431: The steep gradient. The points at either end of the loop were set according to the train's direction of travel. Trains running uphill were routed via the loop incorporating the sprung catch point. Trains running downhill used the opposite loop, bypassing the catch point. Where routes diverge, but it is not practical to locate the physical switch apparatus at the point of divergence (especially on trams, where roads may be in

1596-438: The street are exposed to vehicle traffic. If a turn lane has a separate signal phase, it often increases the delay experienced by oncoming through traffic. Without a separate phase, left crossing traffic does not get the full safety benefit of the turn lane. Alternative intersection configurations, formerly called unconventional intersections, can manage turning traffic to increase safety and intersection throughput. These include

1638-460: The visually impaired. Medians can offer pedestrian islands, allowing pedestrians to divide their crossings into a separate segment for each traffic direction, possibly with a separate signal for each. Some intersections display red lights in all directions for a period of time . Known as a pedestrian scramble , this type of vehicle all-way stop allows pedestrians to cross safely in any direction, including diagonally. All green for non motorists

1680-414: The way), a section of gauntlet track may be provided between where the routes actually diverge and the location of the physical switch. An arrangement similar to gauntlet track is sometimes used to allow trains of different gauges to use the same track. In that case, the two interlaced tracks will have different gauges, sometimes sharing one of the rails for a total of three rails when the difference between

1722-485: The westbound track on Queen Street, due to turning radius limitations. A switch partially within the gauntlet section allows westbound streetcars from Queen Street to transition to the loop curve, and turn right onto Coxwell Avenue, but streetcars already within the loop cannot switch to the westbound Queen Street track. At the border with Sweden where the Torne separates the cities of Tornio , Finland and Haparanda , Sweden,

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1764-405: The widening of the bridges. They are typically used for short stretches of track where it is cheaper to provide extra rails than to provide switches and reduce the line to single track. This also eliminates the problem of switch/point failures. In a frog gauntlet, one rail crosses over a rail on the adjacent track. A frog is used to provide the flangeway for the crossing tracks. The train taking

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