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62-623: Spandau Prison was a former military prison located in the Spandau borough of West Berlin (present-day Berlin , Germany ). Built in 1876, it became a proto-concentration camp under Nazi Germany . After the Second World War , it held seven top Nazi leaders convicted in the Nuremberg trials . After the death of its last prisoner, Rudolf Hess , in August 1987, the prison was demolished and replaced by

124-465: A perforated ulcer that required treatment at a hospital outside the prison. Fearing for his mental health now that he was the sole remaining inmate, and assuming that his death was imminent, the prison directors agreed to slacken most of the remaining regulations, moving Hess to the more spacious former chapel space, giving him a water heater to allow the making of tea or coffee when he liked, and permanently unlocking his cell so that he could freely access

186-471: A bestselling book, Inside the Third Reich . Dönitz wrote letters to his former deputy regarding the protection of his prestige in the outside world. When his release was near, he gave instructions to his wife on how best she could help ease his transition back into politics, which he intended, but never actually accomplished. Walther Funk managed to obtain a seemingly constant supply of cognac (all alcohol

248-487: A criminal offense while in service. There is a distinction in the male and female prison organization system. Male military prisons have a tier system that is based on the length of a prisoner's sentence. Tier I prisoners have been sentenced up to one year. The army does not operate any tier I prisons. Tier II prisoners, with sentences of up to seven years, make up 65% of the incarcerated. Men sentenced to more than seven years, or for national security crimes, are confined in

310-488: A day. Due to the number of cells available, an empty cell was left between the prisoners' cells, to avoid the possibility of prisoners' communicating in Morse code . Other remaining cells in the wing were designated for other purposes, with one used for the prison library and another for a chapel. The cells were approximately 3 m (9.8 ft) long by 2.7 m (8.9 ft) wide and 4 m (13 ft) high. The highlight of

372-433: A few years of their arrival at the prison, all sorts of illicit lines of communication with the outside world were opened for the inmates by sympathetic staff. These supplementary lines were free of the censorship placed on authorised communications, and were also virtually unlimited in volume, ordinarily occurring on either Sundays or Thursdays (except during times of total lock-down of exchanges). Every piece of paper given to

434-557: A form of suicide watch. A considerable portion of the stricter regulations was either later revised toward the more lenient, or deliberately ignored by prison staff. The directors and guards of the Western powers (France, Britain, and the United States) repeatedly voiced opposition to many of the stricter measures and made near-constant protest about them to their superiors throughout the prison's existence, but they were invariably vetoed by

496-549: A former diplomat, amiable and amenable to all the others. Despite the length of time they spent with each other, remarkably little progress was made in the way of reconciliation. A notable example was Dönitz's dislike of Speer being steadfastly maintained for his entire 10-year sentence, with it only coming to a head during the last few days of his imprisonment. Dönitz always believed that Hitler had named him as his successor due to Speer's recommendation, which had led to Dönitz being tried at Nuremberg (Speer always denied this). There

558-411: A friend of the band, journalist and DJ Robert Elms , saw the words 'Spandau Ballet' scrawled on the wall of a nightclub lavatory during a visit to Berlin. The graffiti referred to the way a condemned individual would twitch and "dance" at the end of the rope due to the standard drop method of hangings used at Spandau Prison and was in the tradition of similar gallows humour expressions such as "dancing

620-424: A hundred or more war criminals. Besides the sixty or so soldiers on duty in or around the prison at any given time, there were teams of professional civilian warders from each of the four countries, four prison directors and their deputies, four army medical officers, cooks, translators, waiters, porters and others. This was perceived as a drastic misallocation of resources and became a serious point of contention among

682-559: A military court or are sentenced to the penalty of Reclusione Militare by a military or civil court are held there. Those serving in the police corps ( Polizia di Stato , Polizia Penitenziaria , Corpo Forestale dello Stato ) are also held in military jail. In Switzerland , there are no special military prisons. Sentences are to be served in civilian prisons. The United Kingdom has one military correctional facility. (It has no establishments that would be considered prisons.) The Military Corrective Training Centre (colloquially known as

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744-726: A predecessor of sorts of the Nazi concentration camps . While it was formally operated by the Prussian Ministry of Justice , the Gestapo tortured and abused its inmates, as Kisch recalled in his memories of the prison. By the end of 1933, the first Nazi concentration camps had been erected (at Dachau , Osthofen , Oranienburg , Sonnenburg , Lichtenburg and the marshland camps around Esterwegen ); all remaining prisoners who had been held in so-called protective custody in state prisons were transferred to these concentration camps. After World War II ,

806-537: A sentence of 14 days or more are incarcerated at CFSPDB. Men, although in the same prison, are kept separate from women. The prison is maintained and controlled by the Canadian Forces Military Police , although NCOs from various branches of the Canadian Forces serve at the prison as staff. Service personnel who are convicted of less serious offences are considered to be in "detention", and undergo

868-752: A shopping centre for the British forces stationed in Germany to prevent it from becoming a neo-Nazi shrine. Spandau Prison was built in 1876 on Wilhelmstraße . It initially served as a military detention center of the Prussian Army . From 1919 it was also used for civilian inmates. It held up to 600 inmates at that time. In the aftermath of the Reichstag fire of 1933, opponents of Hitler , and journalists such as Egon Kisch and Carl von Ossietzky , were held there in so-called protective custody . Spandau Prison became

930-429: A small drop from 1214 prisoners in 2019 to 1180 in 2020. The Geneva Conventions provides an international protocol defining minimum requirements and safeguards for prisoners of war. Prisoners are often kept in ad hoc camps near the battlefield, guarded by military police until they can be transferred to more permanent barracks for the duration of the conflict. Treatment has varied from age to age and nation to nation,

992-470: A strict military routine aimed at rehabilitation for their return to regular military service, whereas personnel convicted of more serious offences are considered to be in "prison" and upon completion of their sentence they are released from the military. Serious offenders with sentences longer than two years are transferred to the Canadian federal prison system after serving 729 days, to complete their sentence in

1054-689: Is a former military installation of the British Army in Berwick-upon-Tweed , England . The barracks were built between 1717 and 1721 by Nicholas Hawksmoor for the Board of Ordnance to protect the town during the Jacobite risings . The work, which involved two parallel blocks of military accommodation, was supervised by Captain Thomas Phillips. An additional block was added between 1739 and 1741. After

1116-583: Is also a collection of medical reports concerning Baldur von Schirach, Albert Speer, and Rudolf Hess made during their confinement at Spandau, which have survived. "The Admiralty", as the other prisoners referred to Dönitz and Raeder , were often teamed together for various tasks. Raeder, with a liking for rigid systems and organization, designated himself as chief librarian of the prison library, with Dönitz as his assistant. Each designed their own sleeve insignia for both chief librarian (a silver book) and assistant chief librarian (a gold book) which were woven with

1178-403: Is deemed a national security risk by the military or national authorities, and members of the military found guilty of a serious crime. There are two types: penal and confinement-oriented, where captured enemy combatants are confined for military reasons until hostilities cease . Most militaries have some sort of military police unit operating at the divisional level or below to perform many of

1240-823: The Glasshouse after the former military prison in Aldershot ), in the town of Colchester , is where non-commissioned servicemen and women who are convicted by military courts and sentenced to more than 28 days, but less than three years, will be incarcerated . Women, although in the same prison, are kept separate from men. The facility is maintained and controlled by the British Army's Military Provost Staff (Adjutant General's Corps). More serious offenders with longer sentences are transferred to HM Prison Service as part of their dishonourable discharge . There are three categories of prisoner: The United States military 's equivalent to

1302-488: The King's Own Scottish Borderers at Berwick Barracks . The prison, initially designed for a population in the hundreds, was an old brick building enclosed by one wall 4.5 m (15 ft) high, another of 9 m (30 ft), a 3 m (10 ft) high wall topped with electrified wire, followed by a wall of barbed wire . In addition, some of the sixty soldiers on guard duty manned six machine-gun armed guard towers 24 hours

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1364-578: The Napoleonic Wars the barracks were abandoned but put back into use in the 1850s. Following the Childers Reforms , the barracks became the depot of the King's Own Scottish Borderers , who arrived from Fulford Barracks in July 1881. The regiment moved out of the barracks in 1963 and they are now maintained by English Heritage . The museum hosts an exhibition entitled "By Beat of Drum" which shows

1426-568: The Tyburn jig." The prison featured in the 1985 film Wild Geese II , about a fictional group of mercenaries who are assigned to kidnap Rudolf Hess (played by Laurence Olivier ), and in the book Spandau Phoenix by Greg Iles , which is a fictional account of Hess and Spandau Prison. Notes . Bibliography Military prison A military prison is a prison operated by a military . Military prisons are used variously to house prisoners of war , unlawful combatants , those whose freedom

1488-587: The Nuremberg trials, the latter for his antisocial personality and perceived mental instability. The two former grand admirals , Erich Raeder and Karl Dönitz , stayed together, despite their heated mutual dislike. This situation had come about when Dönitz replaced Raeder as Commander in Chief of the German navy in 1943. Baldur von Schirach and Walther Funk were described as "inseparable". Konstantin von Neurath was, being

1550-451: The Russians of keeping Spandau prison in operation chiefly as a centre for Soviet espionage operations. Every day, prisoners were ordered to rise at 6 a.m., wash, clean their cells and the corridor together, eat breakfast, stay in the garden until lunch-time at noon (weather permitting), have a post-lunch rest in their cells, and then return to the garden. Dinner followed at 5 p.m., after which

1612-522: The Soviet Union, which favored a tougher approach. The Soviet Union, which suffered between 10 and 19 million civilian deaths during the war and had pressed at the Nuremberg trials for the execution of all the current inmates, was unwilling to compromise with the Western powers in this regard, both because of the harsher punishment that they felt was justified, and to stress the Communist propaganda line that

1674-628: The U.S. In the United States , differential treatment seems to be suggested, but by no means mandated, by the Founding Fathers in the Fifth Amendment to its constitution. In former times, criminals in the naval service were sent to the once-infamous Portsmouth Naval Prison , which was closed in 1974. Prisoners under military jurisdiction, by branch of service Today's American military prison systems are designed to house people who commit

1736-660: The USDB at Fort Leavenworth . This tier system based on sentence length differs from typical American prisons which are characterized by their level of security . For women this tier system does not exist. Women convicted of felonies are housed at Naval Consolidated Brig, Miramar located at the Marine Corps Air Station Miramar near San Diego, California . Data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics breaks down military prisoners by five different military branches. As of 2020

1798-528: The approaching of unsettled prisoners, and so the prison remained exclusively for the seven war criminals for the remainder of its existence. Every facet of life in the prison was strictly set out by an intricate prison regulation scheme designed before the prisoners' arrival by the Four Powers – France , Britain , the Soviet Union , and the United States . Compared with other established prison regulations at

1860-426: The appropriate colored thread. Both men often withheld themselves from the other prisoners, with Dönitz claiming for his entire ten years in prison that he was still the rightful head of the German state (he also got one vote in the 1954 West German presidential election ), and Raeder having contempt for the insolence and lack of discipline endemic in his nonmilitary fellow prisoners. Despite preferring to stay together,

1922-583: The capitalist powers had supposedly never been serious about denazification . This contrasted with Werl Prison , which housed hundreds of former officers and other lower-ranking Nazi men who were under a comparatively lax regime. However, a more contemporary consideration was that the continued incarceration of even one Nazi (i.e. Hess) in Spandau ensured a conduit that guaranteed the Soviets access to West Berlin would remain open, and Western commentators frequently accused

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1984-701: The civilian prison system, followed by release from the Canadian Forces. Any service personnel serving a sentence of 14 days or less are held in local base Military Police Detachment cells at the various Canadian Forces Bases within Canada. The Israeli Military Prison is a prison for guarding soldiers who committed crimes during their service. In Italy, only one military jail now exists: the Santa Maria Capua Vetere . Under Italian law, only those in government service (Army, Navy, Air Force, Guardia di Finanza and Carabinieri ) who are under investigation in front of

2046-501: The conditions at Andersonville Prison and its aftermath. The Last Castle (2001) shows a former U.S. Army general who is sent to a military prison after contradicting a direct order. Hart's War (2002) features American POWs in a German prison camp. Some of the late-20th-century military novels of American writer W. E. B. Griffin make mention of the former Portsmouth Naval Prison facility. Berwick Barracks Berwick Barracks , sometimes known as Ravensdowne Barracks ,

2108-669: The confined population by branch was 557 prisoners from the Army, 253 prisoners from the Marine Corps, 156 prisoners from the Navy, 7 prisoners from the Coast Guard, and 227 prisoners from the Air Force. 44 of these prisoners were military officers. A significant number of these prisoners are males, with only 54 being female. A plurality were Caucasian, followed by African Americans and Hispanics. Most of

2170-591: The county jail, in the sense of "holding area" or "place of brief incarceration for petty crimes" is known colloquially as the guardhouse or stockade by the United States Army and Air Force and brig by naval and marine forces. Members of the U.S. Armed Forces are subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice and are convicted to confinement via courts-martial . The U.S. Armed Forces currently maintain several regional prisoner-holding facilities in

2232-490: The crimes committed by military prisoners are violent offenses, with violent sexual crimes being 41.1% of the crime. The next most frequent crimes committed by military prisoners are drug-related offenses, followed by property offenses, such as theft. There are a small percentage of other crimes committed, such as military offenses. Military offense examples are disrespect, insubordination, and false offense statements. The most recent data from 2020 of military prisoners has shown

2294-406: The day and night, and their authenticity was repeatedly the subject of debate between the prisoners and the prison directors. Raeder, Dönitz, and Schirach were contemptuous of this behaviour, and viewed it as cries for attention or as a means to avoid work. Speer and Funk, acutely aware of the likely psychosomatic nature of the illness, were more accommodating to Hess. Speer, in a move that invoked

2356-662: The establishment are considered "instructors" rather than guards. Military personnel may be sent there for between 14 days' to two years' rehabilitation before returning to active duty; the average sentence is about 23 days. In addition, there are 15 detention centres located within military bases across Australia. The Canadian Forces have one military prison, the Canadian Forces Service Prison and Detention Barracks (CFSPDB) (colloquially known as Club Ed), located at Canadian Forces Base Edmonton . Canadian Forces personnel who are convicted by military courts and receive

2418-590: The founding of the Red Cross and the promulgation of the Geneva Conventions . There are numerous examples of 20th and 21st-century cinema dealing with military prisons. Stalag 17 (1953) portrays the struggles of a group of American airmen in a German Luftwaffe prison and is based on the play of the same name written by former prisoners of war. The Caine Mutiny (1954) deals with the military legal system during World War II. The Great Escape (1963) details

2480-468: The inmates, later took up the task of refashioning the entire plot of land into a large complex garden, complete with paths, rock gardens and floral displays. On days without access to the garden, for instance when it was raining, the prisoners occupied their time making envelopes together in the main corridor. The Allied powers originally requisitioned the prison in November 1946, expecting it to accommodate

2542-506: The ire of his fellow prisoners, would often tend to Hess's needs, bringing him his coat when he was cold and coming to his defence when a director or guard was attempting to coax Hess out of bed and into work. Hess occasionally wailed in pain at night, affecting the sleep of the other prisoners. The prison's medical officer would inject Hess with what was described as a "sedative", but was in reality distilled water, and succeeded in putting Hess to sleep. The fact that Hess repeatedly shirked duties

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2604-453: The others had to bear and received other preferential treatment because of his illness irked the other prisoners, and earned him the title of "His imprisoned Lordship" by the admirals, who often mocked him and played mean-spirited pranks on him. Hess was also unique among the prisoners in that, as a matter of dignity, he refused all visitors for more than twenty years, finally consenting to see his adult son and wife in 1969 after suffering from

2666-503: The prison directors, politicians from their respective countries, and especially the West Berlin government, who were left to foot the bill for Spandau yet suffered from a lack of space in their own prison system. The debate surrounding the imprisonment of seven war criminals in such a large space, with numerous and expensive complementary staff, was only heightened as time went on and prisoners were released. Acrimony reached its peak after

2728-719: The prison fell in the British Sector of what became West Berlin , but it was operated by the Four-Power Authorities to house the Nazi war criminals sentenced to imprisonment at the Nuremberg Trials . Only seven prisoners were finally imprisoned there. Arriving from Nuremberg on 18 July 1947, they were: Of the seven, three were released after serving their full sentences, while three others (including Raeder and Funk, who were given life sentences) were released earlier due to ill health. Between 1966 and 1987, Rudolf Hess

2790-538: The prison on a monthly basis, each having the responsibility for a total of three months out of the year. Observing the Four-Power flags that flew at the Allied Control Authority building could determine who controlled the prison. The prison was demolished in August 1987, largely to prevent it from becoming a neo-Nazi shrine, after the death of Hess, its final remaining prisoner. To further ensure its erasure,

2852-508: The prison's bathing facilities and library. Hess was frequently moved from room to room every night for security reasons. He was often taken to the British Military Hospital not far from the prison, where the entire second floor of the hospital was cordoned off for him. He remained under heavy guard while in hospital. Ward security was provided by soldiers including Royal Military Police Close Protection personnel. External security

2914-464: The prison, from the inmates' perspective, was the garden. Very spacious given the small number of prisoners using it, the garden space was initially divided into small personal plots that were used by each prisoner in various ways, usually to grow vegetables. Dönitz favoured growing beans, Funk tomatoes and Speer daisies, although the Soviet director subsequently banned flowers for a time. By regulation, all of

2976-399: The prisoners returned to their cells. Lights out was at 10 p.m. Prisoners received a shave and a haircut, if necessary, on Mondays, Wednesdays, or Fridays; they did their own laundry every Monday. This routine, except the time allowed in the garden, changed very little throughout the years, although each of the controlling nations made their own interpretation of the prison regulations. Within

3038-497: The prisoners was recorded and tracked, so secret notes were most often written by other means, where the supply went officially unmonitored for the entire duration of the prison's existence. Many inmates took full advantage of this. Albert Speer, after having his official request to write his memoirs denied, finally began setting down his experiences and perspectives of his time with the Nazi regime, which were smuggled out and later released as

3100-411: The produce was to be put toward use in the prison kitchen, but prisoners and guards alike often skirted this rule and indulged in the garden's offerings. As prison regulations slackened and as prisoners became either apathetic or too ill to maintain their plots, the garden was consolidated into one large workable area. This suited the former architect Speer, who, being one of the youngest and liveliest of

3162-477: The quality of conditions for prisoners often being linked with the intensity of the conflict and the resources of the warring parties. Military prisons and the treatment of military prisoners have often figured prominently in modern literature, cinema and even politics. In the 19th century, written accounts of the barbaric treatment accorded prisoners on both sides during the Napoleonic and Crimean wars helped lead to

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3224-419: The release of Speer and Schirach in 1966, leaving only one inmate, Hess, remaining in an otherwise under-utilized prison. Various proposals were made to remedy this situation over the years, ranging from moving the prisoners to an appropriately sized wing of another larger, occupied prison, to releasing them; house arrest was also considered. Nevertheless, an official refraining order went into effect, forbidding

3286-508: The same functions as civilian police, from traffic-control to the arrest of violent offenders and the supervision of detainees and prisoners of war . The Australian Defence Force states it has no prisons. Instead they have a single facility, the Defence Force Correctional Establishment , which aims to rehabilitate members who have been sentenced to detention for breaching military regulations or law; employees of

3348-401: The seven who almost never attended the prison's Sunday church service. A paranoid hypochondriac , he repeatedly complained of all forms of illness, mostly stomach pains, and was suspicious of all food given to him, always taking the dish placed farthest away from him as a means of avoiding being poisoned. His alleged stomach pains often caused wild and excessive moans and cries of pain throughout

3410-502: The site was made into a parking facility and a shopping center, named The Britannia Centre Spandau , nicknamed Hessco's after the well-known British supermarket chain Tesco . All materials from the demolished prison were ground to powder and dispersed in the North Sea , or buried at the former RAF Gatow airbase, with the exception of a single set of keys now exhibited in the regimental museum of

3472-404: The time, Spandau's rules were quite strict. The prisoners' outgoing letters to families were at first limited to one page every month, talking with fellow prisoners was prohibited, newspapers were banned, diaries and memoirs were forbidden, visits by families were limited to fifteen minutes every two months, and lights were flashed into the prisoners' cells every fifteen minutes during the night as

3534-495: The true-life adventures of a mixed group of Allied prisoners attempting to escape from a German Luftwaffe stalag . The Hill (1965) was set in a British military penal camp in North Africa during World War II . The Last Detail (1973) is a film that tells the story of two sailors assigned to a temporary detail transporting a prisoner. Andersonville (1996) and The Andersonville Trial (1970), both TV movies, dealt with

3596-419: The two of them continued their wartime feud and argued most of the time over whether Raeder's battleships or Dönitz's U-boats were responsible for losing the war. This feud often resulted in fights. After Dönitz's release in 1956, he wrote two books, one on his early life, My Ever-Changing Life , and one on his time as an admiral, Ten Years and Twenty Days . Raeder, in failing health and seemingly close to death,

3658-407: Was banned) and other treats that he would share with other prisoners on special occasions. The prisoners, still subject to the petty personal rivalries and battles for prestige that characterized Nazi party politics, divided themselves into groups: Albert Speer and Rudolf Hess were the loners , generally disliked by the others – the former for his admission of guilt and repudiation of Hitler at

3720-553: Was provided by one of the British infantry battalions then stationed in Berlin. On some unusual occasions, the Soviets relaxed their strict regulations; during these times, Hess was allowed to spend extra time in the prison garden, and one of the wardens from the superpowers took Hess outside the prison walls for a stroll, and sometimes dinner, at a nearby Berlin restaurant, in a private room. The British band Spandau Ballet got their name after

3782-400: Was released in 1955 and died in 1960. Rudolf Hess , sentenced to life but not released due to ill health (as were Raeder, Funk, or Neurath), served the longest sentence out of the seven and was by far the most demanding of the prisoners. Regarded as being the 'laziest man in Spandau', Hess avoided all forms of work that he deemed below his dignity, such as pulling weeds. He was the only one of

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3844-616: Was the only inmate in the prison, and his only companion was the warden, Eugene K. Bird , who became a close friend. Bird wrote a book about Hess's imprisonment titled The Loneliest Man in the World . Spandau was one of only two Four-Power organizations to continue to operate after the breakdown of the Allied Control Council ; the other was the Berlin Air Safety Center . The four occupying powers of Berlin alternated control of

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