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23-609: Though it is not connected with the Civitas Capuana , the town is a medieval place and its proximity to the Roman amphitheatre led the inhabitants to change its name to Santa Maria Capua Vetere, where Capua Vetere means Old Capua . In the area several settlements of the Villanovan culture were present in pre-historical times, and these were probably enlarged by the Oscans and Etruscans . In

46-708: A belief in an afterlife. Men's graves contained weapons, armor, while those for women included weaving tools. A few graves switched or mixed these, indicating the possibility that some women employed tools and that some men made clothing. During the Villanovan period Etruscans traded with other states from the Mediterranean such as Greeks, Balkans, and Sardinia. Trade brought about advancement in metallurgy, and Greek presence influenced Villanovan pottery. Buildings were rectangular in shape. The people lived in small huts, made of wattle and daub with wooden poles for support. Within

69-582: A fraction of the municipality of Castenaso in the Metropolitan City of Bologna where, between 1853 and 1855, Giovanni Gozzadini found the remains of a necropolis, bringing to light 193 tombs, of which there were 179 cremations and 14 inhumations. The Villanovans introduced iron-working to the Italian Peninsula . They practiced cremation and buried the ashes of their dead in pottery urns of distinctive double-cone shape. The name Villanovan of

92-500: Is now Santa Maria Capua Vetere started to grow slowly when several countryside residences appeared around the old Christian basilicas of Santa Maria Maggiore, San Pietro in Corpo and Sant'Erasmo in Capitolio. King Robert of Anjou made Santa Maria Maggiore one of his summer residences. The town was known as Santa Maria Maggiore until 1861. During World War I , Santa Maria Capua Vetere was

115-595: The Orientalizing period . The northernmost areas of the Etruscan world, such as Etruria Padana, continued in their development as Villanovan III (750–680 BCE) and Villanovan IV (680–540 BCE). The metalwork quality found in bronze and pottery demonstrate the skill of the Villanovan artisans. Some grave goods from burial sites display an even higher quality, suggesting the development of societal elites within Villanovan culture. Tools and items were placed in graves suggesting

138-537: The 4th century BCE Capuae was the largest city in Italy after Rome . The city was damaged by Vandal ravages but later recovered and became the seat of an independent Lombard principate. However, during the struggle of the succession to the Duchy of Benevento , it was destroyed by a band of Saracens in 841 CE. The survivors mostly fled and founded the modern Capua in the site of the ancient River port of Casilinum . What

161-633: The Adriatic plain. Later it was an Etruscan possession. The current town derives its name from Vero Occhio ("True Eye"), referring to its privileged position offering a wide panorama of the surrounding countryside and the Romagna coast. Malatesta da Verucchio , founder of the Malatesta lordship of Romagna, was born here. His successors fortified it as a powerful bastion against the Montefeltro of Urbino . After

184-561: The Tyrrhenian Etruria, in Tuscany and Lazio . Further south, Villanovan cremation burials are to be found in Campania , at Capua , at the "princely tombs" of Pontecagnano near Salerno , at Capo di Fiume, at Vallo di Diano and at Sala Consilina . Small scattered Villanovan settlements have left few traces other than their more permanent burial sites, which were set somewhat apart from

207-450: The Urnfield culture. It is not possible to tell these apart in their earlier stages. Cremated remains were placed in cinerary urns , specifically in biconical urns and then buried. The urns were a form of Villanovan pottery known as impasto . A custom believed to originate with the Villanovan culture is the usage of hut-shaped urns, which were cinerary urns fashioned like the huts in which

230-425: The early phases of the Etruscan civilization comes from the site of the first archaeological finds relating to this advanced culture, which were remnants of a cemetery found near Villanova ( Castenaso , 12 kilometres east of Bologna ) in northern Italy . The excavation lasting from 1853 to 1855 was done by the scholar and site owner, count Giovanni Gozzadini , and involved 193 tombs, six of which were separated from

253-739: The expulsion of the Malatesta (15th century), it was a fief of the Medici in the Papal States ; it remained part of the latter, with a short stint under the Republic of Venice , until 1620. Between 1916 and 1960, Verucchio was served by the Rimini–Novafeltria railway , with stops at Villa Verucchio and Ponte Verucchio; the latter stop, named simply Verucchio, was opened with the railway's extension to San Marino-Torello in 1921. The railway's most-used section

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276-538: The former. Verucchio Verucchio ( Romagnol : Vròcc ) is a comune in the province of Rimini , region of Emilia-Romagna , Italy . It has a population of about 9,300 and is 18 kilometres (11 mi) from Rimini , on a spur overlooking the valley of the Marecchia river. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). Traces of a 12th-9th century BC settlement, supposed of Villanovan origin, have been found overlooking

299-797: The huts, cooking stands, utensils and charred animal bones give evidence about the family life of early inhabitants in Italy. Some huts contained large pottery jars for food storage sunk into their floors. There was also a rock cut drain to channel rainwater to communal reservoirs. Generally speaking, Villanovan settlements were centered in the Adriatic Etruria , in Emilia Romagna (in particular, in Bologna and in Verucchio , near Rimini ), in Marche ( Fermo ), and in

322-600: The location of a military camp for Polish prisoners of war from the Austro-Hungarian Army , who then formed new Polish units to fight for Polish independence (see also Italy–Poland relations ). For information about main ancient landmarks in the comune of Santa Maria Capua Vetere, see Main sights in Capua . The main other landmark of Santa Maria Capua Vetere is the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore , founded, according to

345-444: The maternal haplogroup K1a4 , found all over Europe since Neolithic times, and her autosomal DNA was a mixture of 72.9% Copper Age ancestry ( EEF + WHG ) and 27.1% Steppe-related ancestry . There was evidence for consanguinity for this sample with another ancient sample (700 BCE - 600 BCE) from the Etruscan necropolis of La Mattonara near Civitavecchia , compatible with being the latter an offspring of third-degree relatives from

368-549: The north along the Amber Road . This evidence takes the form of glass and amber necklaces for women, armor and horse harness fittings of bronze , and the development of elite graves in contrast to the earlier egalitarian culture. Chamber tombs and inhumation (burial) practices were developed side-by-side with the earlier cremation practices. With the last phase of Villanovan II the Etruscans, in particular Southern Etruria , entered

391-623: The rest as if to signify a special social status. The "well tomb" pit graves lined with stones contained funerary urns . These had been only sporadically plundered and most were untouched. In 1893, a chance discovery unearthed another distinctive Villanovan necropolis at Verucchio overlooking the Adriatic coastal plain. The burial characteristics relate the Villanovan culture to the Central European Urnfield culture ( c.  1300 –750 BCE) and Celtic Hallstatt culture that succeeded

414-641: The settlements—largely because the settlement sites were built over in Etruscan times. Modern opinion generally follows Massimo Pallottino in regarding the Villanovan culture as ancestral to the Etruscan civilization . A genetic study published in Science in November 2019 examined the remains of a female from the Villanovan culture buried in Veio Grotta Gramiccia , Italy between ca. 900 BCE and 800 BCE. She carried

437-401: The tradition, by Pope Symmachus in the 5th century. The church had originally a single nave, but was enlarged by Lombard Prince Arechis II of Benevento in 787. Another renovation was carried out in 1666 by Cardinal Robert Bellarmine , with the addition of two further aisles; the current Late Baroque appearance dates to the 1742–88 works, during which the precious mosaic area of the apse

460-554: The villagers lived. Typical sgraffito decorations of swastikas , meanders , and squares were scratched with a comb-like tool. Urns were accompanied by simple bronze fibulae , razors and rings. The Villanovan culture is broadly divided into Villanovan I from c.  960 BCE to c.  801 BCE and the Villanovan II from c.  800 BCE to 720 BCE. The later phase (Villanovan II) saw radical changes, evidence of contact with Hellenic civilization and trade with

483-533: Was also supposed to be served by the Santarcangelo–Urbino railway  [ it ] , also known as the subappenine railway, which would have connected Santarcangelo di Romagna with Urbino . The project was intended to provide an inland alternative to the Bologna–Ancona railway , whose coastal position made it vulnerable to bombardment. It was abandoned in 1933, but some tracks had already been laid in

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506-539: Was between Rimini and Villa Verucchio. Following its closure, much of the railway was incorporated into the SP258  [ it ] provincial road . To allow the road's widening, the tracks in the province of Forlì were removed in 1964, costing 17.5 million lire . Both station buildings in Verucchio are extant: Villa Verucchio's is used by buses, while Verucchio's houses a United Nations research centre. Verucchio

529-523: Was destroyed. Villanovan culture The Villanovan culture ( c.  900 –700 BCE), regarded as the earliest phase of the Etruscan civilization , was the earliest Iron Age culture of Italy . It directly followed the Bronze Age Proto-Villanovan culture which branched off from the Urnfield culture of Central Europe . The name derives from the locality of Villanova,

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