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33-555: Plans were made for its foundation in the reign of Alexander I of Scotland , who set aside some land (in the area known as the Cursus Apri , or "Boar's Raik") for that purpose. It was finally established by King David I and his son in 1140 with Augustinian canons from Nostell Priory , West Yorkshire . For some time the canons and the Culdees of nearby Kilrymont monastery served the church together. The Culdees, headed by an abbot, served

66-615: A school of higher studies was established at St Andrews by Prior James Biset. A group of Augustinians, driven from the University of Paris by the Avignon schism and from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge by the Anglo-Scottish Wars , formed a society of higher learning in St Andrews, which offered courses of lectures in divinity, logic, philosophy, and law. A charter of privilege

99-573: A side altar in the Cathedral throughout the twelfth century and into the thirteenth century, while the Augustinians, as the main clergy of the cathedral, served the main altar. It is probable that the bishop intended that the Culdees would become Augustinians; however, although a papal bull of 1147 ordered that upon the death of each Culdee an Augustinian should take his place, they were still there in 1199 when

132-475: Is Alexander's father, Malcolm III, and Domnall was Alexander's half brother. The Province or Kingdom of Moray was ruled by the family of Macbeth (Mac Bethad mac Findláich) and Lulach (Lulach mac Gille Coemgáin): not overmighty subjects, but a family who had ruled Alba within little more than a lifetime. Who the Mormaer or King was at this time is not known; it may have been Óengus of Moray or his father, whose name

165-483: Is depicted as troubled by his lack of direct heirs, having no child with his wife Sybilla of Normandy . He points out that his father-in-law Henry I of England is asking them for a grandson. Edgar, King of Scotland Edgar or Étgar mac Maíl Choluim ( Modern Gaelic : Eagar mac Mhaoil Chaluim ), nicknamed Probus , "the Valiant" (c. 1074 – 8 January 1107), was King of Alba ( Scotland ) from 1097 to 1107. He

198-533: Is not known. As for the Mearns, the only known Mormaer of Mearns , Máel Petair , had murdered Alexander's half-brother Duncan II (Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim) in 1094. Alexander died in April 1124 at his court at Stirling ; his brother David, probably the acknowledged heir since the death of Sybilla, succeeded him. Alexander was depicted in a fantasy novel, Pater Nostras Canis Dirus: The Garrison Effect (2010). Alexander

231-484: The Archbishop of Canterbury , Ralph d'Escures , rather than Thurstan of York . Alexander also patronised Saint Andrews , granting lands intended for an Augustinian Priory , which may have been the same as that intended to honour his wife. For all his religiosity, Alexander was not remembered as a man of peace. John of Fordun says of him: Now the king was a lettered and godly man; very humble and amiable towards

264-625: The Forth and in Lothian . On the death of Edgar in 1107, Alexander succeeded to the Scottish crown but, in accordance with Edgar's instructions, their brother David was granted an appanage in southern Scotland . Edgar's will granted David the lands of the former kingdom of Strathclyde or Cumbria and this was apparently agreed in advance by Edgar, Alexander, David and their brother-in-law Henry I of England . In 1113, perhaps at Henry's instigation, and with

297-650: The Cumbrians . There is a contradictory account of his death, recorded by Orderic Vitalis (12th century). According to this account, Edgar was killed by his uncle Donald III, while Donald III was killed by Alexander I. This account reports: "On the death of Malcolm [III], king of the Scots , great divisions rose among them, in reference to the succession to the crown. Edgar, the king's eldest son, assumed it as his lawful right, but Donald, King Malcolm's brother, having usurped authority, opposed him with great cruelty, and at length,

330-511: The attackers were from Moray and Mearns. Alexander pursued them north, to "Stockford" in Ross (near Beauly ) where he defeated them. This, says Wyntoun, is why he was named the "Fierce". The dating of this is uncertain, as are his enemies' identities. However, in 1116 the Annals of Ulster report: "Ladhmann son of Domnall, grandson of the king of Scotland, was killed by the men of Moray." The king referred to

363-519: The boundary between Scots and Norwegian claims in the west. By ceding claims to the Hebrides and Kintyre to Magnus, Edgar acknowledged the practical realities of the existing situation. Edgar's religious foundations included a priory at Coldingham in 1098, associated with the Convent of Durham . At Dunfermline Abbey he sought support from Anselm of Canterbury with his mother's foundation from which

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396-464: The brave youth [Edgar] was murdered by his uncle. Alexander [I], however, his brother, slew Donald, and ascended the throne; being thus the avenger as well as the successor of his brother..." Benjamin Hudson dismisses the story as "completely false". But its existence points to the circulation of "incorrect" tales about the monarchs of the late 11th century. Verses of The Prophecy of Berchán allude to

429-525: The clerics and regulars, but terrible beyond measure to the rest of his subjects; a man of large heart, exerting himself in all things beyond his strength. He manifested the terrible aspect of his character in his reprisals in the Province of Moray . Andrew of Wyntoun 's Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland says that Alexander was holding court at Invergowrie when he was attacked by "men of the Isles". Walter Bower says

462-520: The court on a few occasions. On 29 May 1099, for example, Edgar served as sword-bearer at the great feast to inaugurate Westminster Hall . After William Rufus's death, however, Edgar ceased to appear at the English court. He was not present at the coronation of Henry I . The inheritance of the Scottish crown was not primogeniture as Duncan II had a legitimate son and heir in the person of William fitz Duncan . With Donald and Edmund removed, however, Edgar

495-470: The east and south ranges of what was originally the cathedral's priory are preserved as the St Andrews Cathedral Museum. A remnant of the wall relating to the priory's guest house remains. The Pends is a mid 14th century large stone gatehouse of the priory and was the main entrance. The site is protected, together with St Andrews Cathedral , as a scheduled monument . Around Whitsuntide 1410

528-639: The evidence argues that Alexander and Sybilla were a devoted but childless couple and Sybilla was of noteworthy piety. Sybilla died in unrecorded circumstances at Eilean nam Ban ( Kenmore on Loch Tay ) in July 1122 and was buried at Dunfermline Abbey . Alexander did not remarry and Walter Bower wrote that he planned an Augustinian Priory at the Eilean nam Ban dedicated to Sybilla's memory, and he may have taken steps to have her venerated . Alexander had at least one illegitimate child, Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair , who

561-455: The fiery preaching of John Knox , his followers ransacked the cathedral and the priory. The priory, like all the great monasteries, had a number of dependent establishments: The priory lands were carved up into lordships in the 16th century, although the core and title remained into the 17th century. The Priory of St Andrews also used to own the land now used by Rufflets Hotel , located between Strathkinness and St Andrews itself. Portions of

594-589: The fifth (some sources say fourth) son of Malcolm III and his wife Margaret of Wessex , grandniece of Edward the Confessor . Alexander was named after Pope Alexander II . He was the younger brother of King Edgar , who was unmarried, and his brother's heir presumptive by 1104 (and perhaps earlier). In that year, he was the senior layman present at the examination of the remains of Saint Cuthbert at Durham prior to their re-interment. He held lands in Scotland north of

627-409: The great western entrance of Dunfermline Abbey , where his mother was buried. His mother's chaplain and hagiographer Thurgot was named Bishop of Saint Andrews (or Cell Rígmonaid ) in 1107, presumably by Alexander's order. The case of Thurgot's would-be successor Eadmer shows that Alexander's wishes were not always accepted by the religious community, perhaps because Eadmer had the backing of

660-515: The heir of the aged and son-less Donald. Edgar received limited support from William II of England as Duncan had before him; however, the English king was occupied with a revolt led by Robert de Mowbray , Earl of Northumbria , who appears to have had the support of Donald and Edmund. Rufus campaigned in northern England for much of 1095, and during this time Edgar gained control only of Lothian . A charter issued at Durham at this time names him "... son of Máel Coluim King of Scots ... possessing

693-486: The monks of Canterbury may have been expelled by Domnall Bán. Edgar died in Edinburgh on 8 January 1107 and was buried at Dunfermline Abbey . Unmarried and childless, he acknowledged his brother Alexander as his successor. Edgar's will also granted David an appanage in " Cumbria " (the lands of the former Kingdom of Strathclyde ), and perhaps also in southern parts of Lothian . David would later be known as Prince of

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726-546: The murder of another Scottish king: "Alas a king will take sovereignty for four nights and one month; I think it is grievous that the Gaels will boast, woe to him who celebrates him. ... A son of the woman of the English... I think it is wretched, that his brother will kill him." The English woman is obviously Saint Margaret , the consort of Malcolm III. But none of her children, male or female, are known to have been killed by one of their own siblings. The confusion probably derives from

759-403: The murder of their half-sibling Duncan II of Scotland , son of Malcolm III and his first wife Ingibiorg Finnsdottir . A note in the Annals of Ulster claims that Duncan II was murdered by his brothers Donmall [Donald] and Edmund. As Duncan had no brothers by these names, the text probably points to his uncle Donald III and half-brother Edmund of Scotland , though later texts identify a noble by

792-598: The priory recognised their holdings to be permanent. By 1250, those Culdees who declined to become Augustinians moved to the Church of St Mary on the Rock at Kilrymont. The canons managed the shrine of St Andrew, and the adjacent cathedral functioned as their monastery church. They also established a hospital. Twenty-four canons died in 1349, when the black plague came to St. Andrews. Later lay-priors or commendatories were introduced; relaxations and irregularities crept in. Instigated by

825-459: The support of his Anglo-Norman allies , David demanded and received, additional lands in Lothian along the Upper Tweed and Teviot . David did not receive the title of king, but of " prince of the Cumbrians ", and his lands remained under Alexander's final authority. The dispute over Tweeddale and Teviotdale does not appear to have damaged relations between Alexander and David, although it

858-538: The whole land of Lothian and the kingship of the Scots by the gift of my lord William, king of the English, and by paternal heritage". Edgar's claims had the support of his brothers Alexander and David – Ethelred was Abbot of Dunkeld , and Edmund was divided from his siblings by his support of Donald – and his uncle Edgar Ætheling as these witnessed the charter at Durham. William Rufus spent 1096 in Normandy which he bought from his brother Robert Curthose , and it

891-706: Was bestowed upon the society of masters and scholars by the Bishop of St Andrews , Henry Wardlaw . [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Priory of Saint Andrews ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. 56°20′22″N 2°47′15″W  /  56.3394°N 2.7875°W  / 56.3394; -2.7875 Alexander I of Scotland Alexander I ( medieval Gaelic : Alaxandair mac Maíl Coluim ; modern Gaelic : Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim ; c. 1078 – 23 April 1124), posthumously nicknamed The Fierce ,

924-419: Was later involved in a revolt against David I in the 1130s. He was imprisoned at Roxburgh for many years afterwards, perhaps until his death sometime after 1157. Alexander was, like his brothers Edgar and David, a notably pious king. He was responsible for foundations at Scone and Inchcolm , the latter founded in thanks for his survival of a tempest at sea nearby. He had the two towers built which flanked

957-409: Was not until 1097 that Edgar received further support which led to the defeat of Donald and Edmund in a hard-fought campaign led by Edgar Ætheling. Although Geoffrey Gaimar claimed that Edgar owed feudal service to William Rufus, it is clear from Rufus's agreement to pay Edgar 40 or 60 shillings a day maintenance when in attendance at the English court that this is untrue. In any event, he did attend

990-448: Was the King of Alba ( Scotland ) from 1107 to his death. He was the fifth son of Malcolm III and his second wife, Margaret, daughter of Edward Ætheling, a prince of the pre-conquest English royal house. He succeeded his brother, King Edgar , and his successor was his brother David . He was married to Sybilla of Normandy , an illegitimate daughter of Henry I of England . Alexander was

1023-435: Was the fourth son of Malcolm III and Margaret of Wessex but the first to be considered eligible for the throne after the death of his father. Edgar claimed the kingship in early 1095, following the murder of his half-brother Duncan II in late 1094 by Máel Petair of Mearns , a supporter of Edgar's uncle Donald III . His older brother Edmund sided with Donald, presumably in return for an appanage and acknowledgement as

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1056-455: Was uncontested king of Scots, and his reign incurred no major crises. Compared with his rise to power, Edgar's reign is obscure. One notable act was his gift of a camel (or perhaps an elephant ), presumably a "souvenir" of the First Crusade , to his fellow Gael Muirchertach Ua Briain , High King of Ireland . In 1098, Edgar signed a treaty with Magnus Barefoot , King of Norway , setting

1089-652: Was unpopular in some quarters. A Gaelic poem laments: It's bad what Malcolm's son has done, dividing us from Alexander; he causes, like each king's son before, the plunder of stable Alba. The dispute over the eastern marches does not appear to have caused lasting trouble between Alexander and Henry of England. In 1114, he joined Henry on campaign in Wales against Gruffudd ap Cynan of Gwynedd . Alexander's marriage with Henry's illegitimate daughter Sybilla of Normandy may have occurred as early as 1107, or as late as 1114. William of Malmesbury 's account attacks Sybilla, but

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