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69-567: The Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) is the domestic crime investigating agency of India . It operates under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions . Originally set up to investigate bribery and governmental corruption, in 1965 it received expanded jurisdiction to investigate breaches of central laws enforceable by the Government of India , multi-state organised crime, multi-agency or international cases. CBI

138-700: A nun who was found in a water well in the Saint Pius X convent hostel in Kottayam , Kerala. Five CBI investigations have failed to yield any suspects. The case was solved finally in December 2020 where the Main Accused were sentenced to life imprisonment by The Kerala High Court. The CBI has been accused of supporting the ruling Indian National Congress against its opposition, the Bharatiya Janata Party . The CBI

207-465: A central governmental agency to investigate bribery and corruption by central-government employees. Sahib Karam Chand Jain remained its legal advisor when the department was transferred to the Home Department by the 1946 Delhi Special Police Establishment Act. The CBI is headed by a Director, an IPS officer with a rank of Director general of police . The current director of CBI is Praveen Sood, who

276-413: A daily footfall of 50,000 passengers. The Delhi–Meerut RRTS is an 82.15 km (51.05 mi) semi-high speed rail connecting Delhi, Ghaziabad, and Meerut . It is partly operational, with its priority section from Sahibabad to Duhai opened to public on 20 October 2023. Hindon Airport is an airport serving Ghaziabad and has been operational since 2019. It is the second commercial airport in

345-577: A legal status. However, the Supreme Court of India stayed this verdict when challenged by the central government and the next hearing on this is fixed on 6 December 2013. It continues to derive its powers from Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946. Demanding independent investigations, the CBI said that although it deferred to the government's authority in non-corruption cases, the agency felt that sufficient financial and administrative powers were required by

414-485: A major problem. Some of these criminologists propose an increased number of police officers. Others argue that investigations of the evidence are more expensive than police patrols and that not all crimes can be investigated, suggesting that profiling of criminal psychology should be replaced with randomized priorities of individual suspects within similar types of crime. The latter criminologists also argue that such randomization would not only fight hidden crimes by exposing

483-567: A question, The Minister of state in the Prime Minister's office informed Rajya Sabha that a total of nine states had withdrawn general consent to the CBI to investigate cases in those states. The states include West Bengal, Maharashtra, Kerala and Punjab. In June 2023, Tamil Nadu became the ninth state to withdraw consent. The CBI was originally constituted under the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act to operate within

552-655: A staff cafeteria with a capacity of 500, gyms, a terrace garden, and bi-level basement parking for 470 vehicles. Advanced fire-control and power-backup systems are provided, in addition to a press briefing room and media lounge. Officers: Subordinates: The CBI Academy in Ghaziabad (east of Delhi ) began in 1996. It is about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the New Delhi railway station and about 65 km (40 mi) from Indira Gandhi International Airport . The 26.5-acre (10.7 ha) campus, with fields and plantations, houses

621-543: A state without the state's consent, according to a five-judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court (in Civil Appeals 6249 and 6250 of 2001) on 17 February 2010. The bench ruled: Being the protectors of civil liberties of the citizens, this Court and the High Courts have not only the power and jurisdiction but also an obligation to protect the fundamental rights, guaranteed by Part III in general and under Article 21 of

690-495: A supervisory role over the CBI. In this case Santosh Kumar Singh, the alleged murderer of a 25-year-old law student, was acquitted for what the judge called "deliberate inaction" by the investigating team. The accused was the son of a high-ranking officer in the Indian Police Service, the reason for the CBI's involvement. The 1999 judgment noted that "the influence of the father of the accused has been there". Embarrassed by

759-578: A timber merchant. Varghese Thekkekara, a priest and manager of the Angamali diocese of the rival Jacobite Syrian Christian Church (part of the Syriac Orthodox Church ), was charged with murder and conspiracy on 9 May 2010. Thekkekara was not arrested after he was charged, for which the CBI was criticised by the Kerala High Court and the media. The CBI was publicly seen as ineffective in trying

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828-571: Is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and a part of Delhi NCR . It is the administrative headquarters of Ghaziabad district and is the largest city in Western Uttar Pradesh , with a population of 1,729,000. Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation is divided into 5 zones - City Zone, Kavi Nagar Zone, Vijay Nagar Zone, Mohan Nagar Zone and Vasundhara Zone. The Municipal Corporation comprises 100 wards. Well connected by roads and railways, it

897-536: Is a major rail junction for North India . It is part of the Meerut Division of Uttar Pradesh . It is sometimes referred to as the "Saya of Uttar Pradesh" because it is close to Delhi , on the main route into Uttar Pradesh. Recent construction work has led to the city being described by a City Mayors Foundation survey as the second fastest-growing in the world. Situated in the Upper Gangetic Plains,

966-538: Is an ancient science that may have roots as far back as c.  1700 BCE in the writings of the Code of Hammurabi . In the code, it is suggested that both the accuser and the accused had the right to present evidence they collected. In the modern era , criminals investigations are most often done by government police forces . Private investigators are also commonly hired to complete or assist in criminal investigations. An early recorded professional criminal investigator

1035-566: Is appointed, for not less than a term of two years, by the Appointment Committee on recommendation of Selection Committee as mentioned in DSPE Act 1946 amended through the Lokpal & Lokayukta Act 2013 and CVC Act, 2003 respectively. The Appointment Committee consists of: The Selection Committee constituted under Delhi Special Police Establishment Act 1946 nominates a certain number of names to

1104-614: Is divided into 5 zones - City Zone, Kavi Nagar Zone, Vijay Nagar Zone, Mohan Nagar Zone and Vasundhara Zone. The Municipal Corporation comprises 100 wards, with councillors elected from each ward. The local elections to all wards was last held in 2023. The executive head is Nitin Gaur, the current Municipal Commissioner while the elected head is the Mayor , Sunita dayal from the BJP . In 2022, Assembly Election Atul Garg , Bhartiya Janta Party candidate won

1173-642: Is exempted from the provisions of the Right to Information Act . CBI is India's officially designated single point of contact to act as the liaison with Interpol . The CBI headquarter is located in CGO Complex, near Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in New Delhi . The Bureau of Investigation traces its origins to the Special Police Establishment (SPE), a Central Government Police force, which was set up in 1941 by

1242-709: Is investigating the Sohrabuddin case in Gujarat; Geeta Johri, also investigating the case, claimed that the CBI is pressuring her to falsely implicate former Gujarat minister Amit Shah. Sant Singh Chatwal was a suspect in CBI records for 14 years. The agency had filed two charge sheets, sent Letters rogatory abroad and sent a team to the United States to imprison Chatwal and his wife from 2–5 February 1997. On 30 May 2007 and 10 August 2008 former CBI directors Vijay Shankar and Ashwani Kumar, respectively, signed no-challenge orders on

1311-430: Is revoked, or alternatively, a 'specific consent' authorising investigations in individual cases. Once consent is granted, the CBI can investigate economic, corruption, and special crimes (including national security, drugs and narcotics, etc.) Most Indian states had granted general consent to the CBI to investigate crimes within their territory. However, as of 2020, several states have withdrawn their 'general consent' for

1380-505: Is standard practice for state police departments to register cases under its jurisdiction ; if necessary, the central government may transfer a case to the CBI. The agency has been criticised for its mishandling of several scams. It has also been criticized for dragging its feet investigating prominent politicians, such as P. V. Narasimha Rao , J. Jayalalithaa , Lalu Prasad Yadav , Mayawati and Mulayam Singh Yadav ; this tactic leads to their acquittal or non-prosecution. In January 2006 it

1449-597: Is used in various GMC owned parks to create compost . The corporation also dumps garbage in Indirapuram landfill site, and would dump it in Pratap Vihar landfill until they stopped on the orders of a National Green Tribunal committee. The corporation also announced in September 2020 that it was creating 10 'garbage factories ' as a permanent solution to the city's waste problem. Although connected by railway since 1865, it

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1518-854: The Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation and the National Intelligence Grid (Natgrid) ) on the basis of national security. It was criticized by the Central Information Commission and RTI activists, who said the blanket exemption violated the letter and intent of the RTI Act. The exemption was upheld in Madras High Court . The CBI's annual conviction rate : In 2013, Judge of the Supreme Court of India (and later Chief Justice of India ) R. M. Lodha criticized

1587-464: The Ganga through 50 cusec (one cubic foot of water flow per second which translates into 28.32 litres) and 100 cusec plants but a lot of areas in the city constituting multi-storied apartments do not receive Ganga water and rely on groundwater. Treated water is supplied to only 36.2% of households. The municipality, as well as UP Jal Nigam sets up sewage treatment plants and water treatment plants for

1656-645: The Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation under the Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act Archived 16 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine , 1959. Ghaziabad city is spread over 210 km (81 sq mi) of municipal area. It upgraded from a Municipal Board to a Municipal Corporation on 31 August 1994, following the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act. Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation (or Nagar Nigam Ghaziabad)

1725-530: The Interpol notice on Quattrocchi. A 1991 arrest of militants in Kashmir led to a raid on hawala brokers, revealing evidence of large-scale payments to national politicians. The Jain hawala case encompassed former Union ministers Ajit Kumar Panja and P. Shiv Shankar, former Uttar Pradesh governor Motilal Vora, Bharatiya Janata Party leader Yashwant Sinha. The 20 defendants were discharged by Special Judge V. B. Gupta in

1794-670: The Vidhan Sabha constituency , represented by BJP's Atul Garg elected in 2017. In January 2020, it was announced that the police commissionerate system was likely to be introduced in Ghaziabad in phases. The city police is under the state home department and is headed by Senior Superintendent of Police for the district. The Ghaziabad Development Authority (GDA), established 1977, is responsible for planning, development and construction of housing projects, commercial lands, land management and infrastructure. Nagar Nigam Ghaziabad looks after

1863-524: The ₹ 650-million case, heard in New Delhi. The judge ruled that there was no prima facie evidence against the accused which could be converted into legal evidence. Those freed included Bharatiya Janata Party president L. K. Advani; former Union ministers V. C. Shukla, Arjun Singh, Madhavrao Scindia, N. D. Tiwari and R. K. Dhawan, and former Delhi chief minister Madan Lal Khurana. In 1997 a ruling by late Chief Justice of India J. S. Verma listed about two dozen guidelines which, if followed, would have ensured

1932-426: The 1984 Bhopal disaster case. Former CBI joint director B. R. Lall has said that he was asked to remain soft on extradition for Union Carbide CEO Warren Anderson and drop the charges (which included culpable homicide ). Those accused received two-year sentences. The UPA government has been accused of allocating 2G spectrum to corporations at very low prices through corrupt and illegal means. The Supreme Court cited

2001-489: The Appointment Committee, one among whom the Appointment Committee appoints as the CBI director. The Selection Committee consists of: The NDA government, on 25 November 2014, moved an amendment bill to do away with the requirement of quorum in high-profile committee while recommending the names for the post of director CBI to the central government by introducing the clause "no appointment of a (CBI) director shall be invalid merely by reason of any vacancy or absence of members in

2070-501: The CBI for being a "caged parrot speaking in its master's voice", due to its excessive political interference irrespective of which party happened to be in power. Because of the CBI's political overtones, it has been exposed by former officials such as Joginder Singh and B. R. Lall (director and joint director, respectively) as engaging in nepotism, wrongful prosecution and corruption. In Lall's book, Who Owns CBI , he details how investigations are manipulated and derailed. Corruption within

2139-502: The CBI many times for its tardiness in the investigations; only after the court began monitoring its investigations were high-profile arrests made. This is a political scandal concerning the Indian UPA government's allocation of the nation's coal deposits to private companies by the former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, which cost the government ₹ 10,673.03 billion (US$ 130 billion). CBI director Ranjit Sinha submitted an affidavit in

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2208-550: The CBI to operate, and require a special consent to be granted on a case to case basis. In November 2018 West Bengal government withdrew general consent for the CBI to investigate, and accused the Central Government of using federal agencies to destabilise state politics. Andhra Pradesh restored general consent in 2019. Chattisgarh and Maharashtra have given general consent to the CBI after elections. In November 2020, Kerala , Jharkhand , and Punjab withdrew general consent to

2277-542: The CBI. Mizoram had previously withdrawn general consent to the CBI as well. Meghalaya withdrew consent in March 2022, and Tamil Nadu withdrew consent in June 2023, and Karnataka in 2024. Altogether, eight states require prior consent before the CBI can investigate crimes in their territory. The High Courts and the Supreme Court have the jurisdiction to order a CBI investigation into an offence alleged to have been committed in

2346-530: The Constitution in particular, zealously and vigilantly. The court clarified this is an extraordinary power which must be exercised sparingly, cautiously and only in exceptional situations. CBI is exempted from the provisions of the Right to Information Act, 2005 . This exemption was granted by the government on 9 June 2011 (with similar exemptions to the National Investigation Agency (NIA),

2415-634: The Delhi–NCR after Indira Gandhi International Airport . The airport was inaugurated by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi on 8 March 2019. The Indira Gandhi International Airport is the closest international airport. Hindon Airport currently operates flights to Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, and Hubli, Karnataka. Ghaziabad has been ranked 18th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results' Ghaziabad has also emerged as one of

2484-712: The Government of India to investigate bribery and corruption in transactions with the War and Supply Department of India. It had its headquarters in Lahore . The Superintendent of the SPE was Qurban Ali Khan , who later opted for Pakistan during the Partition of India . The first legal adviser of the War Department was Rai Sahib Karam Chand Jain . After the end of the war, there was a continued need for

2553-724: The Meerut Civil Judgeship during most periods of the British Raj . Ghaziabad was associated with the Indian independence movement from the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Ghaziabad was part of Meerut district, it became a new district on 14 November 1976 by then chief minister N.D. Tiwari. The provisional data derived from the 2011 census shows that Ghaziabad urban agglomeration had a population of 2,358,525, of which males were 1,256,783 and females were 1,101,742. The literacy rate

2622-435: The Supreme Court that the coal-scam status report prepared by the agency was shared with Congress Party law minister Ashwani Kumar "as desired by him" and with secretary-level officers from the prime minister's office (PMO) and the coal ministry before presenting it to the court. This is a double murder case of 14-year-old girl Aarushi Talwar and 45-year-old Hemraj Banjade from Noida , India . On 26 November 2013, parents of

2691-450: The US ;million arms sale were reported to be inferior to those offered by a French competitor. The CBI, which unfroze ₹ 21 crore (US$ 2.5 million) in a London bank in accounts held by Bofors, accused Quattrocchi and his wife Maria in 2006 but facilitated his travel by asking Interpol to take him off its wanted list on 29 April 2009. After communications from the CBI, Interpol withdrew

2760-585: The administrative, academic, hostel and residential buildings. Before the academy was built a small training centre at Lok Nayak Bhawan, New Delhi , conducted short-term in-service courses. The CBI then relied on state police-training institutions and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy in Hyderabad for basic training courses for deputy superintendents of police, sub-inspectors and constables. In 2022, responding to

2829-494: The area of Kaushambi , and Vaishali , which serves the areas of Vaishali, Vasundhara and Indirapuram . The main railway station in the city is Ghaziabad Junction , which, as per the categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance , has been ranked NSG-2. The station has been operating since 1864 and is an important one on the Delhi-Howrah line . It is spread across 150,000 square metres (37 acres) and has

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2898-508: The city has two major divisions separated by the Hindon River , namely Trans-Hindon on the west and Cis-Hindon on the east. The city of Ghaziabad was founded in 1740 A.D. by Ghazi-ud-Din II , who served as a wazir in the court of Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah , and named it as "Ghaziuddinnagar" after his own name. The name "Ghaziuddinnagar" was shortened to its present form, i.e. "Ghaziabad" with

2967-488: The city. The Ghaziabad Development Authority is responsible for laying networks of sewer lines and piped drinking water supply. Drinking water remains a concern with 55.6% of households accessing it from tube wells, bore wells and hand pumps. Only 30.5% households are connected to piped sewer lines. As of 2019, Ghaziabad generates 1,000 metric tonnes of waste daily, some of which is sent to Meerut , while 300 metric tonnes are sent to Pilkhuwa , while almost 200 metric tons

3036-714: The civic activities of the city. Other development agencies of the city include the Ghaziabad Development Authority, and the UP Jal Nigam. The master plan for the city is laid by the Town & Country Planning Department, Uttar Pradesh , which is department under the Department of Housing and Urban Planning for the state. The corporation supplies water and has nearly 2.35 lakh water connections, supplying nearly 388 MLD of water per day. The city also receives water from

3105-469: The crimes or give the tracking or individual matching to the evidence lower priority. According to the hypotheses, even a minimal or nonexistent difference in the likelihood of committing crimes can be hidden behind a difference of a factor by many multiples in the likelihood of being convicted due to self-fulfilling prophecies in the statistics. These criminologists feel that criminals who are not getting caught, due to being profiled as unlikely offenders, are

3174-460: The currently unsuspected criminals to the risk of being punished, but also that the abolition of profiling by forensic psychology and forensic psychiatry would be a monetary saving that could be used for investigation of technical evidence, tracking of criminals who are hiding, and other investigation work that can reduce the need to ignore complaints for budget reasons. Ghaziabad Ghaziabad ( Hindustani: [ɣaːziːaːbaːd̪] )

3243-457: The demographic composition of particular crimes during higher priority of their investigation, such as the increase of the percentage of women convicted for joining and fighting for terrorist organizations from a very low percentage (similar to those of murder and rape) to almost as many women as men (women in the 40–50 percent range in some jurisdictions) as the priority of investigating terror crimes increased, certain criminologists are expressing

3312-521: The director (including a minimum three-year tenure to ensure "functional autonomy"). "As such, it is necessary that the director, CBI, should be vested with ex-officio powers of the Secretary to the Government of India, reporting directly to the minister, without having to go through the DoPT", the agency said, adding that financial powers were not enough and it wanted a separate budget allocation. The CBI Director

3381-910: The early 1970s, many steel-manufacturing units also came up in the city making it one of the primary industries of the city. This period also saw the emergence of the Electronics industry , with the setting up of Bharat Electronics Limited and Central Electronics Limited Over the years, planned Industrial development saw participation from major industrial houses of the country including Mohans (Mohan Nagar Industrial Estate, 1949), Tatas (Tata Oil Mills), Modis (Modinagar, 1933; International Tobacco Co. 1967), Shri Rams (Shri Ram Pistons, 1964), Jaipurias etc. and also significant participation through foreign capital in concerns such as Danfoss India Ltd. (estd. 1968); Indo- Bulgar Food Ltd. and International Tobacco Company (estd. 1967). A proposal has been made to widen National Highway 24 (NH-24) from four to fourteen lanes on

3450-546: The election. The municipality has the following departments: Swachh Bharat Mission, Public Works Dept, I.T Dept, Property Tax Dept, Health Dept, Street Light Dept, Water Works Dept, Law, Garden/Horticulture. It has an executive committee composed of businessmen. The city is represented in the Lok Sabha through one MP elected from the Lok Sabha constituency represented by BJP's Atul Garg elected in 2024. and one MLA elected from

3519-715: The girl, Rajesh and Nupur Talwar, were sentenced to life imprisonment for the murders. In January 2014, the Talwars challenged the decision in the Allahabad High Court . The High Court's acquitted them of all charges on 12 October 2017 because of the lack of 'irresistible proof'. The Allahabad HC in its verdict said that there were loopholes in the evidence which found the parents not guilty. Court also said that CBI tampered with evidence and tutored witnesses. Questions arose by nation on investigation and judgement given by CBI court. Criminal investigation Criminal investigation

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3588-535: The imprisonment. Later, it was decided not to appeal their release. This closed a case of bank fraud in which Chatwal had been embroiled for over a decade. Along with four others, Chatwal was charged with being part of a "criminal conspiracy" to defraud the Bank of India's New York branch of ₹ 28.32 crore (US$ 3.4 million). Four charges were filed by the CBI, with Chatwal named a defendant in two. The other two trials are still in progress. RTI applicant Krishnanand Tripathi

3657-491: The independence of the investigating agency. Sixteen years later, successive governments circumvent the guidelines and treat the CBI as another wing of the government. Although the prosecution was prompted by a public-interest petition, the cases concluded with no convictions. In Vineet Narain & Others v Union of India AIR 1996 SC 3386 , the Supreme Court ruled that the Central Vigilance Commission should have

3726-629: The judgment, CBI Director R. K. Raghavan appointed two special directors (P. C. Sharma and Gopal Achari) to study the judgement. The CBI appealed the verdict in Delhi High Court in 2000, and the court issued a warrant for the accused. The CBI applied for an early hearing in July 2006; in October the High Court found Singh guilty of rape and murder, sentencing him to death. This case concerns 27 March 1992 death of

3795-559: The name of 'National Abrasives' at Rawalpindi was shifted here under the proprietorship of 'Dyer Meakins' in 1947. Subsequently, the Mohan Meakin breweries were also set up in the year 1949. This period also saw the development of Ghaziabad as one of India's most famous centres of the Oil Engines industry. In 1967, the municipal limits were extended up to the Delhi-UP border. Starting in

3864-429: The notion that there may be more crimes that would change their demographics if they got higher priority. These criminologists theorize that in the case of limited budgets, criminal investigators rely on profiled and statistical likelihood of particular groups of people being convicted for the type of crimes that are being investigated, and ignore complaints that are filed about people who they consider less likely to commit

3933-664: The opening of the Railways in 1864. During the Mughal period, Ghaziabad and especially the banks of the Hindon in Ghaziabad, remained a picnic spot for the Mughal royal family. Establishment of the Scientific Society here, during the same period is considered as a milestone of the educational movement launched by Syed Ahmad Khan . The Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway , connecting Delhi and Lahore , up until Ambala through Ghaziabad

4002-445: The organisation has been revealed in information obtained under the RTI Act, and RTI activist Krishnanand Tripathi has alleged harassment from the CBI to save itself from exposure via RTI. The states that have withdrawn consent to the CBI have accused the CBI of being a tool used by the Union Government to unfairly target parties ideologically rivaling them. Normally, cases assigned to the CBI are sensitive and of national importance. It

4071-598: The panel" and to replace the Leader of the Opposition (LOP) with the leader of the single largest opposition party or pre-election coalition. CBI headquarters is a ₹ 186 crore (US$ 22 million), 11-storey building in New Delhi, housing all branches of the agency. The 7,000-square-metre (75,000 sq ft) building is equipped with a modern communications system, an advanced record-maintenance system, storage space, computerised access control and an additional facility for new technology. Interrogation rooms, cells, dormitories and conference halls are provided. The building has

4140-413: The population was under the age of 6. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 13.68% and 0.18% of the population respectively. Languages in Ghaziabad (2011) Hindi is the most spoken language. Other languages such as Urdu and Punjabi, are spoken by a minority. There is a smattering of speakers of other languages due to Ghaziabad's position in the Delhi metro area. Ghaziabad city is governed by

4209-401: The stretch between the Ghaziabad-Delhi border and Dasna. Many residential and commercial projects are being built along the highway. The Blue and Red lines of Delhi Metro serve Ghaziabad and connect it with Delhi . The Red Line has 8 stations in the city, with its eastern terminus Shaheed Sthal being located here. The Blue Line has 2 stations in Ghaziabad, viz., Kaushambi , which serves

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4278-422: The territory of Delhi. As policing and law is a subject that falls within state powers under the structure of Indian federalism, the CBI needs prior consent from other state governments in order to conduct investigations within their territory. This consent can be in the form of a 'general consent' under Section 6 of the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, which remains in operation for all investigations until it

4347-400: Was 98.81%. Ghaziabad is a subcategory B1 district of category B i.e. having socioeconomic parameters below the national average. It is the second largest industrial city in Uttar Pradesh after Kanpur . According to the final data, Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation had a population of 1,648,643 and a sex ratio of 885 females per 1000 males. Ghaziabad had a literacy rate of 84.78%. 12.67% of

4416-433: Was denied access to public information concerning the closed cases. The Central Information Commission later ordered the CBI to disclose the information; however, the CBI is exempt from the RTI Act (see above ). Chatwal is a recipient of the Padma Bhushan . This case concerns 5 December 2002 death of T. M. Varghese (also known as Malankara Varghese), a member of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church managing committee and

4485-528: Was discovered that the CBI had quietly unfrozen bank accounts belonging to Italian businessman Ottavio Quattrocchi , one of those accused in the 1986 Bofors scandal which tainted the government of Rajiv Gandhi . The CBI was responsible for the inquiry into the Bofors case. Associates of then-prime minister Rajiv Gandhi were linked to alleged payoffs made during the mid-1980s by Swedish arms firm AB Bofors, with US millionin kickbacks moved from Britain and Panama to secret Swiss banks. The 410 howitzers purchased in

4554-530: Was not until 1940 that the first modern industry appeared in Ghaziabad. However, it was in the post-independence period that industry really expanded, with a further 22 factories opening in the four years after 1947. This development can be attributed to the influx of people from the newly formed Pakistan and the relocation of businesses from what was now the Pakistani province of Punjab . John Oakey and Mohan Ltd., one of India's largest concerns manufacturing coated and bonded abrasives, and originally functioning under

4623-405: Was opened in the same year. With the completion of the Amritsar - Saharanpur -Ghaziabad line of the Sind, Punjab and Delhi Railway in 1870, Delhi was connected to Multan through Ghaziabad, and Ghaziabad became the junction of the East Indian Railway and Sind, Punjab and Delhi Railway. Ghaziabad, along with Meerut and Bulandshahr , remained one of the three Munsifis of the District, under

4692-459: Was the English constable . Around 1250 CE, it was recorded that the constable was to "...   record...matters of fact, not matters of judgment and law." In determining the course of investigation, many law enforcement organizations use three "indicators of suspicion" describing potential suspects, jointly known as MMO: They will also establish the relationships between the victim and any potential offenders. After observing recent changes in

4761-416: Was the former DG and IGP of Karnataka state police. The director is selected by a high-profile committee constituted under The Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946 as amended through The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 , and has a two-year term which can be extended for another three years. Gauhati High Court had given a verdict on 6 November 2013 that CBI is unconstitutional and does not hold

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