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46-666: (Redirected from Special Groups ) Special group may refer to: Group of people [ edit ] Special Group (India) , a secretive special forces unit of Indian intelligence. Special Groups (Iraq) , insurgent groups operating within Iraq. Special Groups (Portugal) , small military units, set up by the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola and in Mozambique. NSC 5412/2 Special Group ,

92-488: A uniform , to avoid detection or identification as a law enforcement officer. However, plainclothes police officers typically carry normal police equipment and normal identification. Police detectives are assigned to wear plainclothes by not wearing the uniform typically worn by their peers. Police officers in plainclothes must identify themselves when using their police powers; however, they are not always required to identify themselves on demand and may lie about their status as

138-455: A 2018 study by University of Chicago political scientist Austin Carson, covert operations may have the beneficial effect of preventing escalation of disputes into full-blown wars. He argues that keeping military operations secret can limit escalation dynamics, as well as insulate leaders from domestic pressures while simultaneously allowing them communicating their interest to the adversary in keeping

184-727: A formal plainclothes detective division. The first Special Branch of police was the Special Irish Branch , formed as a section of the Criminal Investigation Department of the MPS in London in 1883, initially to combat the bombing campaign that the Irish Republican Brotherhood had begun a few years earlier. This pioneering branch became the first to receive training in counter-terrorism techniques. Its name

230-706: A subcommittee of the United States National Security Council responsible for coordinating government covert operations. Special forces , specialist military units. Mathematics [ edit ] Special group (algebraic group theory) is a linear algebraic group such that every principal G-bundle is locally trivial Special group (finite group theory) is a type of finite groups of prime power order Special Lie groups are Lie groups of matrices with determinant 1: Special linear group Special orthogonal group Special unitary group Special affine group Topics referred to by

276-491: A war contained. He finds that covert operations are frequently detected by other major powers. A 2024 study found that state denials of covert actions, even when the covert actions were obvious, could have a de-escalatory effect (compared to making the covert action public). To go " undercover " (that is, to go on an undercover operation ) is to avoid detection by the object of one's observation, and especially to disguise one's own identity (or use an assumed identity ) for

322-808: Is India's foreign intelligence agency . The unit serves under the command of the prime minister through the Cabinet Secretariat . Within RAW, the Secretary (Research) is responsible for the Special Group. The SG is headquartered at Sarsawa in Uttar Pradesh . Its personnel are volunteers recruited from all the branches of the Indian Armed Forces , primarily from the Special Forces . After serving in

368-463: Is a covert or clandestine operation by a government agency , a military unit or a paramilitary organization in which the operation itself is at least partially hidden from the organization or government's own scrutiny. For example, in the United States, some activities by military and intelligence agencies are funded by a classified " black budget ", of which the details, and sometimes even

414-427: Is cited as a likely factor. The environment that agents work in often involves a very liberal exposure to the consumption of alcohol, which in conjunction with the stress and isolation could result in alcoholism. There can be some guilt associated with going undercover due to betraying those who have come to trust the officer. This can cause anxiety or even, in very rare cases, sympathy with those being targeted. This

460-407: Is considerably different from his counterparts on regular duties, whose main source of stress is the administration and the bureaucracy. As the undercover agents are removed from the bureaucracy, it may result in another problem. The lack of the usual controls of a uniform, badge, constant supervision, a fixed place of work, or (often) a set assignment could, combined with their continual contact with

506-463: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Special Group (India) The Special Group ( SG ) is the black ops unit of Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), the foreign intelligence agency of India. It is responsible for  covert  and  paramilitary  operations and is known as 4 Vikas , 22 SF and 22 SG . Its responsibilities include conducting operations with which

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552-523: Is especially true with the infiltration of political groups, as often the agent will share similar characteristics with those they are infiltrating like class, age, ethnicity or religion. This could even result in the conversion of some agents. The lifestyle led by undercover agents is very different compared to other areas in law enforcement, and it can be quite difficult to reintegrate back into normal duties. Agents work their own hours, they are removed from direct supervisory monitoring, and they can ignore

598-601: Is no data on the divorce rates of agents, but strain on relationships does occur. This can be a result of a need for secrecy and an inability to share work problems, and the unpredictable work schedule, personality and lifestyle changes and the length of separation can all result in problems for relationships. Stress can also result from an apparent lack of direction of the investigation or not knowing when it will end. The amount of elaborate planning, risk, and expenditure can pressure an agent to succeed, which can cause considerable stress. The stress that an undercover agent faces

644-810: Is reportedly provided with the newest equipment and it uses the transport aircraft of the Aviation Research Centre . Covert operations Under US law, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) must lead covert operations unless the president finds that another agency should do so and informs Congress. The CIA's authority to conduct covert action comes from the National Security Act of 1947 . President Ronald Reagan issued Executive Order 12333 titled United States Intelligence Activities in 1984. This order defined covert action as "special activities", both political and military, that

690-423: Is the maintenance of identity and the second is the reintegration back into normal duty. Living a double life in a new environment presents many problems. Undercover work is one of the most stressful jobs a special agent can undertake. The largest cause of stress identified is the separation of an agent from friends, family and his normal environment. This simple isolation can lead to depression and anxiety. There

736-705: The Brigade de la Sûreté ("Security Brigade"), which was later converted to a security police unit under the Prefecture of Police . The Sûreté initially had eight, then twelve, and, in 1823, twenty employees. One year later, it expanded again, to 28 secret agents. In addition, there were eight people who worked secretly for the Sûreté, but instead of a salary, they received licences for gambling halls. A major portion of Vidocq's subordinates comprised ex-criminals like himself. Vidocq personally trained his agents, for example, in selecting

782-502: The 1 Para (SF) claiming credit for it. This is associated with the fact that they were shot dead using AK-47 rifles. Such rifles, which were purchased secretly from Europe , were present exclusively with the SG at that time. In the aftermath of the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1984, SG personnel provided security to the Prime Minister of India until the creation of

828-463: The Government of India may not wish to be overtly associated. Established in 1981, it was raised in the following year under Project Sunray . Its existence was previously unknown to the public. There are a total of four SG squadrons , with each squadron consisting of four troops and each troop consisting of 25 personnel. Each troop has a specialized skill-set. SG draws its personnel from all

874-727: The Indian Airlines flight 814 was forced by hijackers to land in Kandahar , Afghanistan, in December 1999 the SG was instructed to be ready for a potential rescue effort. Their mission was to clear a path for the National Security Guard to enable them to reach the aircraft and conduct an anti-hijacking operation. The plan entailed eliminating the members of the Taliban in the vicinity of the aircraft. However, public pressure eventually forced

920-582: The Special Protection Group in 1985. The Special Group has undertaken black operations outside India. In the late 1980s, it rescued a political prisoner in Bangladesh after being ordered to do so by the Prime Minister of India . After a civil war started in Sri Lanka in 1983, India used it as an opportunity to curtail foreign influence in the country; India provided training and equipment to

966-422: The organized crime , increase the likelihood for corruption. This stress may be instrumental in the development of drug or alcohol abuse in some agents. They are more prone to the development of an addiction as they suffer greater stress than other police, they are isolated, and drugs are often very accessible. Police, in general, have very high alcoholism rates compared to most occupational groups, and stress

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1012-514: The British Special Air Service was secretly recruited to provide advice for this plan to the SG, after being cleared by then British PM Margaret Thatcher . A group of SG personnel clad in black uniforms, armed with AK-47 rifles and Night vision goggles , began the assault on 6 June 1984. The Special Group was responsible for the eventual death of Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and Shabeg Singh during Operation Blue Star, despite

1058-658: The Indian government to scrap the plan. The government agreed to the demand of the hijackers to swap imprisoned militants in exchange for the civilian passengers. The Special Group are known to be involved in the ongoing counter-insurgency operations in the Jammu and Kashmir region across the Line of Control . The Special Group functions under the Directorate General of Security (DG Security) of Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), which

1104-710: The Italian Squad in 1906 to combat rampant crime and intimidation in the poor Italian neighborhoods. Various federal agencies began their own undercover programs shortly afterwards – Charles Joseph Bonaparte founded the Bureau of Investigation, the forerunner of the Federal Bureau of Investigation , in 1908. Secret police forces in the Eastern Bloc also used undercover operatives. Undercover agents may engage in criminal activities as part of their investigation. Joh defined

1150-471: The SG on deputation, its personnel return to their original units. SG personnel are distributed in three to four companies. An SG team is kept on high alert for contingencies round the clock. There are a total of four SG squadrons , with each squadron consisting of four troops. Each troop has a specialized skill-set. The SG has dedicated branches specialising in intelligence gathering, operational planning, communications and training. The responsibilities of

1196-426: The Special Group includes clandestine intelligence operations and covert operations , with which the Government of India may not wish to be overtly associated. The SG is also responsible for developing tactics and training procedures for other special forces of India. The Special Group is considered to be the most capably trained special forces unit of India and is considered to be very well equipped. The SG

1242-694: The US Government could legally deny. The CIA was also designated as the sole authority under the 1991 Intelligence Authorization Act and in Title 50 of the United States Code Section 413(e). The CIA must have a "Presidential Finding" issued by the President in order to conduct these activities under the Hughes-Ryan amendment to the 1991 Intelligence Authorization Act. These findings are then monitored by

1288-545: The branches of Indian armed forces , primarily from the Special Forces . The Special Group was created in 1981 as a classified unit under Research and Analysis Wing tasked for undertaking covert operations . The Directorate General of Security , which was a confidential organisation created with assistance from the CIA after the Sino-Indian War of 1962, was put under the control of R&AW in 1968. In 1982, Project Sunray

1334-462: The correct disguise based on the kind of job. He himself went out hunting for criminals too. His memoirs are full of stories about how he outsmarted crooks by pretending to be a beggar or an old cuckold . At one point, he even simulated his own death. In England, the first modern police force was established in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel as the Metropolitan Police of London. From the start,

1380-566: The dress and etiquette rules. So resettling back into the normal police role requires the shedding of old habits, language and dress. After working such free lifestyles, agents may have discipline problems or exhibit neurotic responses. They may feel uncomfortable, and take a cynical, suspicious or even paranoid world view and feel continually on guard. Other risks include capture, death and torture . Undercover agents should not be confused with law enforcement officers who wear plainclothes —that is, to wear civilian clothing , instead of wearing

1426-405: The force occasionally employed plainclothes undercover detectives, but there was much public anxiety that its powers were being used for the purpose of political repression. In part due to these concerns, the 1845 official Police Orders required all undercover operations to be specifically authorized by the superintendent . It was only in 1869 that Police commissioner Edmund Henderson established

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1472-562: The intelligence services of other states. Law enforcement has carried out undercover work in a variety of ways throughout the course of history, but Eugène François Vidocq (1775–1857) developed the first organized (though informal) undercover program in France in the early 19th century, from the late First Empire through most of the Bourbon Restoration period of 1814 to 1830. At the end of 1811 Vidocq set up an informal plainclothes unit,

1518-403: The investigation; they also stipulate that agents may not instigate criminal activity (to avoid entrapment) or participate in violence except for self-defense or the defense of others. Most other legislation surrounding authorized criminality is not uniform and is a patchwork of federal and state laws. There are two principal problems that can affect agents working in undercover roles. The first

1564-571: The militant groups fighting in the war. The Special Group was involved in providing training assistance to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam , the most prominent militant group. During the 1999 Kargil war , the Indian government had planned a raid near the Kahuta nuclear facility in Pakistan and had asked the Special Group to prepare for it. Ultimately, however, the raid was called off. When

1610-588: The operation may have hurt the religious sentiments of the Sikh people. In addition there was a risk of numerous civilian casualties as a collateral damage of the operation. Other options such as negotiations subsequently failed and the law and order situation in Punjab continued to deteriorate. By the end of 1983, the security situation in Punjab was worsening due to the erupting separatist militancy . Operation Blue Star

1656-640: The oversight committees in both the US Senate and House of Representatives. As a result of this framework, the CIA "receives more oversight from the Congress than any other agency in the federal government", according to one author. The Special Activities Division (SAD) is a division of the CIA's Directorate of Operations , responsible for Covert Action and "Special Activities". These special activities include covert political influence and paramilitary operations. According to

1702-413: The purposes of gaining the trust of an individual or organization in order to learn or confirm confidential information, or to gain the trust of targeted individuals to gather information or evidence . Undercover operations are traditionally employed by law enforcement agencies and private investigators ; those in such roles are commonly referred to as undercover agents. A black operation or "black ops"

1748-423: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Special group . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special_group&oldid=1143372317 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1794-539: The term authorized criminality to describe this phenomenon, which she restricts primarily to undercover law enforcement officers, excluding confidential informants . These criminal activities are primarily used to "provide opportunities for the suspect to engage in the target crime" and to maintain or bolster their cover identity. However, these crimes must be necessary to advance the investigation otherwise they may be prosecutable like any other crime. The FBI requires that such activities must be sanctioned and necessary for

1840-505: The total, are hidden from the public and from most congressional oversight. A single such activity may be called a black bag operation ; that term is primarily used for surreptitious entries into structures to obtain information for human intelligence operations. Such operations have been carried out by the FBI , CIA , KGB , Mossad , MI6 , MI5 , ASIS , COMANF , DGSE , AISE , CNI , MSS , R&AW , ROK UDU , SVR , FSB , ISI and

1886-478: Was changed to Special Branch as it had its remit gradually expanded to incorporate a general role in counter terrorism, combating foreign subversion and infiltrating organized crime . Law enforcement agencies elsewhere established similar Branches. In the United States, a similar route was taken when the New York City Police Department under police commissioner William McAdoo established

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1932-469: Was composed of commandos from the Sayeret Matkal . The original mandate of the SG was similar to that of the British Special Air Service and included counterterrorism and hostage rescue. However, this mandate was later transferred to the National Security Guard . The current mandate of the SG is not fully known. The Non-Aligned Movement summit and Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in 1983

1978-479: Was conducted under the direct vigil of the SG to prevent any untoward event. The Non-Aligned summit was particularly important since it would cement India's position as the leader of the movement. Operation Sundown was the code name of a covert plan in which the Special Group was to abduct Sikh extremist leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale from Guru Nanak Niwas in the Golden Temple complex, Amritsar . A unit

2024-623: Was formed to prepare for Operation Sundown in the Sarsawa Air Force Base in Uttar Pradesh . In December 1983, an officer from the Counter-Revolutionary Warfare Wing of the British Special Air Service arrived in India to provide advice regarding the plan. Extensive rehearsals were also carried out. The operation was never started due to the then Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi 's rejection on religious grounds;

2070-651: Was initiated by the Directorate , under which an officer from the Para SF of the Indian Army was tasked to raise a unit comprising 250 personnel. In early 1983, a group of six personnel were sent to a confidential military base in Israel . There they received training from a specialist team of Mossad for a few weeks. This team, which had earlier rescued hostages from Uganda's Entebbe airport with some assistance from R&AW,

2116-592: Was the code name of the Indian military action carried out between 1 and 8 June 1984 to remove militant religious leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his followers from the buildings of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) complex in Amritsar , Punjab . A few days before the operation began, the Special Group arrived in Amritsar. The Special Group was tasked to create an executable plan for this. A senior officer from

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